scholarly journals Effects of winter wheat cover crop desiccation times on soil moisture, temperature and early maize growth

2011 ◽  
Vol 51 (No. 6) ◽  
pp. 255-261 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. Stipešević ◽  
E.J. Kladivko
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Winter Wheat ◽  
Water Conservation ◽  
Cover Crop ◽  
Triticum Aestivum L ◽  
Shoot Biomass ◽  
Tillage Systems ◽  
Climate Conditions ◽  
Maize Growth ◽  
Dominant Soil

Two tillage systems for maize (Zea mays) after soybean (Glycine max), no-till (NT) and conventional till (CT), which consisted of double disking in the spring, were included in the experiment on two sites in Indiana, USA. Each tillage plot had three winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cover crop levels: no cover crop (N), early desiccation (E), 3–4 weeks prior to planting the maize, and regular desiccation (R), within the maize planting week. Due to the mulching effect, both E and R for both tillage systems increased soil moisture, except in the case of spring drought, when E proved dominant. Soil temperature for both tillage systems showed N > E > R order. Young maize plants tended to grow taller and have greater shoot biomass in NT than in CT. Both E and R improved early maize growth. In the case of drought, the E proved significantly better for maize on both tillage treatments, due to the better soil water conservation, therefore the winter wheat cover crop should be desiccated early in given climate conditions.

Wheat residue management options for no-till corn

1997 ◽  
Vol 77 (2) ◽  
pp. 207-213 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. Opoku ◽  
T. J. Vyn
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Winter Wheat ◽  
Grain Yield ◽  
Soil Surface ◽  
Triticum Aestivum L ◽  
Residue Management ◽  
Yield Reduction ◽  
Management Options ◽  
Grain Yields ◽  
No Till

Corn (Zea mays L.) yield reduction following winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) in no-till systems prompted a study on the effects of tillage and residue management systems on corn growth and seedbed conditions. Four methods for managing wheat residue (all residue removed, straw baled after harvest, straw left on the soil surface, straw left on the soil surface plus application of 50 kg ha−1N in the fall) were evaluated at two tillage levels: fall moldboard plow (MP) and no-till (NT). No-till treatments required at least 2 more days to achieve 50% corn emergence and 50% silking, and had the lowest corn biomass at 5 and 7 wk after planting. Grain yield was similar among MP treatments and averaged 1.1 t ha−1 higher than NT treatments (P < 0.05). Completely removing all wheat residue from NT plots reduced the number of days required to achieve 50% corn emergence and increased grain yields by 0.43 and 0.61 t ha–1 over baling and not baling straw, respectively, but still resulted in 8% lower grain yields than MP treatments. Grain yield differences among MP treatments were insignificant regardless of the amount of wheat residue left on the surface or N application in the fall. Early in the growing season, the NT treatments where residue was not removed had lower soil growing degree days (soil GDD) compared with MP (baled) treatment, and higher soil moisture levels in the top 15 cm compared with all other treatments. The application of 50 kg N ha−1 in the fall to NT (not baled) plots influenced neither the amount of wheat residue on the soil surface, nor the soil NO3-N levels at planting. Our results suggest that corn response in NT systems after wheat mostly depends on residue level. Key words: Winter wheat, straw management, no-till, corn, soil temperature, soil moisture

scholarly journals Influence of different tillage systems on soil physical properties and crop yield

2011 ◽  
Vol 48 (No. 6) ◽  
pp. 249-254 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Husnjak ◽  
D. Filipović ◽  
S. Košutić
Keyword(s):  
Winter Wheat ◽  
Physical Properties ◽  
Bulk Density ◽  
Conservation Tillage ◽  
Total Porosity ◽  
Triticum Aestivum L ◽  
Conventional Tillage ◽  
Tillage Systems ◽  
Ct System ◽  
Air Capacity

An experiment with five different tillage systems and their influence on physical properties of a&nbsp;silty loam soil (Albic Luvisol) was carried in northwest Slavonia in the period of 1997&ndash;2000. The compared tillage systems were: 1. conventional tillage (CT), 2. reduced tillage (RT), 3. conservation tillage I&nbsp;(CP), 4. conservation tillage II (CM), 5. no-tillage system (NT). The crop rotation was soybean (Glycine max L.) &ndash; winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) &ndash; soybean &ndash; winter wheat. Differences between tillage systems in bulk density, total porosity, and water holding capacity and air capacity were not significant in winter wheat seasons. In soybean seasons, significant differences between some tillage systems were recorded in bulk density, total porosity, air capacity and soil moisture. The deterioration trend of physical properties was generally increasing in the order CM, CT, CP, NT and RT. The highest yield of soybean in the first experimental year was achieved under CT system and the lowest under CP system. In all other experimental years, the highest yield of winter wheat and soybean was achieved under CM system, while the lowest under RT system.

scholarly journals Dynamics of nitrogen in the soil under winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) depending on tillage systems

2016 ◽  
Vol 17 (2) ◽  
pp. 522-532
Author(s):  
Boris V�CLAV ◽  
Peter Ondri��k ◽  
Dagmara BRASOV� ◽  
Jana Urminsk�
Keyword(s):  
Triticum Aestivum ◽  
Winter Wheat ◽  
Triticum Aestivum L ◽  
Tillage Systems

The effects of tillage systems and crop rotations on soil water conservation, seedling establishment and crop yield

1992 ◽  
Vol 72 (1) ◽  
pp. 103-115 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. P. Lafond ◽  
Heather Loeppky ◽  
D. A. Derksen
Keyword(s):  
Winter Wheat ◽  
Soil Water ◽  
Spring Wheat ◽  
Water Conservation ◽  
Soil Degradation ◽  
Soil Layer ◽  
Field Pea ◽  
Crop Rotations ◽  
Tillage Systems ◽  
Production Practices

The long-term productivity of soils in Western Canada can be maintained, even enhanced, providing changes in production practices occur to reverse the current trends of soil degradation. A study was initiated in 1986 to investigate the interactions of tillage systems and crop rotations on soil water conservation, seedling establishment and crop yields. The three tillage systems used were zero (ZT), minimum (one preseeding tillage operation) (MT) and conventional tillage (fall and spring preseeding tillage operations) (CT). Three 4-yr crop rotations were superimposed on the three tillage systems: fallow-spring wheat-spring wheat-winter wheat, spring wheat-spring wheat-flax-winter wheat and spring wheat-flax-winter wheat-field pea. The amount of water conserved during the fallow period was not significantly affected by tillage systems. Under stubble cropping, ZT and MT increased soil water in the 0- to 60-cm soil layer by 9% and in the 0- to 120-cm soil layer by 6% over CT. When spring soil moisture under stubble in the 0- to 120-cm soil layer was expressed as a percentage of a saturated soil profile, ZT and MT averaged 87% and CT, 82%. Seedling populations in spring wheat and field pea were not affected by tillage systems while flax seedling populations were 8% less under ZT and MT than CT. The rate of plant establishment for spring wheat was not affected by tillage systems. Yields of spring wheat, flax and field pea under ZT and MT were increased by 21, 23 and 9% over CT, respectively. Crop production practices that minimize soil degradation by maximizing the benefits of surface residues and standing stubble can successfully be adopted.Key words: Pisum sativum L., Linum usitatissimum L., Triticum aestivum L., stubble cropping, fallow cropping, crop rotation

Crop sequence and tillage effects on winter wheat development and yield

1991 ◽  
Vol 71 (3) ◽  
pp. 669-676 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. J. Vyn ◽  
B. A. Raimbault ◽  
J. C. Sutton
Keyword(s):  
Winter Wheat ◽  
Conservation Tillage ◽  
Wheat Plant ◽  
Triticum Aestivum L ◽  
Conventional Tillage ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Wheat Crop ◽  
Hordeum Vulgare L ◽  
Tillage Systems ◽  
Crop Sequence

A 3-yr field experiment was conducted on a Burford loam soil to examine how tillage practices and crop sequences affected the winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) crop in Ontario. Three-year crop sequences of wheat-wheat-wheat, soybeans (Glycine max Merrill)-wheat-wheat, corn (Zea mays L.)-barley (Hordeum vulgare L.)-wheat, corn-soybean-wheat, and alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.)-alfalfa-wheat were planted with zero-till, minimum tillage, or conventional tillage systems. When wheat followed wheat, plant populations and head numbers were lower and head emergence delayed relative to wheat following another crop. Grain yields were 20% higher on average when crops other than wheat preceded wheat. Reduced tillage treatments resulted in delayed head emergence, but final grain yield components and yield did not differ significantly among tillage treatments. Results from this study support the relatively common production practice of rotating winter wheat with other crops. In addition, the use of conservation tillage systems appeared to be feasible for winter wheat production under the soil and climatic conditions prevailing in this study. Key words: Winter wheat, crop sequence, tillage systems, crop development

scholarly journals 286 Effects of Different Mulching and Tillage Systems on Soil Water Retention Under Drought Conditions in a Tomato Production System

HortScience ◽  
2000 ◽  
Vol 35 (3) ◽  
pp. 440E-441
Author(s):  
Joyce A. Swenson ◽  
S. Alan Walters ◽  
Michael E. Schmidt ◽  
She-Kong Chong
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Cover Crop ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Conventional Tillage ◽  
Soil Conditions ◽  
Soil Water Retention ◽  
Tillage Systems ◽  
Tomato Production ◽  
No Till ◽  
Blossom End Rot

Water management is often the key to successful vegetable culture. Various mulching/tillage systems are often utilized in tomato production, depending upon the available resources of a particular grower, to achieve better water use efficiency. A study was conducted to compare six different mulching/tillage systems to observe the influence of these systems on soil water retention as well as on `Fabulous' tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) production. Winter ryegrass and wheat were the cover crops utilized and were mowed with the following six treatments then applied: 1) Conventional tillage (CT), 2) black plastic over conventional tillage (BP), 3) no-till with cover crop sprayed with Glyphosate prior to transplanting (NT-GLY), 4) strip-till with cover crop sprayed with Glyphosate prior to transplanting (ST-GLY), 5) no-till in which cover crop was mowed periodically during the growing season (NT), and 6) strip-till with cover crop mowed periodically during the growing season (ST). This test was conducted under severe drought conditions (45.4 mm of rain from 1 July to 30 Sept. 1999) with plants receiving no supplemental water via irrigation at any time throughout the study. Soil moisture was measured periodically throughout the growing season at a depth of 20 cm; soil and mulch surface temperatures were taken at similar timings as soil moisture. Soil moisture levels during the growing season indicated different patterns of water depletion when comparing the six treatments. There was no significant difference between the winter rye and wheat with respect to water depletion or tomato yields. Lower early tomato yields under NT, ST, NT-GLY, and ST-GLY indicate that cooler soil conditions, while aiding in the retention of soil moisture, delay early tomato production when compared to the warmer soil conditions found under CT and BP. Results also indicate that late season harvests under NT and ST systems produce predominantly cull fruits with a high incidence of blossom-end rot. The NT-GLY and ST-GLY systems tended to produce comparatively lower levels of cull fruit and blossom-end rot in late season harvests than any of the other six treatments.

scholarly journals Soil and Water Conservation in Rainfed Vineyards with Different Plant Covers: Common Sainfoin and Spontaneous Vegetation under Different Physiographic Conditions

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nahed Ben-Salem ◽  
Sara Álvarez ◽  
Manuel López-Vicente
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Water Conservation ◽  
Cover Crop ◽  
Plant Cover ◽  
Sediment Traps ◽  
Sediment Yields ◽  
Ephemeral Gullies ◽  
Spontaneous Vegetation ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Maximum Runoff

Soil erosion seriously affects vineyards. In this study, the influence of two plant covers on soil moisture and the effect of different physiographic conditions on runoff and sediment yields were evaluated in a rainfed vineyard formed by four fields (NE Spain) during 15 months. One field had spontaneous vegetation as plant cover and three fields had a cover crop of common sainfoin. The vineyards&rsquo; rows were dry and stable, whereas the inter-row areas were wet although very variable, and the corridors were wet and very stable. Soil moisture in the inter-row areas with Common sainfoin was much higher than in the rows (62% - 70%) whereas this difference was lower with spontaneous vegetation (40%). Two runoff and sediment traps (STs) were installed in two ephemeral gullies, and 26 time-integrated surveys (TIS) done. The mean and maximum runoff yields were 9.8 and 30.7 l TIS&ndash;1 in ST2 and 13.5 and 30.2 l TIS&ndash;1 in ST3. The mean turbidity was 333 and 19 g l&ndash;1, and the maximum sediment yields were 41,260 and 2,778 g TIS&ndash;1 in ST2 and ST3. Changes in the canopy covers (grapevines and plant covers) and rainfall parameters explained the runoff and sediment dynamics.

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