Patenting activity in electric and hybrid motor vehicle technologies

2012 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Motor Vehicle ◽  
Vehicle Technologies ◽  
Hybrid Motor ◽  
Patenting Activity

Hybrid motor vehicle design problem

1990 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. SEYMOUR ◽  
THOMAS GRYCEWICZ ◽  
ROBERT WINN
Keyword(s):  
Design Problem ◽  
Motor Vehicle ◽  
Vehicle Design ◽  
Hybrid Motor

scholarly journals From the Kinetic Energy Recovery System to the Thermo-Hydraulic Hybrid Motor Vehicle

2011 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Corneliu Cristescu ◽  
Petrin Drumea ◽  
Dragos Guta ◽  
Catalin Dumitrescu
Keyword(s):  
Kinetic Energy ◽  
Energy Recovery ◽  
Motor Vehicle ◽  
Energy Recovery System ◽  
Hydraulic Hybrid ◽  
Recovery System ◽  
Hybrid Motor

scholarly journals An Application of Machine Learning for Police Mobile Computer Terminal Usability Evaluation

2019 ◽  
Vol 63 (1) ◽  
pp. 1194-1198
Author(s):  
Maryam Zahabi ◽  
Emily McCollum
Keyword(s):  
Law Enforcement ◽  
Development Process ◽  
Motor Vehicle ◽  
Law Enforcement Officers ◽  
Task Completion ◽  
Mobile Computer ◽  
Officer Performance ◽  
Vehicle Technologies ◽  
Interface Usability

Police in-vehicle technologies especially mobile computer terminals (MCTs) are the major cause of motor vehicle crashes for law enforcement officers. Previous studies have found several usability issues with the design of MCT interfaces. The objective of this study was to develop an algorithm for classification of MCT interface usability based on a combination of officer performance, visual attention allocation, and subjective measures. It was found that speed deviation, secondary task completion time, off-road fixation frequency and glance duration are informative features that associate with MCT usability. The developed algorithm has the potential to be used in MCT design and development process to ensure efficient interaction in multi-tasking situations of driving and using the MCT.

Police Officer Interactions with In-vehicle Technologies: An On-Road Investigation

2020 ◽  
Vol 64 (1) ◽  
pp. 1976-1980
Author(s):  
Farzaneh Shahini ◽  
Maryam Zahabi ◽  
Ben Patranella ◽  
Ashiq Mohammed Abdul Razak
Keyword(s):  
Police Officers ◽  
High Speed ◽  
Motor Vehicle ◽  
Mental Workload ◽  
Short Exposure ◽  
Short Exposure Time ◽  
Emergency Situations ◽  
Simulated Environment ◽  
Vehicle Technology ◽  
Vehicle Technologies

Police motor vehicle crashes are a leading cause of officers’ fatalities in line of duty. These crashes have been attributed not only to driving at high speed in emergency situations but more importantly to interaction with different in-vehicle technologies. Prior studies in this domain have been limited to specific equipment and short exposure time and were typically conducted in laboratory settings with simulated environment or tasks which limit their generalizability to actual police operations. The objective of this study was to identify the most frequently used and cognitively demanding in-vehicle technologies for police officers while driving. Ten officers participated in a three-hour ride-along study. Findings suggested that the mobile computer terminal is the most frequently used and visually and cognitively demanding in-vehicle technology for police officers. Other factors such as work shift, duration, and average time spent in the vehicle per shift can also affect workload. The results indicated the need for improvements in in-vehicle technology design and implementation, officer training protocols, and departmental policies in order to reduce officers’ mental workload and improve safety in police operations.

Police Escalation and the Motor Vehicle

2021 ◽  
Vol 24 (2) ◽  
pp. 115-155
Author(s):  
Jordan Blair Woods
Keyword(s):  
Police Officers ◽  
Racial Disparity ◽  
Justice System ◽  
Motor Vehicle ◽  
Motor Vehicles ◽  
Traffic Stops ◽  
Law And Policy ◽  
Vehicle Technologies ◽  
System Today

This article, prepared for the special issue on investigations, presents an original empirical analysis of the role of the motor vehicle in shaping how officers describe experiencing violence and perceiving danger during vehicle stops. Tens of millions of traffic stops occur every year, making vehicle stops the most common interaction that civilians have with law enforcement. Although traffic stops are commonly described as dangerous settings for police officers, little is known about how the motor vehicle itself shapes officer descriptions, perceptions, and experiences of danger and harm during these stops. The presented findings make at least four key contributions to scholarship and policing law and policy. First, the findings inform unfolding criminal law reforms surrounding the policing and criminalization of traffic offenses, which are major sources of racial disparity in, and net-widening of, the criminal justice system today. Second, the findings prompt questions about whether and when legal actors, and especially actors that regulate the police, should defer to officer danger narratives involving motor vehicles. Third, the findings prompt novel questions about technology and the law, and more specifically, the ability of new motor vehicle technologies to help diffuse officer perceptions of danger that stem from motor vehicles. Fourth and finally, the findings illustrate a need to pay greater attention to the motor vehicle as a source of officer danger and harm in official policing data in order to accurately measure the risks and costs of policing during vehicle stops.

Effect of Secondary Tasks on Police Officer Cognitive Workload and Performance Under Normal and Pursuit Driving Situations

2021 ◽  
pp. 001872082110109
Author(s):  
Maryam Zahabi ◽  
Vanessa Nasr ◽  
Ashiq Mohammed Abdul Razak ◽  
Ben Patranella ◽  
Logan McCanless ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Police Officer ◽  
Police Officers ◽  
Motor Vehicle ◽  
Mental Workload ◽  
Driving Performance ◽  
Cognitive Workload ◽  
Secondary Tasks ◽  
And Performance ◽  
Vehicle Technologies ◽  
Task Modality

Objective The objective of this study was to assess the effects of single and multiple secondary tasks on officers’ performance and cognitive workload under normal and pursuit driving conditions. Background Motor vehicle crashes are a leading cause of police line of duty injuries and deaths. These crashes are mainly attributed to the use of in-vehicle technologies and multi-tasking while driving. Method Eighteen police officers participated in a driving simulation experiment. The experiment followed a within-subject design and assessed the effect of single or multiple secondary tasks (via the mobile computer terminal (MCT) and radio) and driving condition (normal vs. pursuit driving) on officers’ driving performance, cognitive workload, and secondary task accuracy and reaction time. Results Findings suggested that police officers are protective of their driving performance when performing secondary tasks. However, their workload and driving performance degraded in pursuit conditions as compared to normal driving situations. Officers experienced higher workload when they were engaged with secondary tasks irrespective of the task modality or type. However, they were faster but less accurate in responding to the radio as compared to the MCT. Conclusion Police officers experience high mental workload in pursuit driving situations, which can reduce their driving performance and accuracy when they are engaged in some secondary tasks. Application The findings might be helpful for police agencies, trainers, and vehicle technology manufacturers to modify the existing policies, training protocols, and design of police in-vehicle technologies in order to improve police officer safety.

Application of Cognitive Performance Modeling for Usability Evaluation of Emergency Medical Services In-Vehicle Technology

2020 ◽  
Vol 64 (1) ◽  
pp. 72-76
Author(s):  
Junho Park ◽  
Johnathan McKenzie ◽  
Farzaneh Shahini ◽  
Maryam Zahabi
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Performance ◽  
Development Process ◽  
Performance Modeling ◽  
Motor Vehicle ◽  
Driver Distraction ◽  
Task Completion ◽  
Mobile Computer ◽  
Emergency Medical ◽  
Vehicle Technology ◽  
Vehicle Technologies

Motor vehicle crashes are one of the leading causes of emergency medical service (EMS) fatalities. These crashes have been mainly attributed to driver distraction caused by in-vehicle technologies especially mobile computer terminals (MCTs). This study used cognitive performance modeling to assess MCT use by EMS drivers. A pilot study was conducted with six EMS experts performing a navigation task with the MCT. Pilot data results were used to create and validate the models using CogTool platform. In terms of task completion time (TCT), the model closely matched the data collected through observations, allowing for redesign improvements to be considered, while further validating CogTool as an analytical tool. The MCT was also redesigned based on the usability heuristics. The developed models and approach can be used in MCT design and development process to ensure efficient interaction in multi-tasking situations of driving and using the MCT.

Case Exercise: Biomechanics in Rearend Motor Vehicle Collisions

2007 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 4-7
Author(s):  
Charles N. Brooks ◽  
Christopher R. Brigham
Keyword(s):  
Motor Vehicle ◽  
Body Position ◽  
Motor Vehicle Collisions ◽  
Time Curve ◽  
Vehicle Collisions ◽  
Need For Treatment ◽  
Multiple Factors ◽  
Bodily Injury ◽  
Vehicle Collision ◽  
Physical Findings

Abstract Multiple factors determine the likelihood, type, and severity of bodily injury following a motor vehicle collision and, in turn, influence the need for treatment, extent of disability, and likelihood of permanent impairment. Among the most important factors is the change in velocity due to an impact (Δv). Other factors include the individual's strength and elasticity, body position at the time of impact, awareness of the impending impact (ie, opportunity to brace, guard, or contract muscles before an impact), and effects of braking. Because Δv is the area under the acceleration vs time curve, it combines force and duration and is a useful way to quantify impact severity. The article includes a table showing the results of a literature review that concluded, “the consensus of human subject research conducted to date is that a single exposure to a rear-end impact with a Δv of 5 mph or less is unlikely to result in injury” in most healthy, restrained occupants. Because velocity incorporates direction as well as speed, a vehicular occupant is less likely to be injured in a rear impact than when struck from the side. Evaluators must consider multiple factors, including the occupant's pre-existing physical and psychosocial status, the mechanism and magnitude of the collision, and a variety of biomechanical variables. Recommendations based solely on patient history and physical findings (and, perhaps, imaging studies) may be ill-informed.

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