scholarly journals Pemanfaataan Limbah Padat Industri Tahu sebagai Co-Subtrat untuk Produksi Biogas Utilization of Tofu Cake as Co-Substrate in Biogas Production

2018 ◽  
Vol 7 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Fredynanta Saputra ◽  
Sutaryo Sutaryo ◽  
Agung Purnomoadi
Keyword(s):  
Anaerobic Digestion ◽  
Retention Time ◽  
Hydraulic Retention Time ◽  
Biogas Production ◽  
Tap Water ◽  
Protein Digestibility ◽  
Ammonia Nitrogen ◽  
Optimum Level ◽  
Total Ammonia Nitrogen ◽  
Total Ammonia

Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui pengaruh penggunaan ampas tahu sebagai co-substrat dalam digesti secara anaerob terhadap kecernaan protein, konsentrasi VFA dan total amonia nitrogen. Penelitian dilakukan dengan menggunakan dua buah digester kontinyu dan data dikoleksi selama tiga kali hydraulic retention time (HRT), dimana satu kali HRT setara dengan 25 hari. Data yang diperoleh dibahas dengan metode independent sampel comparison dengan membandingkan variabel hasil pengamatan dari digester satu (tanpa ampas tahu) dan digester dua (penambahan 5% ampas tahu) yang keduanya diencerkan menggunakan air dengan perbandingan 1:1. Hasil dari penelitian ini adalah terdapat adanya perbedaan yang nyata (P<0,05) dari perlakuan yang diterapkan terhadap kecernaan protein, konsentrasi VFA, dan konsentrasi total amonia nitrogen (TAN). Nilai kecernaan protein, konsentrasi VFA dan konsentrasi TAN dari digester 1 dan digester 2 secara berturut turut adalah 36,13% dan 25,71%; 25,39 ml/mol/l dan 11,21 ml/mol/l serta 1959 dan 1675 mg/l. Kesimpulan dari penelitian ini adalah konsentrasi VFA dan TAN yang stabil pada konsentrasi yang relatif rendah pada slurry dari digester 2 dipertengahan dan akhir penelitian mengindikasikan bahwa ampas tahu bisa digunakan sebagai co-subtrat pada feses sapi, namun demikian perlu dilakukan penelitian lebih lanjut untuk mengevaluasi level ampas tahu yang terbaik untuk meningkatkan produksi biogas dari digester biogas berbasis feses sapi.Utilization of Waste from Tofu as Co-Substrate in Biogas ProductionAbstractThe aim of this research was to evaluate the effect of co-substrate of waste of tofu in anaerobic digestion on protein digestibility, VFA concentration, and total ammonia nitrogen. The experiment was performed in two continuously feeding digesters for three hydraulic retention times (HRT) which was a HRT equal to 25 d. The observed data was analysed using independent sample comparison. The treatments were digester 1 as no co-substrat and digester 2 as 5% solid waste from tofu addition which both of them then diluted with tap water at 1:1 ratio. The results of this study showed that there were significant effect (P<0.05) of treatments on protein digestibility, VFA concentration and total ammonia nitrogen. The protein digestibility, VFA concentration and TAN concentration of digester 1 and digester 2 were 36.13 and 25.71%; 25.39 and 11.21 ml/mol/L; 1959 and 1675 mg/L, respectively. As conclusion, a stabil at low concentration of VFA and TAN in the middle and in the end experiment might be used to indicate that waste from tofu is suitable substrate for co-digestion with cow feses, however a further experiment is needed to obtain optimum level of tofu cake to enhance biogas production of digester biogas base on cow feses.•••

scholarly journals Anaerobic Co-Digestion of Kitchen Waste and Blackwater for Different Practical Application Scenarios in Decentralized Scale: From Wastes to Energy Recovery

Water ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (9) ◽  
pp. 2556
Author(s):  
Huihui Wang ◽  
Zifu Li ◽  
Xiaoqin Zhou ◽  
Xuemei Wang ◽  
Siqi Zuo
Keyword(s):  
Anaerobic Digestion ◽  
Methane Production ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Biogas Production ◽  
Nitrogen Concentration ◽  
Synergetic Effect ◽  
Ammonia Nitrogen ◽  
Kitchen Waste ◽  
Total Ammonia Nitrogen ◽  
Total Ammonia

This study was performed to investigate the anaerobic digestion feasibility of kitchen waste and blackwater under different scenarios in laboratory tests. According to biochemical methane potential tests, when the kitchen waste to blackwater solid ratio was 1:1, the cumulative methane production reached the highest amount at 313.2 mL/g volatile solids (VSs), which was 26.4% and 29.4% higher than the anaerobic monodigestion of kitchen waste and blackwater, respectively, indicating that the anaerobic codigestion of kitchen waste and blackwater had a synergetic effect. Furthermore, the effect of different initial total ammonia nitrogen concentrations in blackwater on anaerobic digestion was determined based on the above experimental results, thereby proving that reducing the total ammonia nitrogen concentration in blackwater can appropriately improve the efficiency of methane production. Therefore, anaerobic digestion is a suitable method for the biogas production of kitchen waste and blackwater. It is of great significance for the organic waste stream treatment of households in a decentralized scale, especially in rural areas.

Mathematical models and bacterial communities for ammonia toxicity in mesophilic anaerobes not acclimated to high concentrations of ammonia

2016 ◽  
Vol 74 (4) ◽  
pp. 935-942 ◽  
Author(s):  
Seyong Park ◽  
Fenghao Cui ◽  
Kyung Mo ◽  
Moonil Kim
Keyword(s):  
Anaerobic Digestion ◽  
Bacterial Communities ◽  
Ammonia Nitrogen ◽  
Ammonia Toxicity ◽  
Methanogenic Activity ◽  
Total Ammonia Nitrogen ◽  
Ph Values ◽  
Total Ammonia ◽  
High Concentrations ◽  
Toxicity Effects

In this study, we evaluated ammonia toxicity in mesophilic anaerobic digestion at various pH values and total ammonia nitrogen (TAN) concentrations. We performed anaerobic toxicity assays (ATAs) to evaluate the toxicity effects of TAN and pH on mesophilic anaerobic digestion. Modeling based on the results of the ATAs indicated that the specific methanogenic activity (SMA) decreased by 30% at a TAN concentration higher than 3.0 g/L compared to a TAN concentration of 0 g/L. In addition, the highest SMA for a given TAN level (0.5–10.0 g/L) was observed at a pH of around 7.6. The results of bacterial community analyses showed that the diversity and richness of microorganisms with increasing TAN concentration were decreased. Chloroflexi and Synergistetes were the dominant phyla at TAN concentrations less than 3.0 g/L, and Firmicutes was the dominant phylum at TAN concentrations higher than 3.0 g/L, implying that the ammonia toxicity concentration may influence the kind of dominant species. In conclusion, to start a stable mesophilic anaerobic digestion concerning ammonia toxicity, a TAN concentration less than 3.0 g/L is preferable.

scholarly journals MINI DIGESTER UNTUK PENGOLAHAN LIMBAH ORGANIK MENJADI BIOGAS DAN DAMPAK TERHADAP PENGURANGAN EMISI (MINI DIGESTION TO PRODUCE BIOGAS FROM ORGANIC WASTE AND IMPACT ON REDUCING EMISSIONS)

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 022
Author(s):  
Rinjani Rakasiwi ◽  
Wivina Ivontianti ◽  
Eva Sitanggang
Keyword(s):  
Anaerobic Digestion ◽  
Retention Time ◽  
Organic Waste ◽  
Hydraulic Retention Time ◽  
Biogas Production ◽  
Stirred Tank ◽  
Continuous Stirred Tank Reactor ◽  
Stirred Tank Reactor ◽  
Tank Reactor ◽  
Continuous Stirred Tank

Abstract Organic waste is material that has no value but can be used as raw material to produce biogas. It is easier to handle by anaerobic processing. The advantages of biogas by using anaerobic digestion process are minimizes the effects of environmental pollutions, reduce emissions and increase the value of the benefits of waste. The purposes of this research are to design a digester for processing organic waste into biogas and find out the impact of biogas production on emissions reduction. Biogas production was analyzed using gas Chromatography (GC) and emission reductions were calculated using the AP-42 (Compilation of Air Pollutant Emissions Factors) equation. The digester used is a CSTR which is suitable for liquid phase and for organic chemical reactions with large conversions. Parameters that affect the performance of the reactor are the residence time on the flow of substances in the reactor, Hydraulic Retention Time (HRT). HRT can affect the growth of fermentative bacteria corelation with the production of biogas. The optimum volume of biogas of 16.52 Liters / Day with the acquisition of CH4 of 75,893.36 ppm was on the 13th day in a variation of HRT 20. Every 20 kg of organic waste that has been processed in the digester, it will be reducing 76.5 g / day of CO emissions. Keywords: anaerobic digestion, CSTR (Continuous Stirred Tank Reactor), HRT (Hydraulic Retention Time), trashAbstrakSampah organik merupakan bahan yang tidak mempunyai nilai atau tidak berharga tetapi dapat dijadikan sebagai bahan baku pembuatan biogas, karena lebih mudah untuk ditangani dan dapat dilakukan dengan proses anaerobik. Kelebihan dari biogas dengan menggunakan proses anaerobic digestion akan meminimalkan efek dari pencemaran lingkungan, mengurangi emisi dan meningkatkan nilai manfaat dari limbah. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah merancang digester untuk pengolahan sampah organik menjadi biogas dan mengetahui dampak produksi biogas yang dihasilkan terhadap pengurangan emisi. Produksi biogas dianalisa menggunakan Chromatografi gas (GC) dan pengurangan emisi dihitung menggunakna persamaan AP-42 (Compilation of Air Polutant Emissions Factors). Digester yang digunakan merupakan reaktor tipe alir tangki berpengaduk/CSTR untuk reaksi fase cair dan juga digunakan untuk reaksi kimia organik dengan konversi yang besar. Parameter yang mempengaruhi kinerja reaktor yaitu waktu tinggal pada zat alir di dalam reaktor atau disebut dengan Hydraulic Retention Time (HRT). HRT dapat mempengaruhi pertumbuhan bakteri fermentatif yang terkait dengan hasil produksi biogas. Hasil volume biogas optimum sebesar 16,52 Liter/Hari dengan perolehan CH4 sebesar 75.893,36 ppm berada di hari ke- 13 pada variasi HRT 20. Sampah organik sebanyak 20 kg diolah di digester mengurangi 76,5 g/hari emisi CO. Kata kunci: anaerobic digestion, CSTR (Continuous Stirred Tank Reactor), HRT (Hydraulic Retetion Time), sampah.

Optimization of Hydraulic Retention Time and Organic Loading Rate in Anaerobic Digestion of Squeezed Pineapple Liquid Wastes for Biogas Production

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Napisa Pattharaprachayakul ◽  
Narumon Kesonlam ◽  
Pongpitak Duangjumpa ◽  
Vilai Rungsardthong ◽  
Worakrit Suvajittanont ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Anaerobic Digestion ◽  
Retention Time ◽  
Hydraulic Retention Time ◽  
Loading Rate ◽  
Biogas Production ◽  
Solid Wastes ◽  
Organic Loading Rate ◽  
Hybrid Reactor ◽  
Organic Loading ◽  
Liquid Wastes

Pineapple wastes are produced in huge amount during the industrial canning process of pineapple; in Thailand over 400,000 tons per annum of canned pineapple exported leaving behind the waste. Besides the pulps and peels as solid wastes, the squeezed pineapple liquid wastes (SPLW) extracted from solid wastes can also be used for anaerobic digestion. In the present study, the anaerobic digestion of liquid squeezed from industrial pineapple peels was carried out using a lab-scale hybrid reactor. The reactor was operated for over 170 days with the hydraulic retention time (HRT) of 20 days decreasing down to 5 days and simultaneous control of organic loading rate (OLR). Under controlled conditions in the hybrid reactor, pH was maintained at 6.5–7.6 by adding alkaline for anaerobic microbial activity. Results showed that the chemical oxygen demand (COD) removal efficiency was at ≥ 90% for all conditions. The biogas production (mL/day) increased thoroughly from longer HRT to shorter HRT, as same as methane production with the maximum values (HRT 5 days, OLR 5 g/COD/ day with recirculation) of 55,130 and 30,322 mL/day, respectively. Moreover, the highest yields of biogas and methane were also investigated under similar conditions with the values of 0.504 and 0.277 L/gCOD, respectively. Interestingly, this optimization of both HRT and OLR of lab-scale anaerobic digestion process could be further practically applied to pilot or industrial scale in canned pineapple factories for biogas production.

scholarly journals Produksi Biogas Berbahan Dasar Manure Sapi dan Campuran Cacahan Tandan Kosong Kelapa Sawit (Elaeis) dengan Metode Anaerobic Digestion

2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 210-216
Author(s):  
Atmadian Pratama ◽  
Ramayanty Bulan ◽  
Darwin Darwin
Keyword(s):  
Anaerobic Digestion ◽  
Palm Oil ◽  
Retention Time ◽  
Oil Palm ◽  
Hydraulic Retention Time ◽  
Biogas Production ◽  
Organic Fertilizer ◽  
Cow Manure ◽  
Livestock Manure ◽  
Empty Fruit Bunches

Abstrak. Pemanfaatan limbah peternakan sapi (kotoran sapi) sebagai sumber bahan bakar dalam bentuk biogas merupakan salah satu alternatif yang sangat tepat untuk meningkatkan nilai tambah bagi masyarakat petani. Pemanfaatan kotoran ternak sebagai sumber energi, tidak mengurangi jumlah pupuk organik yang bersumber dari kotoran ternak. Hal ini karena pada pembuatan biogas kotoran ternak yang sudah diproses dikembalikan ke kondisi semula yang diambil hanya gas metana (CH4) yang digunakan sebagai bahan bakar. Kotoran ternak yang sudah diproses pada pembuatan biogas dipindahkan ke tempat lebih kering, dan bila sudah kering dapat disimpan dalam karung untuk penggunaan selanjutnya sebagai pupuk organik. Tandan kosong sawit (TKS) merupakan limbah dari pabrik kelapa sawit yang pemanfaatnya masih terbatas sebagai pupuk organik yang memiliki nilai tambah yang rendah. Setiap produksi kelapa sawit menghasilkan limbah berupa tandan kosong sawit  sebesar 23%, sehingga berdasarkan produksi kelapa sawit tahun 2010 dan 2011 berpotensi dihasilkan limbah tandan kosong sawit sebesar 5 juta ton. Akumulasi limbah TKS dari tahun ke tahun jika tidak dimanfaatkan secara optimal maka dapat berakibat buruk bagi lingkungan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk melihat potensi produksi biogas melalui teknologi anaerobik digesi (anaerobic digestion) kotoran sapi dan anaerobik co-digesi kotoran sapi dengan limbah TKS. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa pada proses fermentasi dengan hydraulic retention time (HRT) 25 hari dan pemberian suhu panas yang sama terdapat hasil yang berbeda terhadap produksi biogas kotoran sapi digesi dan juga kotoran sapi co-digesi dengan tepung TKS dengan hasil produksi biogas total lebih tinggi pada fermentasi co-digesi, dimana produksi gas yang dihasilkan adalah 1.015 mL pada kotoran sapi digesi dan 13.830  mL pada kotoran sapi co-digesi. Penambahan tepung TKS meningkatkan nutrisi substrat yang dimanfaatkan mikroba untuk menghasilkan gas metan, namun tetap memperhatikan tingkat ke optimuman derajat keasaman (pH) pada angka 6,8-7,5.Production of Biogas from Cattle Manure Digestion and Co-Digestion with Oil Palm Empty Fruit Bunch under Digestive Anaerobic MethodAbstract. Utilization of livestock waste (manure) as biogas is one of the most appropriate alternatives to overcome the rising prices of fertilizers and fuel oil scarcity. The use of livestock manure as an energy source, does not reduce the amount of organic fertilizer that comes from livestock manure. This is because in the production of biogas manure that has been processed is returned to its original condition, only methane (CH4) is used as fuel. Livestock manure that has been processed in the making of biogas is moved to a drier place, and when it is dry it can be stored in a sack for further use as fertilizer. Oil palm empty fruit bunches (TKS) are waste from palm oil mills is still limited use as organic fertilizer and has low added value. Each palm oil production produces waste in the form of 23% oil palm empty fruit bunches, so that according to the palm production on 2010 and 2011, the potential production of this waste could reach 5 million tons. The accumulation of this waste from year to year will harm our environment. This study aims to look at the potential for biogas production from cow manure digestion and co-digestion with palm oil fruit bunch waste under the anaerobic process. Results showed that for 25 days hydraulic retention time (HRT) and the use of mesophilic temperature, the biogas production by using anaerobic co-digestion of cow manure with TKS (13,830 mL) was higher than the biogas production by using the anaerobic digestion of cow manure (1,015 mL). The addition of TKS flour had increased the nutrient of substrate used by microbes to produce methane gas, but the acidity (pH)of substrate should be controlled at 6.8-7.5.  

scholarly journals Energy recovery from biowaste: influence of hydraulic retention time on biogas production in dry-anaerobic digestion

2021 ◽  
Vol 238 ◽  
pp. 01007
Author(s):  
Elena Rossi ◽  
Isabella Pecorini ◽  
Renato Iannelli
Keyword(s):  
Anaerobic Digestion ◽  
Municipal Solid Waste ◽  
Solid Waste ◽  
Retention Time ◽  
Energy Recovery ◽  
Hydraulic Retention Time ◽  
Flow Reactor ◽  
Biogas Production ◽  
Organic Fraction ◽  
Dry Anaerobic Digestion

The hydraulic retention time (HRT) is a key parameter in dry-anaerobic digestion to set during the reactor configuration in order to achieve the optimal biogas production. For this reason, the study compared the results of two experimental tests operating with an HRT of 23 and 14 days. During the tests, the feedstock was organic fraction of municipal solid waste with a solid content of 33% and the digester was a pilot-scale plug-flow reactor operating in thermophilic condition. The highest specific biogas production of 311.91 Nlbiogas kg-1 d-1 was achieved when the HRT was set to 23 days. On the contrary, the highest methane production rate of 1.43 NlCH4 l-1 d-1 was achieved for an HRT of 14 days. In addition, the volatile solids removal (49.15% on average) and the energy content o(4.8 MJ kg-1 on average) were higher for HRT 23 days than for HRT14 days. The results indicated that in dry-anaerobic digestion of organic fraction of municipal solid waste, 23 days is a suitable HRT for energy recovery.

scholarly journals Protein digestibility and ammonia excretion in catfish Clarias gariepinus culture

2014 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 62
Author(s):  
Bambang Gunadi ◽  
Enang Harris ◽  
Eddy Supriyono ◽  
. Sukenda ◽  
Tatag Budiardi
Keyword(s):  
Heterotrophic Bacteria ◽  
Clarias Gariepinus ◽  
Ammonia Excretion ◽  
Protein Digestibility ◽  
Ammonia Nitrogen ◽  
Phytoplankton Dynamics ◽  
Total Ammonia Nitrogen ◽  
Fish Weight ◽  
Total Ammonia ◽  
Individual Size

<p class="NoParagraphStyle" align="center"><strong>ABSTRACT</strong></p><p class="NoParagraphStyle" align="center"> </p><p class="NoParagraphStyle">A series of experiments was performed to analyze protein digestibility, ammonia excretion, and also heterothropic bacteria and phytoplankton dynamics in the catfish <em>Clarias gariepinus</em> culture. In the digestibility experiment, catfish with an individual initial size of 43.67±0.83 g were stocked into 120 L conical fiberglass tanks at a density of 20 fish per tank. Fish were fed on with commercial diet supplemented with Cr<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> indicator at a concentration of 1%. In the ammonia excretion experiment, catfish with an individual size of 111.6±9.5 and 40.6±3.4 g, respectively,  were placed into a 10 L chamber filled with 8 L of water. Total ammonia nitrogen (TAN) in the chambers were monitored every hour for six consecutive hours. In the bacteria and phytoplankton dynamics experiment, catfish were stocked in the 25 m<sup>2</sup> concrete tanks which was divided into two compartments (catfish 10 m<sup>2</sup>, and heterotrof compartments 15 m<sup>2</sup>). Catfish with individual size of 42,5±0 g were stocked into the tanks at a density of 100 fish per tank. Water was recirculated from catfish compartments to heterotrophic compartments. Fish were fed with floating feed. Molasses as carbon source for heterotrophic bacteria was applied daily. The experiment was conducted for six weeks. The results showed that the protein digestibility was 61.97±7.24%. Larger fish (size of 111.6 g) excreted ammonia at a rate of 0.008±0.003 mg TAN/g fish-weight/hour, which was lower than that of the smaller catfish (size of 40.6 g), i.e. 0.012±0.004 mg TAN/g fish-weight/hour.</p><p class="NoParagraphStyle"> </p><p class="NoParagraphStyle">Keywords: protein digestibility, ammonia excretion, catfish</p><p class="NoParagraphStyle"> </p><p class="NoParagraphStyle"> </p><p class="NoParagraphStyle" align="center"><strong>ABSTRAK</strong></p><p class="NoParagraphStyle"> </p><p class="NoParagraphStyle">Serangkaian penelitian telah dilakukan untuk menganalisis ketercernaan pakan dan protein, ekskresi amonia, serta dinamika bakteri dan fitoplankton pada budidaya ikan lele (<em>Clarias gariepinus</em>). Pada penelitian ketercernaan pakan, ikan lele berukuran 43,67±0,83 g/ekor dipelihara dalam bak <em>fiberglas</em> berbentuk corong berukuran 120 L dengan kepadatan 20 ekor/bak. Ikan diberi pakan berupa pelet yang diberi indikator Cr<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> sebanyak 1%. Pada penelitian ekskresi amonia, ikan lele berukuran 111,6±9,5 dan 40,6±3,4 g/ekor yang telah diberi makan sampai kenyang dimasukkan ke dalam stoples berisi 8 L air. Kadar amonia total (<em>total ammonia nitrogen</em>, TAN) di dalam stoples diukur setiap jam selama enam jam. Pada penelitian dinamika bakteri dan fitoplankton, ikan lele dipelihara pada bak beton berukuran 25 m<sup>2</sup> yang disekat menjadi dua bagian yaitu bagian ikan lele (10 m<sup>2</sup>) dan bagian heterotrof (15 m<sup>2</sup>). Ikan lele dengan bobot awal 42,5 g/ekor ditebar ke dalam bak dengan kepadatan 100 ekor/bak. Air mengalir secara resirkulasi dari bagian ikan lele ke bagian heterotrofik dengan bantuan pompa. Pakan yang diberikan berupa pelet apung komersial. Molase ditambahkan setiap hari sebagai sumber karbon untuk pertumbuhan bakteri heterotrofik. Penelitian dilaksanakan selama enam minggu. Hasil pengamatan menunjukkan bahwa ketercernaan protein dari pakan yang diuji adalah 61,97±7,24%. Ikan lele berukuran besar (111,6 g/ekor) menghasilkan amonia sebanyak 0,008±0,003 mg TAN/g ikan/jam, lebih rendah dibandingkan dengan ikan yang berukuran lebih kecil (40,6 g/ekor), yaitu 0,012±0,004 mg TAN/g ikan/jam. </p><p class="NoParagraphStyle"> </p><p>Kata kunci: ketercernaan protein, ekskresi amonia, ikan lele</p>

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