The actual consumption of water by selected cultivated and weed species of plants and the actual values of evapotranspiration of the stands as determined under field conditions

In the years 2005 to 2008, the consumption of water by selected cultivated and weed species under the field conditions and the values of the actual evapotranspiration in selected stands of cultivated crops were evaluated. The values of the transpiration flow were measured with a T4.2 EMS Brno (CZ) 12 channel sap-flow meter, and the actual evapotranspiration by BREB method (Bowen Ratio-Energy Balance) using the equipment of the same firm. The recording of the values obtained during the measurements was carried out in 10-min intervals. The sap flow was measured on the following weed plants Amaranthus retroflexus, Artemisia vulgaris, Cirsium arvense, Conyza Canadensis, and Lactuca serriola as weeds in the cultivated crops of Brassica napus and Zea mays. The actual evapotranspiration using the BREB method was determined over the stands of Beta vulgaris, Brassica napus, Hordeum vulgare, Medicago sativa, and Zea mays. On the basis of the measurements carried out, the average daily values of the sap flow of the evaluated plants ranged from 0.016 to 0.193 kg/day of water per plant. The maximum daily values ranged from 0.025 to 0.309 kg/day of water per plant. The average daily value of the evapotranspiration flow in Hordeum vulgare during the period under observation amounted to 2.9 mm, while the daily values ranged from 1.2 to 4.6 mm H2O/day. In the other evaluated plants, the daily values of evapotranspiration ranged from 0.9 mm to 5.9 mm/day of water, on average 3.4 mm/day of water (Beta vulgaris), and from 1.7 mm to 5.2 mm/day of water, on average 3.2 mm/day of water (Brassica napus).

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Changes in weed infestations on plantations of sugar beet (Beta vulgaris L. subsp. vulgaris) cultivated on black soil near Wrocław in 1989–1995 and 2006–2012

Acta Agrobotanica ◽

10.5586/aa.1647 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 69 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Krzysztof Domaradzki ◽

Anna Jezierska-Domaradzka

Keyword(s):

Brassica Napus ◽

Sugar Beet ◽

Beta Vulgaris ◽

Dominant Species ◽

Chenopodium Album ◽

Amaranthus Retroflexus ◽

Setaria Viridis ◽

Weed Species ◽

Galium Aparine ◽

Frequent Species

Field studies were carried out in 1989–1995 and 2006–2012 on plantations of sugar beet (Beta vulgaris L. subsp. vulgaris). During this period, 542 phytosociological relevés were made using the Braun-Blanquet method. In total, 46 weed species were found. In 1989–1995, the occurrence of 36 segetal species was reported. The highest cover indices were determined for Chenopodium album and Amaranthus retroflexus. Galium aparine, Echinochloa crus-galli, and Elymus repens were the dominant species, as well. Analysis of the frequency of occurrence revealed one constant species (Chenopodium album), two frequent species (Amaranthus retroflexus and Galium aparine), and two medium-frequent species (Echinochloa crus-galli and Matricaria maritima ssp. inodora).In 2006–2012, the occurrence of 40 weed species on the sugar beet plantations was recorded. The plantations were clearly dominated by Chenopodium album, accompanied by Polygonum persicaria and Polygonum lapathifolium ssp. lapathifolium. Other dominant species comprised Setaria viridis, Galinsoga parviflora, Brassica napus ssp. napus, and Fallopia convolvulus. The Chenopodium album was a constant component of the sugar beet plantations. In turn, no frequent species were observed and six medium-frequent species were found (Setaria viridis, Galinsoga parviflora, Brassica napus ssp. napus, Echinochloa crus-galli, Amaranthus retroflexus, and Capsella bursa-pastoris).Noteworthy, the presence of previously unreported species, e.g., Abutilon theophrasti, Hyoscyamus niger, or Artemisia vulgaris, was revealed. These species are rare components in sugar beet crops. A reverse phenomenon, i.e., the disappearance of some species such as Euphorbia helioscopia, Malva neglecta, Rumex acetosella, Sinapis arvensis, or Sisymbrium officinale, was also observed.

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Germination of Amaranthus retroflexus, Portulaca oleracea and other weed species under laboratory, greenhouse, and field conditions

10.31274/rtd-20200617-37 ◽

1965 ◽

Author(s):

Edward Lacaze McWilliams

Keyword(s):

Amaranthus Retroflexus ◽

Portulaca Oleracea ◽

Field Conditions ◽

Weed Species

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Utility of Maintained Weed Infestations Under Field Conditions

Weed Science ◽

10.1017/s0043174500079583 ◽

1970 ◽

Vol 18 (2) ◽

pp. 206-214 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

R. P. Upchurch ◽

F. L. Selman ◽

H. L. Webster

Keyword(s):

Chenopodium Album ◽

Amaranthus Retroflexus ◽

Ambrosia Artemisiifolia ◽

Field Conditions ◽

Moderate Degree ◽

Weed Species ◽

Common Ragweed ◽

Common Lambsquarters ◽

Dimethyl Urea ◽

Polygonum Pensylvanicum

Relatively pure stands of eight weed species were maintained under field conditions on a Goldsboro loamy sand at Lewiston, North Carolina, for all or part of a 6-year period. Herbicides evaluated as preemergence surface treatments for these species were 2-sec-butyl-4,6-dinitrophenol (dinoseb), isopropyl m-chlorocarbanilate (chloropropham), 3-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-1,1-dimethyl-urea (diuron), 2-chloro-4,6-bis(ethylamino)-s-triazine (simazine), and 3-amino-2,5-dichlorobenzoic acid (amiben). S-ethyl dipropylthiocarbamate (EPTC) and a,a,a-trifluro-2,6-dinitro-N,N-dipropyl-p-toluidine (trifluralin) were evaluated as preemergence incorporated treatments. The first four herbicides were evaluated in 1961, 1964, and 1966 while the last three were evaluated in 1962, 1963, and 1965. A series of rates was used for each chemical with three replications. With the exception of diuron which failed to control goosegrass (Eleusine indica (L.) Gaertn.), all of the herbicides provided at least a moderate degree of control of goosegrass, smooth crabgrass (Digitaria ischaemum (Schreb.) Muhl.), and redroot pigweed (Amaranthus retroflexus L.) at the respective typical field use rates. In general, trifluralin and amiben gave the best grass control and dinoseb the poorest. None of the herbicides effectively controlled common cocklebur (Xanthium pensylvanicum Wallr.) or ivyleaf morningglory (Ipomoea hederacea (L.) Jacq.). Trifluralin and EPTC did not control Pennsylvania smartweed (Polygonum pensylvanicum L.), common ragweed (Ambrosia artemisiifolia L.), and common lambsquarters (Chenopodium album L.). Chloropropham was ineffective on common ragweed. Simazine, chloropropham, and amiben controlled Pennsylvania smartweed while diuron, simazine, dinoseb, and amiben were especially effective on common lambsquarters. Distinctive patterns of nematode infestations were observed as a function of weed species.

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Economic Analysis of Two Weed Management Systems for Two Cropping Rotations

Weed Science ◽

10.1017/s0043174500058562 ◽

1984 ◽

Vol 32 (1) ◽

pp. 90-95 ◽

Cited By ~ 15

Author(s):

Donald W. Lybecker ◽

Robert P. King ◽

Edward E. Schweizer ◽

Robert L. Zimdahl

Keyword(s):

Zea Mays ◽

Hordeum Vulgare ◽

Economic Analysis ◽

Beta Vulgaris ◽

Weed Management ◽

Management System ◽

Management Systems ◽

Continuous Corn

A standard weed management system (system I) had a higher return above variable costs than did an intensive weed management system (system II) for two eastern Colorado cropping rotations. For continuous corn (Zea maysL.), the return above variable costs averaged $18.85/ha more under system I than under system II. For a barley (Hordeum vulgareL.)-corn-sugarbeet (Beta vulgarisL.) rotation, the return above variable costs averaged $20.48/ha more under System I than under System II. Based on alternative input (herbicide) and product prices, higher herbicide costs favored the standard weed management system, whereas higher crop prices favored the weed management system with the higher yields adjusted for quality. The probability that returns above variable costs differed between the two weed management systems depended upon the level of product prices and herbicide costs.

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Physiological Bases of Sugarbeet (Beta vulgaris) Tolerance to Foliar Application of Ethofumesate

Weed Science ◽

10.1017/s0043174500040212 ◽

1981 ◽

Vol 29 (6) ◽

pp. 648-654 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

David N. Duncan ◽

William F. Meggitt ◽

Donald Penner

Keyword(s):

Beta Vulgaris ◽

Foliar Application ◽

Amaranthus Retroflexus ◽

Ambrosia Artemisiifolia ◽

Water Soluble ◽

Weed Species ◽

Common Ragweed ◽

Species Response ◽

Redroot Pigweed ◽

Photosynthesis And Respiration

Absorption, translocation, and metabolism of foliar-applied ethofumesate [(±)-2-ethoxy-2,3-dihydro-3,3-dimethyl-5-benzofuranyl methanesulphonate] were studied to explain field observations showing differences in susceptibility among sugarbeet (Beta vulgarisL.), common ragweed (Ambrosia artemisiifoliaL.), redroot pigweed (Amaranthus retroflexusL.), and common lambsquarters (Chenopodium albumL.). In laboratory studies, two- to four-leaf seedlings of the highly susceptible species, redroot pigweed and common lambsquarter, absorbed greater amounts of14C-ethofumesate from foliar application than the moderately susceptible common ragweed and tolerant sugarbeet. Sugarbeet translocated very little14C from treated foliage to untreated plant tissue. All weed species translocated14C-ethofumesate to untreated leaf tissue when14C-ethofumesate was applied to seedlings at the two-leaf stage. Ethofumesate was translocated basipetally to the stem and root of two-leaf redroot pigweed and common lambsquarter seedlings. A high percentage of the14C was found in the water-soluble fraction in sugarbeet seedlings, indicating inactivation. The amount of metabolites recovered in the non-polar fraction depended on the stage of plant growth. Total photosynthesis and respiration in redroot pigweed was inhibited 4 h after foliar application and did not recover after 96 h. Uptake and evolution of CO2were also inhibited in sugarbeet leaves, but they recovered rapidly, depending on age of plant at treatment. The stage of plant development was the key factor determining species response to foliar treatments of ethofumesate in terms of absorption, metabolism, and total photosynthesis and respiration.

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Control of Three Weed Species in Sugarbeets (Beta vulgaris) with an Electrical Discharge System

Weed Science ◽

10.1017/s004317450002590x ◽

1981 ◽

Vol 29 (1) ◽

pp. 93-98 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

R. G. Wilson ◽

F. N. Anderson

Keyword(s):

Beta Vulgaris ◽

Electrical Discharge ◽

Chenopodium Album ◽

Field Studies ◽

Amaranthus Retroflexus ◽

Weed Species ◽

Kochia Scoparia ◽

Discharge System ◽

Common Lambsquarters ◽

Redroot Pigweed

An electrical discharge system (EDS) was evaluated in field studies conducted in 1977 through 1979 in western Nebraska for its ability to control weed escapes in sugarbeets (Beta vulgarisL. ‘Mono Hy D2′). Nine weeks after sugarbeets were planted, kochia [Kochia scoparia(L.) Schrad.] had attained a height above sugarbeets sufficient for EDS treatment. Redroot pigweed (Amaranthus retroflexusL.) and common lambsquarters (Chenopodium albumL.) generally attained sufficient height above sugarbeets 11 and 13 weeks after sugarbeet planting. Sugarbeet root yields were reduced 40, 20, and 10% from competition by kochia, common lambsquarters, and redroot pigweed, respectively. Treatment of kochia, redroot pigweed, and common lambsquarters with EDS in some cases resulted in a reduction in weed height. The EDS treatments reduced the stand of all weeds 32, 39, and 47% for 1977, 1978, and 1979, respectively. Although the EDS treatments failed to kill many weeds, it did suppress the competitive ability of the three weeds to the extent that sugarbeet yields were higher in areas receiving EDS treatments than areas receiving no EDS treatment.

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DO HEAVY METALS AFFECT ON DEHYDRATION RATE OF BRASSICA NAPUS, TRITICUM SPP., ZEA MAYS AND HORDEUM VULGARE?

Environment Technology Resources Proceedings of the International Scientific and Practical Conference ◽

10.17770/etr2009vol1.1117 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 1 ◽

pp. 193

Author(s):

N. Suchkova ◽

T. Sawidis ◽

J. Ganoulis

Keyword(s):

Zea Mays ◽

Brassica Napus ◽

Hordeum Vulgare ◽

Sewage Sludge ◽

Water Loss ◽

Loss Reduction ◽

Heavy Metal Concentrations ◽

Dehydration Rate ◽

Triticum Spp ◽

Control Samples

Dependence of dehydration rate of Brassica napus, Triticum spp., Zea mays and Hordeum vulgare from heavy metal concentrations in plants after its growth in contaminated media has been studied in the laboratory and results are summarized in this paper. We found water loss reduction in all plant species germinated in sewage sludge (somewhere soil) after 18 day in comparison with control samples, presented by garden compost. Moreover, water loss was reduced significantly in root part of the plants. At the same time water loss was increased in Brassica napus, Triticum spp. and Hordeum vulgare germinated in sewage sludge after 30 day in comparison with control samples that could have been caused by metals interactions with plants’ metabolic processes within the cells.

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Comparison of sequential preemergence-postemergence and postemergence-alone weed management strategies for red beet (Beta vulgaris L.)

Canadian Journal of Plant Science ◽

10.4141/cjps2012-327 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 93 (5) ◽

pp. 863-870 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Darren E. Robinson ◽

Kristen E. McNaughton ◽

David Bilyea

Keyword(s):

Beta Vulgaris ◽

Weed Management ◽

Chenopodium Album ◽

Management Strategies ◽

Amaranthus Retroflexus ◽

Sequential Treatment ◽

Weed Species ◽

Red Beet ◽

Soluble Solid ◽

Sequential Treatments

Robinson, D. E., McNaughton, K. E. and Bilyea, D. 2013. Comparison of sequential preemergence-postemergence and postemergence-alone weed management strategies during critical period of red beet ( Beta vulgaris L.). Can. J. Plant Sci. 93: 863–870. Weed management during the first 4 wk after red beet emergence is critical to prevent yield loss. The purpose of this research was to compare weed control and red beet tolerance of postemergence (POST) treatments alone (full, split- and micro-rates of pyrazon plus triflusulfuron) with sequential preemergence (PRE) applications of s-metolachlor followed by these POST herbicide treatments. The experiment was carried out for 4 yr as a randomized complete block with four replications. Of the POST alone treatments examined, control of velvetleaf (Abutilon theophrasti Medik.), redroot pigweed (Amaranthus retroflexus L.), common lambsquarters (Chenopodium album L.) and green foxtail [Setaria viridis L. (Beauv.)] was 98, 86, 97 and 62%, respectively. Much more consistent control of all species (i.e., greater than 96%) was measured where the sequential treatment of s-metolachlor was applied PRE followed by POST split- or micro-rates in all study years. Red beet density and soluble solid levels were not different than the weed-free check in any of the POST or sequential treatments. However, red beet yield in the POST single and split-rate treatments alone ranged from 9500 to 12100 kg ha−1, and was significantly less than in the weed-free check (19400 kg ha−1). Yields in the sequential treatments were comparable to the weed-free check. The results of this study confirm that a sequential treatment of PRE s-metolachlor followed by POST split- and micro-rate applications of pyrazon plus triflusulfuron can be safely applied to red beet and control annual weed species.

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Weed Flora of Cherry, Walnut, Apple, Almond and Pear Orchards in Northwestern Marmara Region of Turkey

Turkish Journal of Agriculture - Food Science and Technology ◽

10.24925/turjaf.v7i12.2252-2258.3017 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 7 (12) ◽

pp. 2252

Author(s):

Bahadır Şin ◽

Lerzan Öztürk ◽

Nur Sivri ◽

Gürkan Güvenç Avcı ◽

İzzet Kadıoğlu

Keyword(s):

Chenopodium Album ◽

Datura Stramonium ◽

Viscum Album ◽

Amaranthus Retroflexus ◽

Marmara Region ◽

Raphanus Raphanistrum ◽

Weed Species ◽

Lactuca Serriola ◽

Cuscuta Campestris ◽

Weed Flora

A study covering cherry, walnut, apple, almond and pear orchards in Edirne, Kırklareli and Tekirdağ provinces was carried out in 2015-2018 with the aim of determination of weed flora, weed frequencies and densities. Total of 64 species belonging to 30 families were identified in fruit tree orchards. Among all the families the most members were in Asteraceae 13 species, Poaceae, 11 species, Brassicaceae 5 species and Lamiaceae 3 species families. The dominant weed species were Amaranthus retroflexus L., Polygonum aviculare L., Capsella-bursa pastoris L. (Medik)., Concolvulus arvensis L., Lepidium draba L., Raphanus raphanistrum L., Chenopodium album L., Cichorium intybus L. in Tekirdağ while Datura stramonium L. distribution in Edirne Uzunköprü and Kırklareli was remarkably high. Semi parazitic weed Viscum album and full parasite Cuscuta campestris Yunck were also detected in some orchards. V. album was widespread among pear trees while Cuscuta campestris Yunck was detected only in suckers emerged in apple and cherry orchards. According to density A. retroflexus has received the first order with 76 plant/m2, following C. album with 54 plant/m2, Lactuca serriola with 27 plant/m2, D. stramonium L. with 24 plant/m2, Portulaca oleracea with 21 plant/m2

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Response of Sugarbeets (Beta vulgaris) and Four Weed Species to Dinitramine

Weed Science ◽

10.1017/s0043174500043423 ◽

1979 ◽

Vol 27 (1) ◽

pp. 28-31 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

E. E. Schweizer

Keyword(s):

Beta Vulgaris ◽

Amaranthus Retroflexus ◽

Solanum Nigrum ◽

Setaria Viridis ◽

Weed Species ◽

Time Of Application ◽

Black Nightshade ◽

Green Foxtail ◽

Setaria Glauca ◽

Better Than

Dinitramine (N4,N4-diethyl-α,α,α-trifluoro-3,5-dinitrotoluene-2,4-diamine) applied at 0.37 kg/ha controlled black nightshade (Solanum nigrumL.) better than did trifluralin (α,α,α-trifluoro-2,6-dinitro-N,N-dipropyl-p-toluidine) at 0.56 kg/ha. Dinitramine applied at 0.37 kg/ha was equal to 0.56 kg/ha of trifluralin for control of green foxtail [Setaria viridis(L.) Beauv.], yellow foxtail [Setaria glauca(L.) Beauv.], and redroot pigweed (Amaranthus retroflexusL.). Dinitramine produced more root aberrations in sugarbeets (Beta vulgarisL. ‘Mono Hy D2′) than did trifluralin when sprayed on nonexposed or exposed hypotcotyledonary tissues of seedlings. When soil surrounded most of the hypocotyls at the time of application, 0.56 kg/ha of dinitramine affected 57 to 87% of the roots, whereas the same rate of trifluralin affected 1 to 8% of the roots. When the hypocotyls were exposed at the time of application, 100% of the roots were affected by dinitramine compared to 25% of all roots treated with trifluralin. Dinitramine applied at 0.37, 0.42, and 0.56 kg/ha lowered the quality and yield of sugarbeet roots, with the highest rate significantly reducing percentage purity, percentage sucrose, and recoverable sucrose. Trifluralin did not affect these parameters.

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