Analysis the Impact of National Security Policy and Security Challenges on the Citizens of Pakistan

ABSTRACT Pakistan is considered to below middle an income country in south Asia having a fragile and agro based economy. Pakistan is encountering various sociopolitical, geo political, socioeconomic and socio-religious issues and challenges which are halting its national security. . In this regard to counter above mentioned challenges of national security the pioneer defense and NSP (National Security Policy) followed soon after. In the absence of sufficient and particular literature on the subject of national security, the opening part of this research work will first highlight the overarching national interests of Pakistan secondly analysis of the current challenges which are obstructing Pakistan to achieve these national interests and identification of significant threats to national security. In the later part, a comprehensive examination of the current NSP (National Security Policy) of Pakistan and related documents will be done to answer the primary research question that whether this strategic manuscript addresses the major threats to the national security of Pakistan recognized in our research work as the fear of fundamental Islamist terrorism to the tourism industry overseas pressure and planned crime.

Ibn Al-Haytham’s View On Human Soul

Ibn al-Haytham (965-1039) is hitherto known merely as a prominent scientist and mathematician who contributed to the development of science and mathematics. His contribution in philosophy and religious sciences are not exposed yet, therefore some scholars e.g. Muhammad Saud (1990), Saleh Beshara Omar (1977), Roshdi Rashed (2007), and many others, consider him neglecting philosophical and religious issues and regarded him to be a secular-positivist scholar. consider him to be uninterested in philosophical and religious issues. However, study has been done from the his primary works, especially his work namely Kitab Thamarah al-Ḥikmah that still rarely studied by researchers of Ibn al-Haytham thought. The method used in this study is the historical and philosophical methods. The results obtained clearly show that Ibn al-Haytham was not merely scientist and mathematician, he was also a philosopher who had contributed in explaining human psychology which accepted other philosophers. He elucidates the faculties of human soul and explains the relation between soul and the concept of happiness.

Ibn Taymiyyah and his fatwas on forbidden (haram) and permissible (halal) issues

Recently, the study of the legacy of a medieval religious scholar Ibn Taymiyyah, who lived in Syria at the turn of 14th century, has become particularly relevant due to the growing activity of various radical groups. Notably, some parts of his teachings became the foundation of the ideology of various modern extremist sects such as Wahhabism. However, his answers to religious questions regarding the forbidden (haram) and the permitted (halal) remain understudied. Ibn Taymiyyah's ideas contradicts the unanimous conclusion of Islamic theologians on more than 60 issues. His opinion on certain issues provoked lively discussions to the point of even forbidding him to make conclusions on certain religious issues. In addition, his belonging to the Hanbali madhhab in Islam is questionable. Another problem of the study is its contradiction to the traditional Islamic concept of God. The main purpose of the study is to investigate the ideas of Ibn Taymiyyah on some issues of Islamic jurisprudence (fiqh), to compare his views with the opinions of Islamic theologians and to define erroneous ideas about jurisprudence. In this study, the main approach was to study the works of Ibn Taymiyyah and compare them with the works of Islamic theologians, representatives of different madhhabs. It was found that a certain number of religious and legal opinions of this religious scholar in matters of halal and haram contradict the legal norms of the vast majority of Muslims. This study proves that the teachings of Ibn Taymiyyah contradict the Islamic concept of God and religious and legal practice

The Spread of Buddhism and Peace in Southeast Asia

Buddhism is among the oldest religious traditions of the world. It is based on the life and teachings of Siddharta Gautama. The message of world peace is the greatest contribution of Buddhism to the human civilization. This paper aims to study the spread of Buddhism in the Southeast Asian region and its relations with the ideals of peace in contemporary period. Theoretically paper relies on the post-colonial history writing tradition. It adopts descriptive and analytical method to study the subject matter. Conclusions of the paper are drawn after scrutiny of primary and secondary literatures. A thorough study reveals that Buddhism has a glorious past in the Southeast Asia. The practice of Buddhism in the region was popular even prior to the beginning of recorded history. Different monuments provide tangible evidence, and deep-rooted essence of Buddhism in the socio-cultural practices of the region are intangible testimony to this. Paper argues that inter-religious issues in the region and especially current situation of conflict between people of different faith can be resolved by following philosophy of Buddhism in true sense.

Implementasi Arkeologi Alkitabiah (Biblical Archaeology) Dalam Hermeneutik Sebagai Metode Penafsiran Alkitab

Biblical archaeology has very important roles in the method of hermeneutic interpretation to obtain an accurate, valid, precise and accountable interpretation of the Bible. Through a qualitative approach with a literature study method, this study concludes that biblical archaeology in hermeneutics has the implementations as a tool to reveal the historical context and cultural meaning of a text by understanding the archaeological relationship with the biblical text, as a tool to identify the text to adapt its content to the context of the Ancient Near East through the identification of historical, cultural, social, and religious issues provided by archaeological data, as a tool to build the construction of biblical-archaeological exegesis by combining both of data sources through critical thinking to adjust archaeological data with biblical data, as a tool control for context history and a tool produce more accurate historical information for listeners for more accurate application.Abstrak Arkeologi alkitabiah dalam metode penafsiran hermeneutik untuk mendapatkan penafsiran Alkitab yang akurat, valid, teliti dan dapat dipertanggungjawabkan sangat penting. Melalui pendekatan kualitatif dengan metode studi literature, penelitian ini menyimpulkan bahwa arkeologi alkitabiah dalam hermeneutik memiliki implementasi sebagai alat untuk mengungkap konteks historis dan makna budaya sebuah teks dengan memahami hubungan arkeologi dengan teks Alkitab, sebagai alat untuk mengidentifikasi teks untuk menyesuaikan kontennya dengan konteks Timur Dekat Kuno melalui identifikasi sejarah, budaya, sosial, dan masalah-masalah keagamaan yang disediakan oleh data-data arkeologi, sebagai alat membangun konstruksi eksegesis alkitabiah-arkeologis dengan menggabungkan kedua sumber data tersebut melalui pemikiran kritis untuk menyesuaikan data arkeologi dengan data alkitabiah, sebagai alat kontrol untuk konteks sejarah dan alat menghasilkan informasi historis yang lebih akurat bagi pendengar agar penerapan lebih akurat.

Fenomena Intoleransi Antar Umat Beragama Serta Peran Sosial Media Akun Instagram Jaringan Gusdurian Indonesia Dalam Menyampaikan Pesan Toleransi

In the 20th century, in the midst of the active flow of communication technology, which is increasingly active, it provides many conveniences and benefits to the community, especially when accessing information related to religion and da'wah that anyone wants to access. This phenomenon has an impact on various religious understandings by some sects and religious organizations in Indonesia. As we know, there are some of the largest religious organizations that have existed in this country for a long time, namely, Nahdatul Ulama', Muhammadiyah, etc. With the many religious notions that are studied and embraced by some Indonesians, it gives a lot of influence in understanding the religious concept of difference. This can lead to conflict between communities and religious organizations because they have diverse and different religious understandings. Intolerance is a scourge that is very difficult to eliminate in this democratic country. It is proven by the many cases of intolerance that often occur in our country. In recent years, religious issues have become the object of discussion to cause inter-religious conflicts that are spread through social media. with the existence of the Indonesian Gusdurian Network community, it has a very significant influence in countering and also educating the social media world about tolerance between religious communities. Social media is the main tool to provide education and also the importance of understanding differences in diversity with the spirit of maintaining tolerance between religious communities.

A DISCURSIVE STRATEGY TO MAINTAIN THE CULTURAL ISLAM-POLITICAL ISLAM POWER RELATION IN INDONESIA IN TRIWIKROMO’S “LENGTU LENGMUA” (2012)

This study aims to reveal the discursive play of the short story “Lengtu Lengmua” (2012) by Triyanto Triwikromo in maintaining the unequal power relation in Indonesia. The study is carried out on the basis of Norman Fairclough’s Critical Discourse Analysis that elaborates intertextuality theory and social theory of discourse. The research questions are what discourses influence “Lengtu Lengmua”’s celeng construction? and what political interests are supported and legitimized by “Lengtu Lengmua”’s celeng construction? It is a descriptive qualitative study for which data were collected using a note-taking technique. The relationships between data are elucidated by describing how the text of the short story, its production and the interpretation process are connected to the prevailing social conditions in Indonesia. The results show that: (1) “Lengtu Lengmua” represents, manipulates, negates, and transcends the discourse that sees that “celeng is a despicable animal” from the texts of Berburu Celeng (1998), Celeng Dhegleng (1998), and Tak Enteni Keplokmu (2000); and (2) to generate a notion of celeng as a noble animal, “Lengtu Lengmua” also configures the existing discourse conventions, namely conventions that are related to magical realism, Javanese society, children, Islamic shari’ah, and Islamic makrifat. These two results indicate that “Lengtu Lengmua” gives a new meaning to celeng and recontextualizes the celeng, which in previous texts is associated with human greed (i.e. capitalistic and corrupt), in religious issues especially those related to the contradiction between political Islam and cultural Islam. In turn, this discursive play has contributed to the formation of political Islam-cultural Islam power relation in recent years in Indonesia where cultural Islam occupies a dominant position. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengungkap permainan diskursif cerpen “Lengtu Lengmua” (2012) karya Triyanto Triwikromo dalam pemertahanan relasi kuasa yang tidak setara di Indonesia. Kajian dalam penelitian ini mengacu pada Analisis Wacana Kritis dari Norman Fairclough yang mengelaborasi teori intertekstualitas dan teori sosial wacana. Pertanyaan yang ingin dijawab dalam penelitian ini adalah wacana apa yang memengaruhi konstruksi celeng “Lengtu Lengmua” dan kepentingan politik apa yang didukung dan dilegitimasi oleh konstruksi celeng “Lengtu Lengmua”. Kajian ini menggunakan metode penjabaran deskriptif kualitatif dan teknik pengumpulan data simak-catat. Hubungan antardata dikaji melalui deskripsi atau penjelasan bagaimana teks cerpen, proses produksi dan interpretasinya berkaitan dengan kondisi sosial yang melatar belakangi cerita dalam cerpen. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa (1) “Lengtu Lengmua” merepresentasikan, memanipulasi, menegasikan, dan melampaui wacana “celeng adalah hewan hina” dari teks Berburu Celeng (1998), Celeng Dhegleng (1998), dan Tak Enteni Keplokmu (2000); (2) “Lengtu Lengmua” juga mengonfigurasikan konvensi-konvensi wacana yang ada untuk menghasilkan konstruksi celeng sebagai hewan mulia, yaitu konvensi wacana realisme magis, masyarakat Jawa, anak-anak, Islam syariat, dan Islam makrifat. Kedua hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa “Lengtu Lengmua” memberikan makna baru atas celeng dan membawa representasi celeng, yang pada teks-teks sebelumnya diidentikkan dengan kerakusan manusia yang kapitalistik dan korup, ke dalam konteks persoalan keagamaan khususnya yang terkait dengan pertentangan antara Islam politik dan Islam kultural. Pada gilirannya, permainan diskursif ini berkontribusi pada pembentukan relasi kuasa Islam politik-Islam kultural pada tahun-tahun terakhir di Indonesia di mana Islam kultural menduduki posisi yang dominan.

Strategi Pembina Galanggang Lubuk Aro dalam Pembinaan Keagamaan Islam Remaja

This study aims to determine the Strategy of Guiding Troubled in Islamic Religious Guidance for Teenagers in North Padang Mantinggi Village, Rao District, Pasaman Regency. This research is a type of field research using qualitative methods. Sources of data were taken from three informants consisting of coaches of trouble, five parents of teenagers, and fifteen members of teenagers using purposive sampling technique. Research data were taken through in-depth interviews with all informants. The results showed that the Guidance Strategy for Guidance in Islamic religious development for adolescents in Padang Mantinggi Utara Village, Rao District, Pasaman Regency, was by carrying out positive activities favored by teenagers, such as soccer and pencak silat training for teenage boys, marawis training. or tambourine and rhythm training for teenage girls. So that with positive activities it will be easier to direct teenagers to explore religious issues by participating in regular recitations in the hope that teenagers can have better knowledge of the Islamic religion

Peran Guru Pendidikan Agama Islam dalam Membangun Semangat Keberagaman Beragama di SMPN 13 Kota Kupang

This research was started when the writer felt uneasy about cases concerning religious issues that have recently occurred in Indonesia. Either on purpose or not. Now there are a lot of certain people who become elements of a problem regarding religion in Indonesia, as well as when certain groups have liberal beliefs where they lack socialization in society. This study aims to describe the perspectives of an Islamic Education teacher and also the principle of religious diversity in schools. The type of research used is descriptive qualitative. Where the researcher looks for several sources and then puts them together and in the sense that the research is meant to gather information about the status of an existing symptom. The data collection technique was done by observing, interviewing, and documenting. As well as research subjects consisting of PAI teachers, school principals, Muslim students, and Christian students. This research was conducted directly at SMPN 13 Kupang City. From the results of the research carried out, it can be concluded that the task of a teacher is not just teaching but also the teacher can provide examples and motivation that is useful for students, besides that a teacher also has an important role in the community and also religious values. We must, but we will protect it so that in the future there will be no more cases regarding religion in Indonesia

Religious Peace building, the Problems, and Potentials Now and in the Foreseeable Federal Republic of Nepal

Introduction: There is debate whether most Nepali people still want Nepal to be a Hindu state. A significant number of opinions wish to see the country as secular, where people are respected with dignity without any discrimination where people can profess, practice, and protect their religions, whichever religion it may be. Methods: This paper is based on public opinion surveys through interviews and discussions with100 individuals, including key informant interviews with 25 religious leaders from different religions conducted between September 20019 and February 2020 and secondary data from various literature reviews. Results: The paper's finding reveals that the public's preference toward the Hindu state is not accepted in all sub-national levels; a secular state preference is evident in some of the sub-national levels, which cannot be undervalued. The mindsets of most of the elder populations interviewed still want Nepal to be the only Hindu state in the world, whereas the active young-age (youth) population is more inclusive and is happy with the secular nation. Conclusion: Understanding and implementing inclusive secular policies and practicing the preexistence principles of religious freedom by the political parties and incorporating the same in all government, semi-government and private sectors will ensure a secular and peaceful Nepal. Government authorities and other bureaucrats becoming more sensitive towards religious issues will create space for promoting peace.