scholarly journals Policy Design and Non-Design: Towards a Spectrum of Policy Formulation Types

2014 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 57-71 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael Howlett ◽  
Ishani Mukherjee
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Policy Making ◽  
Policy Design ◽  
Public Policies ◽  
Careful Analysis ◽  
Policy Formulation ◽  
Decision Making Process ◽  
Knowledge Based ◽  
Policy Goals ◽  
Logical Process

Public policies are the result of efforts made by governments to alter aspects of behaviour—both that of their own agents and of society at large—in order to carry out some end or purpose. They are comprised of arrangements of policy goals and policy means matched through some decision-making process. These policy-making efforts can be more, or less, systematic in attempting to match ends and means in a logical fashion or can result from much less systematic processes. “Policy design” implies a knowledge-based process in which the choice of means or mechanisms through which policy goals are given effect follows a logical process of inference from known or learned relationships between means and outcomes. This includes both design in which means are selected in accordance with experience and knowledge and that in which principles and relationships are incorrectly or only partially articulated or understood. Policy decisions can be careful and deliberate in attempting to best resolve a problem or can be highly contingent and driven by situational logics. Decisions stemming from bargaining or opportunism can also be distinguished from those which result from careful analysis and assessment. This article considers both modes and formulates a spectrum of policy formulation types between “design” and “non-design” which helps clarify the nature of each type and the likelihood of each unfolding.

scholarly journals Data-Related Ecosystems in Policy Making: The PoliVisu Contexts

2021 ◽  
pp. 91-104
Author(s):  
Giovanni Lanza
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Policy Making ◽  
Public Policies ◽  
Decision Making Process ◽  
Policy Makers ◽  
The Public ◽  
Use Of Data ◽  
Data Ownership ◽  
The Impact

AbstractThe article explores the complexity of the ecosystems that develop around data supported policy making. This complexity, which can be traced back to the multiplicity of actors involved, the roles they assume in the different steps of the decision making process, and the nature of the relationships they establish, takes on new connotations following the rising use of data for public policies. In fact, issues related to data ownership and the ability to collect, manage, and translate data into useful information for policy makers require the involvement of several actors, generating ecosystems where co-creation strategies are confronted with the limits of action of the public administrations within broader social and decisional networks. Based on this background, the article aims to provide, through the analysis of the direct experiences conducted by the pilot cities involved in the PoliVisu project, an overview of the opportunities and challenges related to the impact of data in the evolution of decision making networks and ecosystems in the data shake era.

scholarly journals Decision-making process for introduction of maternal vaccines in Kenya, 2017–2018

2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Nancy A. Otieno ◽  
Fauzia A. Malik ◽  
Stacy W. Nganga ◽  
Winnie N. Wairimu ◽  
Dominic O. Ouma ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Policy Development ◽  
Implementation Process ◽  
Policy Formulation ◽  
Advisory Group ◽  
Decision Making Process ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Maternal Immunization ◽  
Negative Impacts ◽  
High Level

Abstract Background Maternal immunization is a key strategy for reducing morbidity and mortality associated with infectious diseases in mothers and their newborns. Recent developments in the science and safety of maternal vaccinations have made possible development of new maternal vaccines ready for introduction in low- and middle-income countries. Decisions at the policy level remain the entry point for maternal immunization programs. We describe the policy and decision-making process in Kenya for the introduction of new vaccines, with particular emphasis on maternal vaccines, and identify opportunities to improve vaccine policy formulation and implementation process. Methods We conducted 29 formal interviews with government officials and policy makers, including high-level officials at the Kenya National Immunization Technical Advisory Group, and Ministry of Health officials at national and county levels. All interviews were recorded and transcribed. We analyzed the qualitative data using NVivo 11.0 software. Results All key informants understood the vaccine policy formulation and implementation processes, although national officials appeared more informed compared to county officials. County officials reported feeling left out of policy development. The recent health system decentralization had both positive and negative impacts on the policy process; however, the negative impacts outweighed the positive impacts. Other factors outside vaccine policy environment such as rumours, sociocultural practices, and anti-vaccine campaigns influenced the policy development and implementation process. Conclusions Public policy development process is complex and multifaceted by its nature. As Kenya prepares for introduction of other maternal vaccines, it is important that the identified policy gaps and challenges are addressed.

Developing a Systematic Decision-Making Framework: Bureaucratic Politics in Perspective

1981 ◽  
Vol 33 (2) ◽  
pp. 234-252 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jerel A. Rosati
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Policy Making ◽  
Executive Branch ◽  
Bureaucratic Politics ◽  
Theory Building ◽  
Decision Making Process ◽  
Decision Context ◽  
Policy Application ◽  
Decision Making Framework ◽  
Decision Making Behavior

The bureaucratic politics model has achieved great popularity in the study of decision making. Yet too often the term “bureaucratic politics” is used by scholars and practitioners without clearly stating its policy application. The decision-making behavior that occurred during the Johnson and Nixon administrations for SALT I serves to illustrate many of the limits of the model. First, the decision-making structure posited by the bureaucratic politics model is not nearly as prevalent within the executive branch as is commonly assumed. Second, even where the bureaucratic politics structure is present, the decision-making process is not always one of bargaining, compromise, and consensus. Finally, the decision context and the decision participants are ignored in the model. To provide a clearer understanding of policy-making behavior, a more systematic decision-making framework is offered, which should contribute to the development of better model- and theory-building.

scholarly journals Context Analysis in the Development of Diving Technologies

2019 ◽  
Vol 67 (2) ◽  
pp. 7-58
Author(s):  
Ryszard Kłos
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Continuous Improvement ◽  
Previous Article ◽  
Decision Making Process ◽  
Context Analysis ◽  
New Approach ◽  
Knowledge Based ◽  
Research Cycle ◽  
Level Of Risk

Abstract The previous article described a new approach methodology1 for work on the development of technology for the use of the SCR CRABE SCUBA2 type diving apparatus. However, after its publication numerous questions emerged regarding the genesis of the research undertaken, also from foreign partners using the same rebreather. The work on changing the technology of use was preceded by analyses, which were available only to people involved in the decision-making process. Demonstrating all the details of the decision-making process may be tedious, but failing to present them at all might raise justified doubts about the advisability of conducting a long-term research cycle. This article only presents preliminary analyses. The necessity to perform them resulted from the specific requirements for military technologies3 which, as broadly as possible, should be knowledge-based. The knowledge-based approach by its very nature allows continuous improvement of the adequacy of the predictions made, the estimation of the level of risk when diagnosing deviations from the repeatability or precision of the model, and the possibility of adapting the technology to the changing requirements of the user resulting from tactical considerations of its use.

Revising Swiss Policies

2011 ◽  
Vol 32 (4) ◽  
pp. 494-517 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kathrin Frey ◽  
Thomas Widmer
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Policy Making ◽  
Public Policies ◽  
Efficiency Analysis ◽  
Reform Process ◽  
Evidence Based ◽  
Public Authorities ◽  
Evidence Based Policy ◽  
Types Of Information ◽  
Do So

Evidence-based policy-making and other recent reforms in public steering emphasize the role systematic evidence can play in improving decision making and public policies. Increasing deficits heighten the pressure on public authorities to legitimate public spending and to find savings. Existing studies show that the influence of research-based information on decision making is shaped by several factors, but they typically do not distinguish between different types of information. Our contribution aims to compare the influence of efficiency analysis to information about performance effectiveness. We do so by looking at 10 cases in which public policies are being revised at the federal level in Switzerland, and do so by tracing the entire policy reform process. This qualitative analysis sheds light on which actors use efficiency information, how and under which conditions, and highlights the contribution of efficiency analysis for evidence-based policy-making.

Big Data, Semantics, and Policy-Making

2019 ◽  
pp. 154-178
Author(s):  
Lamyaa El Bassiti
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Big Data ◽  
Policy Making ◽  
Policy Design ◽  
Semantic Technologies ◽  
Design And Implementation ◽  
Policy Choices ◽  
Data Semantics ◽  
Policy Argument

At the heart of all policy design and implementation, there is a need to understand how well decisions are made. It is evidently known that the quality of decision making depends significantly on the quality of the analyses and advice provided to the associated actors. Over decades, organizations were highly diligent in gathering and processing vast amounts of data, but they have given less emphasis on how these data can be used in policy argument. With the arrival of big data, attention has been focused on whether it could be used to inform policy-making. This chapter aims to bridge this gap, to understand variations in how big data could yield usable evidence, and how policymakers can make better use of those evidence in policy choices. An integrated and holistic look at how solving complex problems could be conducted on the basis of semantic technologies and big data is presented in this chapter.

Sustainability Appraisement of Industrial Robots by GRA for Real Automation Environment

2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 53-68
Author(s):  
Atul Kumar Sahu ◽  
Harendra Kumar Narang ◽  
Mridul Singh Rajput ◽  
Nitin Kumar Sahu
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Set Theory ◽  
Industrial Robot ◽  
Industrial Robots ◽  
Decision Making Process ◽  
Managerial Decision ◽  
Relational Approach ◽  
Knowledge Based ◽  
Sets Theory ◽  
Grey Relational

A knowledge-based tool for executing the managerial decision-making process is presented in this work. The work evaluated the significant robot i.e. industrial machines for sustainably handling the real time manufacturing environment. The presented tool integrates the grey sets theory with grey relational approach (GRA) to support the decision-making process for opting most significant industrial robot. The performance mapping of industrial robots by GRA under grey set theory is presented for defining a sustainable real automation environment. The work offers the essence of both grey set theory and grey relational approach under a sole ring. The work implicates grey sets theory to capture the uncertainties associated with the evaluation of robot measures and implicated GRA to recognize the most valuable robot alternative. The proposed tool is developed by categorizing the list of qualitative and quantitative characteristics; which links the robot evaluation properties. The work attempts to draft a knowledgeable tool for effectively executing manufacturing activities by the robots.

scholarly journals Power Approaches to Policy-Making

NCC Journal ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 171-180
Author(s):  
Tej Raj Pokharel
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Policy Making ◽  
Decision Making Process ◽  
Elite Group ◽  
Mass Opinion

Society is the mixture of mass and elite group. Elite group of society remains in apex and forcefully take the space in decision making process, direct and instruct the mass as well as administrators and drag the power in their own hands. Elites manipulate mass opinion and sentiments. They rule masses of people. Elite theories introduce not only elites, but also new important subjects like power, and raise questions for example on oligarchic tendencies in democracy.

Educational Placement Decision-Making: An Ecological Model

1990 ◽  
Vol 84 (7) ◽  
pp. 350-353 ◽  
Author(s):  
V.E. Bishop
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Ecological Model ◽  
Careful Analysis ◽  
Decision Making Process ◽  
Educational Placement ◽  
Placement Decisions ◽  
Data Collection Process ◽  
Visually Handicapped ◽  
Delivery Models

Placement decisions affect children's lives and should be made as a result of a careful analysis of all factors related to the child. This paper examines the process of accumulating such information and the types of data that are relevant. The decision-making process is also discussed, with emphasis on the analysis of all data and exploration of all possible placement options on the complete continuum of service delivery models. Creative programming is encouraged and appropriateness is emphasized. The role of the teacher of visually handicapped students in the data collection process is clarified.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document