Response of Sugarbeets (Beta vulgaris) and Four Weed Species to Dinitramine

Dinitramine (N4,N4-diethyl-α,α,α-trifluoro-3,5-dinitrotoluene-2,4-diamine) applied at 0.37 kg/ha controlled black nightshade (Solanum nigrumL.) better than did trifluralin (α,α,α-trifluoro-2,6-dinitro-N,N-dipropyl-p-toluidine) at 0.56 kg/ha. Dinitramine applied at 0.37 kg/ha was equal to 0.56 kg/ha of trifluralin for control of green foxtail [Setaria viridis(L.) Beauv.], yellow foxtail [Setaria glauca(L.) Beauv.], and redroot pigweed (Amaranthus retroflexusL.). Dinitramine produced more root aberrations in sugarbeets (Beta vulgarisL. ‘Mono Hy D2′) than did trifluralin when sprayed on nonexposed or exposed hypotcotyledonary tissues of seedlings. When soil surrounded most of the hypocotyls at the time of application, 0.56 kg/ha of dinitramine affected 57 to 87% of the roots, whereas the same rate of trifluralin affected 1 to 8% of the roots. When the hypocotyls were exposed at the time of application, 100% of the roots were affected by dinitramine compared to 25% of all roots treated with trifluralin. Dinitramine applied at 0.37, 0.42, and 0.56 kg/ha lowered the quality and yield of sugarbeet roots, with the highest rate significantly reducing percentage purity, percentage sucrose, and recoverable sucrose. Trifluralin did not affect these parameters.

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Selectivity of Nitrofen among Rape, Redroot Pigweed, and Green Foxtail

Weed Science ◽

10.1017/s0043174500048232 ◽

1971 ◽

Vol 19 (1) ◽

pp. 42-44 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

D. Hawton ◽

E. H. Stobbe

Keyword(s):

Brassica Campestris ◽

Amaranthus Retroflexus ◽

Water Soluble ◽

Setaria Viridis ◽

Weed Species ◽

Differential Effects ◽

Redroot Pigweed ◽

Green Foxtail

The selectivity of 2,4-dichlorophenylp-nitrophenyl ether (nitrofen) among rape (Brassica campestrisL., var. Echo) and two weed species, redroot pigweed (Amaranthus retroflexusL.) and green foxtail (Setaria viridis(L.) Beauv.), was determined quantitatively by a replicated dosage-response experiment. On an ED50basis, green foxtail and redroot pigweed were, respectively, 5.8 and 63.3 times more susceptible than rape. Selectivity was divided into three parameters; viz., differential spray retention, differential penetration, and differential effects within the plant. Differences in retention were measured with the use of a water-soluble dye, while differences in penetration were determined with14C-labelled nitrofen. Spray retention on green foxtail was 66% of that on the rape and 64% as much nitrofen penetrated redroot pigweed as penetrated rape. Under the conditions of these tests it was estimated that green foxtail and redroot pigweed were, respectively, 9 and 99 times more susceptible to nitrofen than was rape.

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Germination of Exhumed Weed Seed in Nebraska

Weed Science ◽

10.1017/s0043174500063761 ◽

1981 ◽

Vol 29 (5) ◽

pp. 577-586 ◽

Cited By ~ 51

Author(s):

Orvin C. Burnside ◽

Charles R. Fenster ◽

Larry L. Evetts ◽

Robert F. Mumm

Keyword(s):

Amaranthus Retroflexus ◽

Setaria Viridis ◽

Weed Species ◽

Kochia Scoparia ◽

Asclepias Syriaca ◽

Rapid Loss ◽

Digitaria Sanguinalis ◽

Redroot Pigweed ◽

Green Foxtail ◽

Panicum Dichotomiflorum

An experiment was initiated in 1970 and continued through 1979 by exhuming and germinating seed of 12 economic weed species buried beneath 23 cm of soil in eastern and western Nebraska. Loss in germination of exhumed seeds over years is mathematically characterized by the formula for the rectangular hyperbola, which represents many shapes of curves that have zero as their lower limit. Of the 12 weed species, only fall panicum (Panicum dichotomiflorumMichx.) and redroot pigweed (Amaranthus retroflexusL.) seed germination did not drop significantly over the 10-yr burial period. Germination of redroot pigweed seed was higher when buried in eastern Nebraska, but was higher for smooth groundcherry (Physalis subglabrataMack&Bush.) and velvetleaf (Abutilon theophrastiMedic.) when buried in western Nebraska. Germination of the other nine species were not affected by burial location. The 12 weed species can be ranked as those showing most to least rapid loss of germination during burial for 10 yr as follows: honeyvine milkweed [Ampelamus albidus(Nutt.) Britt.], hemp dogbane (Apocynum cannabinumL.), kochia [Kochia scoparia(L.) Schrad.], sunflower (Helianthus annumL.), large crabgrass [Digitaria sanguinalis(L.) Scop.], common milkweed (Asclepias syriacaL.), musk thistle (Carduus nutansL.), velvetleaf, fall panicum, redroot pigweed, green foxtail [Setaria viridis(L.) Beauv.], and smooth groundcherry.

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Weed Control in Sugarbeets (Beta vulgaris) by Mixtures of Cycloate and Ethofumesate

Weed Science ◽

10.1017/s0043174500044519 ◽

1979 ◽

Vol 27 (5) ◽

pp. 516-519 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

E. E. Schweizer

Keyword(s):

Beta Vulgaris ◽

Soil Texture ◽

Chenopodium Album ◽

Field Studies ◽

Amaranthus Retroflexus ◽

Setaria Viridis ◽

Kochia Scoparia ◽

Common Lambsquarters ◽

Green Foxtail ◽

Herbicide Mixtures

Response of weeds and sugarbeets (Beta vulgaris L. ‘Mono Hy D2′) to preplanting treatments of mixtures of cycloate (S-ethyl N-ethylthiocyclohexanecarbamate) and ethofumesate [(±)-2-ethoxy-2,3-dihydro-3,3-dimethyl-5-benzofuranyl methanesulfonate] was evaluated in five field studies. A mixture containing 1.7 kg/ha of each herbicide reduced the stand of common lambsquarters (Chenopodium album L.) 90%, green foxtail [Setaria viridis (L.) Beauv.] and yellow foxtail [Setaria lutescens (Weigel) Hubb.] 97 to 99%, kochia [Kochia scoparia (L.) Schrad.] 64 to 77%, and redroot pigweed (Amaranthus retroflexus L.) 82 to 99%. The response of weeds to preplanting applications of mixtures of cycloate and ethofumesate was independent of soil texture, whereas response of sugarbeets was dependent on soil texture. The herbicide mixtures significantly reduced the pre-thinning stand of sugarbeets and root and sucrose yields on two sandy loams, but not on a clay loam.

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Changes in weed infestations on plantations of sugar beet (Beta vulgaris L. subsp. vulgaris) cultivated on black soil near Wrocław in 1989–1995 and 2006–2012

Acta Agrobotanica ◽

10.5586/aa.1647 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 69 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Krzysztof Domaradzki ◽

Anna Jezierska-Domaradzka

Keyword(s):

Brassica Napus ◽

Sugar Beet ◽

Beta Vulgaris ◽

Dominant Species ◽

Chenopodium Album ◽

Amaranthus Retroflexus ◽

Setaria Viridis ◽

Weed Species ◽

Galium Aparine ◽

Frequent Species

Field studies were carried out in 1989–1995 and 2006–2012 on plantations of sugar beet (Beta vulgaris L. subsp. vulgaris). During this period, 542 phytosociological relevés were made using the Braun-Blanquet method. In total, 46 weed species were found. In 1989–1995, the occurrence of 36 segetal species was reported. The highest cover indices were determined for Chenopodium album and Amaranthus retroflexus. Galium aparine, Echinochloa crus-galli, and Elymus repens were the dominant species, as well. Analysis of the frequency of occurrence revealed one constant species (Chenopodium album), two frequent species (Amaranthus retroflexus and Galium aparine), and two medium-frequent species (Echinochloa crus-galli and Matricaria maritima ssp. inodora).In 2006–2012, the occurrence of 40 weed species on the sugar beet plantations was recorded. The plantations were clearly dominated by Chenopodium album, accompanied by Polygonum persicaria and Polygonum lapathifolium ssp. lapathifolium. Other dominant species comprised Setaria viridis, Galinsoga parviflora, Brassica napus ssp. napus, and Fallopia convolvulus. The Chenopodium album was a constant component of the sugar beet plantations. In turn, no frequent species were observed and six medium-frequent species were found (Setaria viridis, Galinsoga parviflora, Brassica napus ssp. napus, Echinochloa crus-galli, Amaranthus retroflexus, and Capsella bursa-pastoris).Noteworthy, the presence of previously unreported species, e.g., Abutilon theophrasti, Hyoscyamus niger, or Artemisia vulgaris, was revealed. These species are rare components in sugar beet crops. A reverse phenomenon, i.e., the disappearance of some species such as Euphorbia helioscopia, Malva neglecta, Rumex acetosella, Sinapis arvensis, or Sisymbrium officinale, was also observed.

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Optimization of foramsulfuron doses for post-emergence weed control in maize (Zea mays L.)

Spanish Journal of Agricultural Research ◽

10.5424/sjar/2016143-9436 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 14 (3) ◽

pp. e1005 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Euro Pannacci

Keyword(s):

Weed Control ◽

Growth Stage ◽

Amaranthus Retroflexus ◽

Recommended Dose ◽

Weed Species ◽

Common Lambsquarters ◽

Black Nightshade ◽

Redroot Pigweed ◽

Wild Mustard ◽

Green Foxtail

Four field experiments were carried out from 2011 to 2014 in order to evaluate the effects of foramsulfuron, applied at the recommended (60.8 g a.i./ha) and reduced doses (1/3 and 2/3), on the efficacy against several of the most important weeds in maize. For each “year-weed” combination, dose-response curves were applied to estimate the dose of foramsulfuron required to obtain 90% and 95% weed control (ED90 and ED95). Foramsulfuron phytotoxicity on maize and crop yield were assessed. Foramsulfuron at 1/3 of the recommended dose (20.3 g a.i./ha) provided 95% efficacy against redroot pigweed (Amaranthus retroflexus L.), green foxtail (Setaria viridis (L.) Beauv.), wild mustard (Sinapis arvensis L.) and black nightshade (Solanum nigrum L.). Velvetleaf (Abutilon theophrasti Medik.), common lambsquarters (Chenopodium album L.) and barnyardgrass (Echinochloa crus-galli (L.) Beauv.) were satisfactorily controlled (95% weed efficacy) with ED95 ranged from 20 to 50 g/ha of foramsulfuron (about from 1/3 to 5/6 of the recommended dose) depending on growth stage. The recommended dose was effective against pale smartweed (Polygonum lapathifolium L.) at 2-4 true leaves (12-14 BBCH scale), but this dose did not kill plants larger than 2-4 true leaves. The ranking among weed species based on their susceptibility to foramsulfuron was: redroot pigweed = green foxtail = wild mustard = black nightshade > velvetleaf = common lambsquarters = barnyardgrass > pale smartweed. Dose of foramsulfuron can be reduced below recommended dose depending on weed species and growth stage. Foramsulfuron showed a good crop selectivity and had no negative effect on maize yield.

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Potential new tool for weed control in organically grown agronomic crops

Journal of Agricultural Sciences Belgrade ◽

10.2298/jas0702095k ◽

2007 ◽

Vol 52 (2) ◽

pp. 95-104 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Stevan Knezevic ◽

Santiago Ulloa

Keyword(s):

Field Experiments ◽

Logistic Models ◽

Amaranthus Retroflexus ◽

Sorghum Halepense ◽

Setaria Viridis ◽

Agronomic Crops ◽

Green Foxtail ◽

Baseline Information ◽

Weed Tolerance ◽

Organically Grown

Field experiments were conducted during summer 2007 to determine a baseline information on crop and weed tolerance to broadcast flaming utilizing different rates of propane. The species evaluated were: maize (Zea mays), sorghum (Sorghum halepense), soybean (Glycine max), sunflower (Helianthus annuus), barnyardgrass (Echinocloa crus-galli), green foxtail (Setaria viridis), velvetleaf (Abutilon theophrasti) and redroot pigweed (Amaranthus retroflexus). The propane rates applied were 0, 12.1, 30.9, 49.7, 68.5 and 87.22 kg/ha. The response of the plants to propane rates were described by log-logistic models. Plant response to flame varied depending on the species, growth stage and propane rate. Broadleaf weeds were more susceptible to flames than grasses. Field maize and sorghum were less susceptible, while soybean and sunflower were severely injured. Of all crops tested, broadcast flaming has the most potential for use in field maize.

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Comparison of weed communities in Manitoba ecoregions and crops

Canadian Journal of Plant Science ◽

10.4141/p99-175 ◽

2000 ◽

Vol 80 (4) ◽

pp. 963-972 ◽

Cited By ~ 17

Author(s):

R. C. Van Acker ◽

A. G. Thomas ◽

J. Y. Leeson ◽

S. Z. Knezevic ◽

B. L. Frick

Keyword(s):

Weed Management ◽

Amaranthus Retroflexus ◽

Weed Species ◽

Canada Thistle ◽

Wild Mustard ◽

Polygonum Convolvulus ◽

Weed Communities ◽

Green Foxtail ◽

Poaceae Family ◽

Weed Survey

In 1997, a weed survey was conducted during July and August in fields of wheat, barley, oat, canola and flax in Manitoba. Field selection was based on a stratified-random sampling methodology using ecodistricts as strata. Species in the Poaceae family were most commonly observed in the survey, followed by species in the Polygonaceae, Asteraceae and Brassicaceae families. The six most abundant weed species were green foxtail [Setaria viridis (L.) Beauv.], wild oats (Avena fatua L.), wild buckwheat (Polygonum convolvulus L.), Canada thistle (Cirsium arvense L.), redroot pigweed (Amaranthus retroflexus L.) and wild mustard (Sinapis arvensis L.). The survey highlighted significant differences between ecoregions and between crops in residual weed infestations. The weed community in the Boreal Transition ecoregion was dominated by seven species, whereas fields in the Aspen Parkland and Lake Manitoba Plain ecoregions were dominated by two species and the Interlake Plain ecoregion was dominated by only one species. Although significant differences were found between the weed communities in crops, they were not as great as differences between ecoregions. The Manitoba residual weed community in 1997 was very similar to that reported for 1978–1981 and 1986, suggesting that the same species should remain a focus for weed management. Key words: Weed survey, weed relative abundance, weed distributions, Manitoba ecoregions

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Comparisons of Dihydroxybenzenes and Paraquat

Weed Science ◽

10.1017/s0043174500077638 ◽

1970 ◽

Vol 18 (1) ◽

pp. 179-182 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

E. J. Hogue ◽

G. F. Warren

Keyword(s):

Mode Of Action ◽

Amaranthus Retroflexus ◽

Solanum Nigrum ◽

Additive Effects ◽

Black Nightshade ◽

Redroot Pigweed ◽

Fast Acting ◽

Different Levels

Although similar in mode of action, 1,2-dihydroxybenzene (catechol) and 1,1′-dimethyl-4,4′bipyridinium ion (paraquat) at different levels were required to kill plants. Both chemicals were fast-acting, they both required light to be active, and herbicides that inhibit photosynthesis protected the plants temporarily against the action of both compounds. Paraquat and catechol had additive effects on black nightshade (Solanum nigrum L.) but not on redroot pigweed (Amaranthus retroflexus L.). Catechol protected redroot pigweed against the action of paraquat.

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Fluridone for Annual Weed Control in Western Irrigated Cotton (Gossypium Hirsutum)

Weed Science ◽

10.1017/s0043174500069022 ◽

1983 ◽

Vol 31 (3) ◽

pp. 290-293 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

John H. Miller ◽

Charles H. Carter

Keyword(s):

Gossypium Hirsutum ◽

Weed Control ◽

Amaranthus Retroflexus ◽

Solanum Nigrum ◽

Black Nightshade ◽

Redroot Pigweed ◽

Annual Grasses ◽

Rate Controlled

For 3 yr, fluridone {1-methyl-3-phenyl-5-[3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]-4(1H)-pyridinone} at 0.1, 0.2, and 0.3 kg/ha, was applied with or without 0.6 kg/ha of trifluralin (α,α,α-trifluoro-2,6-dinitro-N,N-dipropyl-p-toluidine) before the preplanting irrigation for cotton (Gossypium hirsutumL.). Without trifluralin, fluridone at 0.1 kg/ha controlled less than 60% of annual grasses or redroot pigweed (Amaranthus retroflexusL.), but the 0.3-kg/ha rate controlled 90%. With trifluralin, fluridone at all rates controlled 98% of these weeds. Fluridone alone controlled 85% or more of black nightshade (Solanum nigrumL.). Fluridone did not alter cotton stand or yield. Fluridone residues 8 months after treatment reduced growth of several crops and weeds by 75% or more.

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The Fate of Nitrofen in Rape, Redroot Pigweed, and Green Foxtail

Weed Science ◽

10.1017/s0043174500050670 ◽

1971 ◽

Vol 19 (5) ◽

pp. 555-558 ◽

Cited By ~ 21

Author(s):

D. Hawton ◽

E. H. Stobbe

Keyword(s):

Light Intensity ◽

Brassica Campestris ◽

Molecular Size ◽

Amaranthus Retroflexus ◽

High Light ◽

Setaria Viridis ◽

Light Conditions ◽

Ether Linkage ◽

Redroot Pigweed ◽

Green Foxtail

The fate of 2,4-dichlorophenyl p-nitrophenyl ether (nitrofen) in the foliage of rape (Brassica campestris L. ‘Echo’), redroot pigweed (Amaranthus retroflexus L.), and green foxtail (Setaria viridis (L.) Beauv.) was investigated with the aid of 14C-nitrofen. Only limited amounts of the label were translocated in these species. Plants treated with 14C-nitrofen under high light conditions produced several labelled compounds of different molecular size and chromatographic properties. The time at which these compounds were first detectable depended on light intensity. At least two of these compounds are lipid-nitrofen conjugates or nitrofen polymers and others may be formed by cleavage of nitrofen at the ether linkage.

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