scholarly journals Genetic basis of resistance to quaternary ammonium compounds – the qac genes and their role: a review

2012 ◽  
Vol 57 (No. 6) ◽  
pp. 275-281 ◽  
Author(s):  
Z. Jaglic ◽  
D. Cervinkova
Keyword(s):  
Quaternary Ammonium ◽  
Genetic Basis ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Quaternary Ammonium Compounds ◽  
Practical Significance ◽  
Multidrug Resistance Proteins ◽  
Resistance Proteins ◽  
Small Multidrug Resistance ◽  
Cationic Compounds ◽  
Ammonium Compounds

 Although the qac genes are named after one of their main substrates (i.e., quaternary ammonium compounds), these genes also code for resistance to a broad spectrum of other cationic compounds such as intercalating dyes, diamidines and biguanides. The various Qac proteins are involved in relatively low specific efflux-based multidrug pumps and belong to a family of small multidrug resistance proteins. Even though the practical significance of qac-mediated resistance lies mainly in resistance to antiseptics, contradictory findings on this issue are still reported. Therefore, the aim of this review is to summarise the current knowledge on qac-mediated resistance with special emphasis on resistance to antiseptics and its relevance for practice.  

scholarly journals Overexpression of the Escherichia coli sugE Gene Confers Resistance to a Narrow Range of Quaternary Ammonium Compounds

2002 ◽  
Vol 184 (9) ◽  
pp. 2543-2545 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yong Joon Chung ◽  
Milton H. Saier
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Drug Resistance ◽  
Multidrug Resistance ◽  
Quaternary Ammonium ◽  
Narrow Range ◽  
Quaternary Ammonium Compounds ◽  
High Level Expression ◽  
Small Multidrug Resistance ◽  
High Level ◽  
Ammonium Compounds

ABSTRACT SugE of Escherichia coli, first identified as a suppressor of groEL mutations but a member of the small multidrug resistance family, has not previously been shown to confer a drug resistance phenotype. We show that high-level expression of sugE leads to resistance to a subset of toxic quaternary ammonium compounds.

scholarly journals Novel Plasmid-Borne Gene qacJ Mediates Resistance to Quaternary Ammonium Compounds in Equine Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus simulans, and Staphylococcus intermedius

2003 ◽  
Vol 47 (10) ◽  
pp. 3046-3052 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jostein Bjorland ◽  
Terje Steinum ◽  
Marianne Sunde ◽  
Steinar Waage ◽  
Even Heir
Keyword(s):  
Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Quaternary Ammonium ◽  
Quaternary Ammonium Compounds ◽  
Rolling Circle Replication ◽  
Chronic Infections ◽  
Skin Preparation ◽  
Rolling Circle ◽  
Staphylococcal Species ◽  
Small Multidrug Resistance ◽  
Ammonium Compounds

ABSTRACT We identified a novel plasmid-borne gene (designated qacJ) encoding resistance to quaternary ammonium compounds (QACs) in three staphylococcal species associated with chronic infections in four horses. qacJ was located on a 2,650-bp plasmid (designated pNVH01), a new member of the pC194 family of rolling-circle replication plasmids. The 107-amino-acid protein, QacJ, showed similarities to known proteins of the small multidrug resistance family: Smr/QacC (72.5%), QacG (82.6%), and QacH (73.4%). The benzalkonium chloride MIC for a qacJ-containing recombinant was higher than those for otherwise isogenic recombinants expressing Smr, QacG, or QacH. Molecular epidemiological analyses by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis suggested both the clonal spread of a qacJ-harboring Staphylococcus aureus strain and the horizontal transfer of pNVH01 within and between different equine staphylococcal species. The presence of pNVH01 of identical nucleotide sequence in different staphylococcal species suggests that recent transfer has occurred. In three of the horses, a skin preparation containing cetyltrimethylammonium bromide had been used extensively for several years; this might explain the selection of staphylococci harboring the novel QAC resistance gene.

Determination of quaternary ammonium compounds in food products by the method of ultra-performance liquid chromatography/high resolution mass-spectrometry

2020 ◽  
Vol 86 (8) ◽  
pp. 23-31
Author(s):  
V. G. Amelin ◽  
D. S. Bolshakov
Keyword(s):  
Mass Spectrometry ◽  
High Resolution ◽  
Quaternary Ammonium ◽  
High Resolution Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Food Products ◽  
Quaternary Ammonium Compounds ◽  
High Resolution Mass ◽  
Ammonium Compounds ◽  
Resolution Mass

The goal of the study is developing a methodology for determination of the residual amounts of quaternary ammonium compounds (QAC) in food products by UHPLC/high-resolution mass spectrometry after water-acetonitrile extraction of the determined components from the analyzed samples. The identification and determination of QAC was carried out on an «UltiMate 3000» ultra-high-performance liquid chromatograph (Thermo Scientific, USA) equipped with a «maXis 4G» high-resolution quadrupole-time-of-flight mass spectrometric detector and an ion spray «ionBooster» source (Bruker Daltonics, Germany). Samples of milk, cheese (upper cortical layer), dumplings, pork, chicken skin and ground beef were used as working samples. Optimal conditions are specified for chromatographic separation of the mixture of five QAC, two of them being a mixture of homologues with a linear structure (including isomeric forms). The identification of QAC is carried out by the retention time, exact mass of the ions, and coincidence of the mSigma isotopic distribution. The limits for QAC detection are 0.1 – 0.5 ng/ml, the determination limits are 1 ng/ml for aqueous standard solutions. The determinable content of QAC in food products ranges within 1 – 100 ng/g. The results of analysis revealed the residual amount of QAC present in all samples, which confirms data of numerous sources of information about active use of QAC-based disinfectants in the meat and dairy industry. The correctness of the obtained results is verified by introduction of the additives in food products at a level of 10 ng/g for each QAC. The relative standard deviation of the analysis results does not exceed 0.18. The duration of the analysis is 30 – 40 min.

scholarly journals From antimicrobial activity to mechanism of resistance: the multifaceted role of simple quaternary ammonium compounds in bacterial eradication

Tetrahedron ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 72 (25) ◽  
pp. 3559-3566 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kevin P.C. Minbiole ◽  
Megan C. Jennings ◽  
Laura E. Ator ◽  
Jacob W. Black ◽  
Melissa C. Grenier ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Antimicrobial Activity ◽  
Quaternary Ammonium ◽  
Quaternary Ammonium Compounds ◽  
Bacterial Eradication ◽  
Mechanism Of Resistance ◽  
Ammonium Compounds
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