scholarly journals Exile to Settlement in Siberia in the Criminal Punishment System of the Russian Empire in the 19th and Early 20th Centuries

2019 ◽  
pp. 946-952
Author(s):  
Tat’iana S. Volchetskaia ◽  
Leonid B. Smirnov ◽  
Dmitrii A. Shestakov
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
Death Penalty ◽  
Statistical Data ◽  
Russian Empire ◽  
The State ◽  
Early 20Th Century ◽  
Criminal Punishment ◽  
Imperial Period ◽  
The Russian Empire

The paper focuses on the evolution of the exile to settlement in Siberia from being a mitigating alternative to the death penalty to becoming a criminal punishment that ranks third in severity. It also provides an assessment of the theory that the exile was a way of Siberian colonization. We explore the role of the exile in the transformation of serf peasants into the state peasants in Siberia. The papers analyses various crimes punishable by the exile to settlement in Siberia in the imperial period. The authors consider the use of the exile of the convicted person together with his relatives as a way to prevent escapes. The involvement of statistical data led to the conclusion that by the early 20th century “colonization” function failed

Studying the History of the State Control in the Russian Empire During the Period of the Duma Monarchy

2020 ◽  
pp. 29-38
Author(s):  
Ziqiu Chen ◽  
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
Russian Empire ◽  
The State ◽  
State Control ◽  
State Institutions ◽  
Imperial Period ◽  
Russian State ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Russian Empire ◽  
Council Of Ministers

After the establishment of constitutional monarchy in Russia as a result of the 1905–1906 reforms, the position of the Russian State Control (imperial audit service) changed. Formerly relatively independent, the State Control, whose head was directly accountable to the Emperor, now found itself in the united government, i.e. the Council of Ministers. The undermined independence of the State Control provoked a wide public discussion, which involved Duma deputies, employees of the State Control as well as competent Russian economists and financial experts, who made relevant recommendations calling for reducing the number of state institutions that were unaccountable to the audit service and giving the latter more independence. This paper analyses the key works of pre-revolutionary authors published in the early 20th century and devoted to the history of the State Control of the Russian Empire. Both in the imperial period and today, the Russian audit institution, in contrast with political, historical and military topics, has been of primary interest not to historians, but to economists, financiers and lawyers, since it requires special knowledge of the State Control’s technical mechanisms. Based on this, the author selected the following works that require thorough examination: How People’s Money Is Spent in Russia by I.Kh. Ozerov, On the Transformation of the State Control by Yu.V. Tansky, an official anniversary edition State Control. 1811–1911, and Essays on the Russian Budget Law. Part 1 by L.N. Yasnopolsky. The author of this article considers these works to be the highest quality studies on the Russian State Control at the beginning of the 20th century and their analysis to be of unquestionable importance for contemporary research into the history of the Russian audit institution.

Stanza form of mukhammas in Azerbaijan lyrics in 20th century

Neophilology ◽  
2020 ◽  
pp. 76-84
Author(s):  
Nailya B. Mustafayeva
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
20Th Century ◽  
Russian Empire ◽  
Political Activity ◽  
Early 20Th Century ◽  
World War ◽  
Religious Issues ◽  
The Russian Empire ◽  
Free People

In Azerbaijan literature of the early 20th century mukhammas were created, they were distinguished by the search for new forms and the problematic range. For example, Sabir began mukhammas with beit (couplets) of tarji, repeated it at the end of each stanza. Many other poets repeated a similar technique afterwards. There are other features of the mukhammas of the specified period; the topic in general covered lyric and poetic, patriotic, social and political, philosophical, and religious issues. The patriotic mukhammas included a description of the nature beauties, the motherland defenders courage, the impulses of those who strove for the progress of the country, for its freedom. The number of satirical mukhammas increased. Takhmis (imitations) were written on classical poems, including Fuzuli’s ghazals. At the early 20th century in Azerbaijan, as well as in other places of the Russian Empire, political activity grew among the population. The famous poet Mahammad Hadi wrote in his mukhammas about the need to achieve freedom. After all, only free people can achieve true progress and prosperity. In Soviet times, a number of poets continued to write their poems in the classical style. Poets such as V. Abbaszade Hammal, M.S. Ordubadi, A. Nazmi, Mikayil Rafili, Ali Nazim, Suleiman Rustam, Mikayil Mushfig praised their native land in their mukhammas, at the same time they did not forget to note the role of the Communist Party in the prosperity of the country. A lot of poems were devoted to international events, criticism of the imperialist forces. During World War II, Aliaga Vahid in his mukhammas predicted German fascism an inevitable defeat, expressed admiration for the heroism of Soviet soldiers. In the second half and at the end of the 20th century, the number of mukhammas on religious themes is growing in Azerbaijan poetry. A number of poets have moved from writing poetry in the classical nazm style to the mukhammas genre.

Muslim Social Movement on the Periphery of the Russian Empire as Viewed by a Gendarmerie Agent: Materials from the State Archive of the Astrakhan Region

2018 ◽  
pp. 207-218
Author(s):  
Marina M. Imasheva ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Social Movement ◽  
20Th Century ◽  
Social Activity ◽  
Russian Empire ◽  
The State ◽  
Early 20Th Century ◽  
State Archive ◽  
Muslim Community ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Russian Empire

In a stand-alone fond ‘Astrakhan Gubernia Gendarmerie Department’ from the State Archive of the Astrakhan Region, there are several files concerning the history of the Muslim social movement in the Astrakhan gubernia in the period between the two Russian revolutions. According to statistical data, in 1900s Astrakhan ranked second in Tatar population, falling short only of Kazan. Then and there, as in other places, institutionalization and activation of the Muslim social movement was underway. But the Astrakhan Muslim community had several specific features due to its history. First of all, it was multinational. The cosmopolitan Muslim community, the mahalla, had its own nature, and that left its imprint on the social movement in the region. The gendarmerie agent took interest in all aspects of Muslims social activity in the region: cultural and educational organizations, secular education, periodicals. The gendarmerie materials described personalities and activities of prominent Muslim figures of the early 20th century, not just of the regional, but also of the all-Russian scale. The uniqueness of the document is in its information potential for studying the Tatar and Muslim national movement in the Russian Empire, its impact on the life style of the ethno-confessional enclave of the Astrakhan Muslims, and history of its relations with gendarmerie. The author examines factors that contributed to the creation of the document, analyzes historical facts and reliability of information on different subjects, provides some interesting information on the Astrakhan Muslim social movement of the early 20th century, its leaders, etc.

scholarly journals Persian trade at the Nizhny Novgorod Fair in the second half of the 19th - early 20th century and the problem of goods transporting

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 167-176
Author(s):  
Gadilya Gizatullaevna Kornoukhova ◽  
Yulia Olegovna Tsareva
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
Caspian Sea ◽  
Russian Empire ◽  
The Body ◽  
Early 20Th Century ◽  
The Caspian Sea ◽  
The Caucasus ◽  
The Russian Empire ◽  
First Time

The article shows the role of the Nizhny Novgorod Fair as the most important point of the Russo-Persian trade in the second half of the 19th - early 20th century. The problem of transportation of goods from Persia to Nizhny Novgorod and in the opposite direction is also considered. This research is based on the body of documents stored in the Archive of Foreign Policy of the Russian Empire and introduced into scientific circulation for the first time. On the base of them the authors show the inefficiency of activity of the Caucasus and Mercury Company, which actually monopolized the goods transportation across the Caspian Sea during the revised period. The extremely low speed of delivery of Russian goods purchased by Persian merchants at the Nizhny Novgorod Fair damaged not only private merchants commerce, involved in Russian-Persian trade, but also inevitably entailed a decrease in the overall trade between the two states.

scholarly journals On the ethno-cultural state of the Kursk province at the end of the XIX-th – the beginning of the XX-th centuries

2019 ◽  
Vol 46 (4) ◽  
pp. 705-712
Author(s):  
A.I. Dudka ◽  
◽  
I.G. Onoprienko ◽  
M.A. Sergienko ◽  
◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
Economic Activity ◽  
Cultural Exchange ◽  
Russian Empire ◽  
The State ◽  
Early 20Th Century ◽  
The Russian Empire ◽  
Cultural Features

In the article, the authors analyze the ethno-cultural state of the Kursk province in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, the specifics of which were laid from the period of secondary colonization of the region and in the context of active cultural exchange, which continued in the early 20th century. These processes aroused a steady interest and received ambiguous interpretation in the works of domestic and foreign historians, and for this reason it needs in reconsideration. The study is based on the principles of objectivity, historicism and scientificness, allowing to identify the ethnocultural image of the investigated province in the specified period. Ethnographic expeditions of the second half of the 20th century confirmed the preservation of Russian and Ukrainian cultural features. Referring to the materials of the First General Census of the Russian Empire on January 28, 1897, historical and ethnographic sources help to flesh out the ethno-cultural situation in the province on the basis of an analysis of the state of such components of its culture as a language, settlements, economic activity and ethno-religious relations.

FORMATION OF BASIC VOCATIONAL EDUCATION IN THE TAMBOV GOVERNORATE IN THE SECOND HALF OF THE 19TH – THE EARLY 20TH CENTURY

2018 ◽  
pp. 163-170
Author(s):  
Georgiy Sergeevich MAKHRACHEV
Keyword(s):  
Vocational Education ◽  
20Th Century ◽  
Statistical Data ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Russian Empire ◽  
Early 20Th Century ◽  
National Education ◽  
The Government ◽  
The Russian Empire

We present the view on the process of the development of basic vocational education in the Tambov Governorate in the second half of the 19th – the early 20th centuries as the result of the course of functioning of the government and zemstvos to support crafts in the Russian Empire. The background for the process of development of basic vocational education in the Tambov Governorate in the late 19th – the early 20th centuries is studied. The help of the Ministry of National Education and zemstvos in this process is considered. The problems with budget of the Tambov crafts school that arose on the early stage of its existence are analysed. The peculiarities of functioning and development of this largest in the Governorate school of basic vocational education are studied. The information about the continuingly growing number of students is presented. We discuss the growth of the number of crafts classes and sections in the Governorate. The information about their costs, peculiarities of functioning and the number of students is given. The peculiarities of the basic vocational education for women are viewed. On the basis of the statistical data the conclusion is made that the problem of improvement of the qualification level of the craftsmen was not solved.

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