scholarly journals Role of the maternal melatonin circadian rhythm absence in early catch-up growth in children

2020 ◽  
Vol 69 (1) ◽  
pp. 87-94
Author(s):  
Inna I. Evsyukova ◽  
Eduard K. Ailamazyan
Keyword(s):  
Critical Period ◽  
Development Process ◽  
Rhythmic Activity ◽  
Suprachiasmatic Nuclei ◽  
New Approach ◽  
Catch Up ◽  
Genetic Development ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Melatonin Production

The review presents the results of experimental and clinical studies, according to which the absence of circadian melatonin production in pregnant women associated with the pathologies they have (obesity, diabetes mellitus, metabolic syndrome, pregnancy complicated by gestosis and chronic placental insufficiency, etc.) disrupts the genetic process of organizing the rhythmic activity of genes of the suprachiasmatic nuclei of the hypothalamus and melatonin production in the pineal gland of the fetus, leading to dysregulation of metabolic processes in the childs body after birth and programming pathology in following life. The significance of this factor in the pathophysiological mechanisms of catch-up growth during the first months of life determines a new approach to assessing the risk of obesity and necessitates learning the consequences of impaired development of the brain and other functional systems in fetuses that are born earlier than the 26th week of pregnancy and are thereby deprived of maternal melatonin, a key signaling molecule that directs and coordinates the genetic development process, during the most critical period of early ontogenesis.

scholarly journals The Concept of Neuro- Linguistic Programming in Improving the Receptive Skills in English

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Sunitha ◽  
◽  
A .Catherin Jayanthy ◽  
G. Kalaiyarasan ◽  
N. Annalakshmi
Keyword(s):  
Control Group ◽  
Brain Anatomy ◽  
School Students ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Post Test ◽  
Catch Up ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Experimental Group

From the long years ago, education have been trying a proper way to improving the skills of English. Educators tried several methodologies in English to choose the better one. This paper brings out the effect of teaching Receptive skills by implementing NLP (Neuro- Linguistic Programming) in second language as English. Neuro- Linguistic Programming is one of the methods to catch up the English by giving focus on the brain anatomy. Brain anatomy can motive the creativity as well as the skills of using language. It also exist the role of Neuro Linguistic Programming in teaching the Receptive skills of English, which could make the students to improve the Receptive skills such as listening and reading. The study, in short, affirms that NLP strategies could be quite efficacious in making the students procure the skills that are indispensable in workplaces effortlessly. As it involves teaching a reading comprehension course by NLP concepts and techniques, the approach used in this study is experimental. In addition, the experimental method involves pre-and post-tests conducted before and after the course by the control group (40 students) and the experimental group (40 students). The students of the experimental community are chosen from the secondary school students. After the NLP experimentation, it was revealed from the study that there was a significant difference in the level of the experimental group in pre and post-test.

scholarly journals Vitamins and neural and cognitive developmental outcomes in children

2011 ◽  
Vol 71 (1) ◽  
pp. 14-26 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Benton
Keyword(s):  
Critical Period ◽  
Animal Studies ◽  
Developmental Outcomes ◽  
Vegan Diet ◽  
Limited Evidence ◽  
Double Blind ◽  
Vitamin Status ◽  
Industrialised Countries ◽  
The Brain

The role of vitamin status in the development of the brain and the subsequent functioning of the brain was considered. There are data with a range of vitamins, from animal studies and human studies in developing countries, suggesting that a clinical deficiency during the critical period when the brain is developing causes permanent damage. To date there is, however, with the exception of cases of clinical deficiency such as those that might be associated with a vegan diet, little evidence that variations in the diet of those living in industrialised countries have a lasting developmental influence. Similarly, later in life clinical deficiencies of various vitamins disrupt cognition although there is to date limited evidence that variations in the intake of single vitamins in industrialised societies influence functioning. It may well be, however, unreasonable to expect that vitamins examined in isolation will be associated with differences in cognitive functioning. The output of the brain reflects millions of metabolic processes, each potentially susceptible to any of a range of vitamins. A diet poor in one respect is likely to be poor in other respects as well. As such, the preliminary reports in double-blind placebo-controlled trials that aspects of cognition and behaviour respond to supplementation with multi-micronutrients may indicate the way forward.

THE EFFECT OF SURGICAL ISOLATION OF THE HYPOTHALAMUS UPON REPRODUCTIVE FUNCTION IN THE FEMALE GUINEA-PIG

1971 ◽  
Vol 50 (3) ◽  
pp. 507-NP ◽  
Author(s):  
JEAN E. M. BUTLER ◽  
B. T. DONOVAN
Keyword(s):  
Guinea Pig ◽  
Histological Study ◽  
Reproductive Function ◽  
Mature Female ◽  
Corpora Lutea ◽  
Suprachiasmatic Nuclei ◽  
Anterior Border ◽  
Luteal Function ◽  
The Brain

SUMMARY Under stereotaxic guidance, the connexions between the hypothalamus and the rest of the brain were severed surgically in mature female guinea-pigs, and reproductive function was assessed by following the vaginal cycle and by histological study of the ovaries. Animals in which the hypothalamic island incorporated the suprachiasmatic nuclei, or in which the anterior connexions to the hypothalamus were severed by a cut placed just anterior to the suprachiasmatic nuclei, developed persistent vaginal oestrus. Such an anterior cut in the hypothalamus did not influence luteal function in hysterectomized animals. When the anterior border of a hypothalamic island, or an anterior cut through the hypothalamus, was caudal to the suprachiasmatic nuclei, oestrous cycles continued although they were slightly irregular. The ovaries contained corpora lutea. Severance of the posterior connexions to the hypothalamus did not alter the oestrous cycle. The role of the suprachiasmatic area in the generation of persistent vaginal oestrus is discussed.

The Ritual Animal

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Harvey Whitehouse
Keyword(s):  
Pacific Islands ◽  
Social Groups ◽  
Global Scale ◽  
Ritual Performance ◽  
New Approach ◽  
The Social ◽  
Violent Extremism ◽  
Climate Crisis ◽  
The Brain

The ritual animal longs to belong. Rituals are a way of defining the boundaries of social groups and binding their members together. The ritual modes theory set out in this book seeks to unravel the psychology behind these processes, and to explain how ritual behaviour evolved, including how different modes of ritual performance have shaped global history over many millennia. Testing the theory has meant designing experiments run with children in psychology labs and on remote Pacific islands, gathering survey data with armed insurgents in the Middle East and Muslim fundamentalists in Indonesia, monitoring heart rate and stress among football fans in Brazil, and measuring changes in the brain as people observe traditional Chinese rituals in Singapore. The results of all this research point to new ways of addressing cooperation problems: from preventing violent extremism to motivating action on the climate crisis. Although this book is about the role of ritual in the evolution of social complexity, more broadly it models a new approach to the science of the social—an approach that is driven by real-world observation but grounded in the cognitive and evolutionary sciences. More ambitiously still, it shows how cumulative theory building can be used to deliver practical benefits for society at large, perhaps even addressing problems on a global scale by harnessing the formidable cohesive and cooperative capacities of the ritual animal.

scholarly journals Extrasynaptic GABA waves underlie epileptiform rhythms in the hippocampal network

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vincent Magloire ◽  
Leonid P Savtchenko ◽  
Sergyi Sylantyev ◽  
Thomas P Jensen ◽  
Nicholas Cole ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gabaa Receptor ◽  
Rhythmic Activity ◽  
Simultaneous Recording ◽  
Shape Dependence ◽  
Epileptiform Discharges ◽  
Hippocampal Network ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Inhibitory Synaptic Input ◽  
Spiking Activity

The cellular and circuit mechanisms that trigger and maintain epileptiform discharges remain the subject of intense debate. We have earlier reported a bell-shape dependence of spiking activity of interneuronal populations on tonic GABAA receptor conductance (Gtonic), suggesting an innate mechanism to enable slow self-sustained network oscillations. In the brain, Gtonic is controlled by the slow changes of the extracellular GABA concentration ([GABA]e), which in turn depends on spiking activity of interneurons. Here, we employ outside-out patch-clamp recordings of GABAA receptor and fluorescence imaging of a GABA sensor to show that periodic epileptiform discharges are preceded by [GABA]e rises. Computer simulations of spiking interneuronal networks reveal that incorporating extrasynaptic waves of [GABA]e readily enables periodic occurrences of synchronised interneuronal spiking, which are in phase with rises in Gtonic and can trigger short bursts of principal cell spiking. Simultaneous recording from multiple neurons and selective optogenetic stimulation of parvalbumin-positive (PV+) interneurons confirmed the modelling predictions, consistent with a causal relationship between synchronisation of interneuronal activity, inhibitory synaptic input, Gtonic, and interictal events. Our findings suggest a key role of [GABA]e dynamics in enabling and pacing regenerative rhythmic activity of brain networks.

The Role of Mitochondria in the Genesis of Neuroaxonal Dystrophy in the Brains of Aging Mice

1975 ◽  
Vol 33 ◽  
pp. 372-373
Author(s):  
J.E. Johnson
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Present Report ◽  
Light And Electron Microscopy ◽  
Dorsal Column ◽  
Neuroaxonal Dystrophy ◽  
Nucleus Gracilis ◽  
Dystrophic Axons ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Nucleus Cuneatus

Although neuroaxonal dystrophy (NAD) has been examined by light and electron microscopy for years, the nature of the components in the dystrophic axons is not well understood. The present report examines nucleus gracilis and cuneatus (the dorsal column nuclei) in the brain stem of aging mice.Mice (C57BL/6J) were sacrificed by aldehyde perfusion at ages ranging from 3 months to 23 months. Several brain areas and parts of other organs were processed for electron microscopy.At 3 months of age, very little evidence of NAD can be discerned by light microscopy. At the EM level, a few axons are found to contain dystrophic material. By 23 months of age, the entire nucleus gracilis is filled with dystrophic axons. Much less NAD is seen in nucleus cuneatus by comparison. The most recurrent pattern of NAD is an enlarged profile, in the center of which is a mass of reticulated material (reticulated portion; or RP).

Switching on swallowing, switching on the brain: A new approach for the treatment of dysphagia after stroke

2001 ◽  
Vol 120 (5) ◽  
pp. A713-A713
Author(s):  
M POWER ◽  
C FRASER ◽  
S HAMDY ◽  
P TYRELL ◽  
J ROTHWELL ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
New Approach ◽  
The Brain
Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document