scholarly journals The daily life of the Francs according to written sources at the time of Gregory of Tours: diseases, medicine, hygiene and food

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 145-151
Author(s):  
Igor Valentinovich Kazakov
Keyword(s):  
Middle Ages ◽  
Daily Life ◽  
Complete Picture ◽  
Early Middle Ages ◽  
Time Diversity ◽  
Material Conditions ◽  
History Book ◽  
Scarce Data ◽  
Written Sources ◽  
Composition Of Products

This paper is an attempt to collect and systematize information about the material conditions of life in the Frankish state of the Merovingians in the 6th century. The choice of the topic is due to the need to compose a complete picture of a persons life from the beginning of the early Middle Ages, which until now has remained poorly researched, unlike the Carolingian period. The sources used are the writings of Gregory of Tours, Venantius Fortunatus, Apollinaris Sidonius, The Chronicle of Fredegar, The History Book of the Franks and others. The paper contains data on the diseases and epidemics that were widespread during the mentioned period, methods of their treatment and the state of medicine in general, hygiene in the Frankish society, as well as the diet and composition of products. The collected material says that: a) the sources of the early Merovingian period are extremely scarce data in the field of life descriptions; b) the Frankish society was very vulnerable to a wide variety of diseases, and the priority of faith over medicine did not allow them to resist; c) ideas about the absence of elementary hygiene in the early Middle Ages are greatly exaggerated, and d) the set of consumed products was distinguished by simplicity and at the same time diversity with rudimentary skills in cooking.

scholarly journals The daily life of franks according to written sources at the time of Gregory of Tours: clothing, military affairs, urban life and customs

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
pp. 165-171
Author(s):  
Igor Valentinovich Kazakov
Keyword(s):  
Middle Ages ◽  
Daily Life ◽  
Urban Life ◽  
Complete Picture ◽  
Early Middle Ages ◽  
Population Groups ◽  
Urban Character ◽  
Material Conditions ◽  
History Book ◽  
Written Sources

This paper is a logical continuation of our paper The daily life of Franks according to written sources at the time of Gregory of Tours, I: diseases, medicine, hygiene and food. This paper is an attempt to collect and systematize information about the material conditions of life in the Frankish state of the Merovingians in the 6th century in the descriptions of contemporary authors. The choice of the topic is due to the need to compose a complete picture of a persons life from the beginning of the early Middle Ages, which until now has remained poorly researched, unlike the Carolingian period. The sources used are the writings of Gregory of Tours, Venantius Fortunatus, Apollinaris Sidonius, The Chronicle of Fredegar, The History Book of the Franks and others. The paper collects data on the clothes of various population groups, on the weapons and armor of the Franks and the level of military affairs development, on cities and urban life, and some features of the mentality of so far half barbaric society. The collected material allows us to state that: a) the sources of the early Merovingian period, in contrast to the Carolingian era, are distinguished by the extreme scarcity of data in the field of genesis; b) despite a rather primitive look of clothing, it possessed considerable material value, as well as it had a significant essence, c) Roman cities continued to exist on the territory of Gallia, but largely lost their urban character, turning into fortified centers, and c) Christianization had very little influence on the moral character of the Franks; society remained largely barbaric, although some features indicate the beginning of the formation of a new civilization.

OSSETIAN EPIC AND ARCHAEOLOGY

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
А.А. Туаллагов
Keyword(s):  
Middle Ages ◽  
Comprehensive Analysis ◽  
Direct Influence ◽  
Early Middle Ages ◽  
North West ◽  
The North ◽  
Local Species ◽  
Traditional Image ◽  
Written Sources

Статья посвящена проблеме появления в Нартовском эпосе осетин редкого образа ящерицы. Данный образ практически неизвестен в осетинских мифологических, этнографических и фольклорных материалах, что соответствует положению и у других кавказских народов. Указанное положение определяет актуальность предложенной к анализу темы. Научная новизна исследования заключается в анализе материалов осетинского эпоса в свете древнеиранских религиозно-мифологических представлений и археологических памятников. Целью исследования является определение источника и условий появления соответствующего зооморфного образа в аланских древностях и эпическом наследии осетин. В ходе исследования применялись метод комплексного анализа нарративных и археологических источников на основе принципа историзма и системности изложения. В результате проведенного исследования удалось выявить общий круг археологических и письменных источников, позволяющих определиться с источником появления образа ящерицы в осетинском эпосе. Данный зооморфный образ проникает к аланам в раннем средневековье через посредничество населения Северо-Западного Кавказа, испытывавшего на себе непосредственно влияние зороастризма за счет вхождения данной территории в состав Сасанидской Персии. Не исключено, что прототипом самого изображения мог служить один из местных видов ящериц. Но, если здесь образ ящерицы непосредственно соответствовал образам зороастрийских сил зла , то у алан он был переосмыслен в русле собственных мифологических представлений. Время его появления определяется соответствующими находками зеркал в аланских памятниках. Но образ ящерицы не смог заменить или потеснить традиционный образ змеи, представленный и в эпосе. В эпосе он только пополнил ряд образов гадов в сюжете о волшебной чаше. The article is devoted to the problem of the appearance of a rare image of a lizard in the Narts epic of the Ossetians. This image is practically unknown in Ossetian mythological, ethnographic and folklore materials, which corresponds to the situation in other Caucasian peoples. The specified position determines the relevance of the topic proposed for analysis. The scientific novelty of the study consists in the analysis of the materials of the Ossetian epic in the light of ancient Iranian religious and mythological representations and archaeological monuments. The aim of the study is to determine the source and conditions for the appearance of the corresponding zoomorphic image in the Alanian antiquities and the Ossetian epic heritage. In the course of the study the method of a comprehensive analysis of narrative and archaeological sources based on the principle of historicism and systematic presentation was applied. As a result of the study, it was possible to identify a common circle of archaeological and written sources, allowing to determine the source of the appearance of the image of a lizard in the Ossetian epic. This zoomorphic image penetrates to the Alans in the early Middle Ages through the mediation of the population of the North-West Caucasus, who experienced the direct influence of Zoroastrianism due to the entry of this territory into Sasanian Persia. It is possible that one of the local species of lizards could serve as the prototype of the image itself. But, if here the image of the lizard directly corresponded to the images of the Zoroastrian forces of evil , then among the Alans it was reconsidered in line with its own mythological ideas. The time of its appearance is determined by the corresponding finds of the mirrors in the Alanian monuments. But the image of a lizard could not replace or displace the traditional image of a snake, presented in the epic. In epic, it only replenished a number of images of reptiles in the plot of the magic cup.

scholarly journals Próba interpretacji zjawiska rytualnego składania ofiar z ludzi na Słowiańszczyźnie Zachodniej

2021 ◽  
Vol 26 ◽  
pp. 373-397
Author(s):  
Mikołaj Pokorski
Keyword(s):  
Middle Ages ◽  
Subject Matter ◽  
Cultural Anthropology ◽  
Archaeological Sites ◽  
Archaeological Research ◽  
Archaeological Remains ◽  
Research Knowledge ◽  
Early Middle Ages ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Written Sources

The subject matter of the article concerns on ritual sacrificial practices related to human sacrifices among the Western Slavs, including the Polish lands and the Polabia region. The chronological range covers the early Middle Ages, from the 7th to the 12th centuries. Considerations on this subject include the review of anthropological and philosophical disciplines research including R. Girard studies in this aspect, an analysis of written sources, and above all the analysis of the occurrence of victims and sacrificial sites from an archaeological perspective. The aim of the study was to identify archaeological remains related to sacrificial rituals by presenting the occurrence of victims and sacrificial sites at selected archaeological sites. The study aims to discuss the issues with interpretations of various aspects of the human sacrifices from the early medival Western Slavdom territory sites. The work is interdisciplinary, as it takes into account and integrates the results of archaeological research, knowledge in the field of history, philosophy and cultural anthropology. The article presents the effectiveness of interdisciplinary methods in expanding analytical and interpretative possibilities of archeology regarding the rituals of sacrifice and sacrificial sites.

scholarly journals Reclamar y construir los paisajes comunales: Los devasos de Ciudad Rodrigo en la Edad Media

2021 ◽  
pp. 41-72
Author(s):  
Iñaki Martín Viso ◽  
Juan Ignacio García Hernández
Keyword(s):  
Middle Ages ◽  
Archaeological Record ◽  
Small Churches ◽  
Early Middle Ages ◽  
Main Hypothesis ◽  
The Commons ◽  
The Town ◽  
Written Sources ◽  
The Middle Ages

This paper focuses on the analysis of the ways which areas of collective use were created and claimed in the Middle Ages, through the case of the devasos of Ciudad Rodrigo. They were lands used preferentially to the grazing of cattle and to the collection of firewood; the inhabitants of the town of Ciudad Rodrigo as well as the neighbours of the villages that surrounded those areas had rights of entitlement to access. The means of claiming communal rights over those spaces between eleventh and fifteenth centuries have been studied thanks to a combination of archaeological record and written sources. The main hypothesis is the use of a claiming strategy based on sacralisation. First, burials linked the territory to the ancestors during early Middle Ages, and after the construction of buildings with religious functions, small churches that were not parishes, would have been a key to preserve the commons. Those politics of the sacred coexisted with the progressive identification of the devasos as properties of the council as a result of the affirmation of the power of the town of Ciudad Rodrigo.

scholarly journals Power and Place in Europe in the Early Middle Ages

2019 ◽  
pp. 1-34
Author(s):  
Jayne Carroll ◽  
Andrew Reynolds ◽  
Barbara Yorke
Keyword(s):  
Middle Ages ◽  
Social Organisation ◽  
Early Medieval ◽  
Early Middle Ages ◽  
European Area ◽  
Current State ◽  
Classical World ◽  
Future Work ◽  
Topical Area ◽  
Written Sources

This chapter provides an interdisciplinary, scene-setting review of the current state of knowledge in the field of early medieval social complexity and sets out an agenda for future work in this topical area. While much previous work in this field tends to focus on comparisons with the classical world, this contribution emphasises the uniqueness of early medieval modes of social organisation. Introductions are provided to the study of geographies of power through archaeological analyses, vocabularies of power drawing on place-name evidence and notions of law and its enactment at assembly sites from written sources. It is argued that places where power was enacted in a period of non-urban social and administrative complexity must be understood on their own terms. The robusticity and flexibility of early medieval networks of power is also emphasised in the context of a comparative discussion ranging across the European area.

Conclusion to Part III

2020 ◽  
pp. 215-216
Author(s):  
Fanny Bessard
Keyword(s):  
Middle Ages ◽  
Daily Life ◽  
Economic Change ◽  
Early Middle Ages ◽  
Favourable Environment

The monetary reforms of the early Middle Ages, as well as the conscious Islamification of daily life and practices, in the context of the assertion of the Umayyad and early ‘Abbāsid caliphates, functioned as powerful generators of economic change. Not only did they create a favourable environment for trade and production, they also provided an ideological legitimacy to earning and spending....

scholarly journals Reforms Of The Western Turkish Khanate In The Chach Administration

2021 ◽  
Vol 03 (02) ◽  
pp. 133-140
Author(s):  
Yoqubjon Muhamedov ◽  
◽  
◽  
Keyword(s):  
Detailed Analysis ◽  
Middle Ages ◽  
Management System ◽  
Early Middle Ages ◽  
Administrative Reforms ◽  
History Of ◽  
Political Governance ◽  
Written Sources

The article discusses some of the issues related to the reforms of the Western Turkic Khanate in the early Middle Ages under Chach, based on written sources and archeological (mainly numismatic) materials, as well as research on the history of the oasis in recent years. In particular, the existence of administrative or political governance in the Chach oasis management system during this period, the location of the administrative centers, the reforms carried out by the khanate in the management of the oasis, and the methods and tools used in oasis management among researchers were analyzed. The article also provides a detailed analysis of the history of Chach's administrative reforms by the Western Turkic Khanate on the basis of scientific sources, especially numismatic materials.

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