Remembering the Forgotten Minority: An Analysis of American Indian Employment Patterns in State and Local Government, 1991–2011

2019 ◽  
Vol 43 (1) ◽  
pp. 31-54
Author(s):  
Valerie H. Hunt ◽  
Melissa A. Taylor ◽  
Daniel “Ramon” Cox
Keyword(s):  
New Mexico ◽  
South Dakota ◽  
American Indian ◽  
State Government ◽  
Equal Employment Opportunity Commission ◽  
Slight Improvement ◽  
Alaskan Native ◽  
State And Local Government ◽  
State And Local ◽  
Managerial Positions

For the eight states with the greatest percentages of American Indian and Alaskan Native (AIAN) populations—Alaska, Arizona, Montana, New Mexico, North Dakota, Oklahoma, South Dakota, and Wyoming—we use 24 years (1991–2015) of US Equal Employment Opportunity Commission data to examine whether AIANs are overrepresented in the lower paying, less desirable, non-managerial, public sector positions in local and state government bureaucracies and underrepresented in the more desirable, better paying, managerial positions (e.g., administrative and professional positions). In both workforces, we examine if levels of descriptive representation within the states changed over time. We find AIANs continue to suffer pervasive and persistent occupational segregation in non-managerial levels of bureaucratic organizations, in each state except Oklahoma. Across time in managerial ranks, we observe slight improvement in three states—Arizona, New Mexico, and Oklahoma—and declining job shares in the remaining five states.

Part III Structure of State Government, 10 The State Judicial Branch

2009 ◽  
Author(s):  
Williams Robert F
Keyword(s):  
State Government ◽  
State Courts ◽  
State Supreme Courts ◽  
Government Officials ◽  
Supreme Courts ◽  
Federal Judiciary ◽  
Adequate Funding ◽  
State And Local Government ◽  
State And Local ◽  
Advisory Opinions

This chapter discusses the differences between the federal and state judiciary. Many state judges are elected through a variety of mechanisms. The workload of state supreme courts has evolved over the years from a private-law orientation to more constitutional law and public policy kinds of cases. In addition, state courts exercise a number of nonadjudicatory powers such as rulemaking on practice and procedure before the courts and regulation of lawyers. Some state courts have the authority to issue advisory opinions and answer certified questions, and some of them have asserted certain inherent powers such as to require adequate funding levels. State courts also retain the power to develop common law doctrine, as well as to resolve disputes among state and local government officials and agencies in ways that rarely involve the federal judiciary. State courts are also not bound by the rigid federal doctrines of standing, mootness, and ripeness.

Expenditure Reassignment and Fiscal Decentralisation: An Empirical Study of State and Local Government in India

1995 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
pp. 351-360 ◽  
Author(s):  
S Nath ◽  
B C Purohit
Keyword(s):  
State Government ◽  
Local Governments ◽  
Conclusive Evidence ◽  
Crucial Issue ◽  
Local Expenditure ◽  
Local Functions ◽  
State And Local Government ◽  
Fiscal Decentralisation ◽  
Total State ◽  
State And Local

Reassignment of local functions to state government and fiscal decentralisation seem to be contradictory. Whether these fiscal strategies are compatible policy packages is an empirical question. The crucial issue is as to how local governments respond to reassignment, a response which may be reflected in their willingness to spend on remaining functions. If reassignment stimulates local expenditure such that the extent of decline in fiscal decentralisation (the local share in total state–local expenditure) is less than the amount warranted, the two fiscal strategies can be taken to be compatible. To test this hypothesis, conditions for compatibility are postulated in terms of tax efforts of state and local governments. With use of Indian fiscal data, state and local tax efforts are computed and compared for selected states, as a first approximation. There is no conclusive evidence to show that reassignment has invariably exerted any dampening impact on local expenditure.

scholarly journals Discussion of Financing State and Local Government Services in a Cyclical Economy

1976 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 11-12
Author(s):  
Kurt R. Anschel
Keyword(s):  
Local Government ◽  
State Government ◽  
Income Growth ◽  
Important Criterion ◽  
Government Services ◽  
Growth Stability ◽  
State Tax ◽  
State And Local Government ◽  
State And Local ◽  
The 1960S

Drs. White and Musser bring an important new insight: given recent and prospective variations in inflation and income growth, stability must become an important criterion for assessing alternative local and state government fiscal systems. The 1960s was an expansionary period for U.S. and world economies. Equity, growth and efficiency appeared to be appropriate and sufficient criteria for evaluating local and state tax and expenditure systems. The economic turmoil of the 70s, however, makes it obvious we were a bit over-optimistic. Stability must be added to our list.

Impact of defaults on participation in state supplemental retirement savings plans

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-16
Author(s):  
Robert L. Clark ◽  
Denis Pelletier
Keyword(s):  
South Dakota ◽  
Participation Rate ◽  
Pension Plan ◽  
Retirement Savings ◽  
Defined Benefit ◽  
Defined Benefit Pension Plan ◽  
State And Local Government ◽  
State And Local ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Newly Hired

Abstract This study examines the impact of the adoption of automatic enrollment provisions by the state of South Dakota for its supplemental retirement saving plan (SRP). In South Dakota, state and local government employees, including teachers, are covered by a defined benefit pension plan and by Social Security. Prior to the introduction of automatic enrollment, the proportion of newly hired employees who were contributing to the SRP was less than 5% in their first year of employment. After the introduction of automatic enrollment, over 90% of newly hired workers who were auto-enrolled were participating in the plan. Using a difference-in-difference approach we find that automatic enrollment changes differences in the participation rate by age, sex, and income. We also find that prior to the adoption of auto-enrollment, agencies that ultimately chose to implement this policy had higher participation rates compared to those that did not adopt auto-enrollment.

Volunteer Service After The Volunteer Service: The Sector Of Employment And Veteran Volunteering

2021 ◽  
Vol 45 (3) ◽  
pp. 256-277
Author(s):  
Yusuf Baktir ◽  
Aminata Sillah
Keyword(s):  
Local Government ◽  
Private Sector ◽  
Federal Government ◽  
State Government ◽  
Institutional Environment ◽  
Nonprofit Sector ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Volunteer Service ◽  
State And Local Government ◽  
State And Local

The purpose of this article is to illustrate how changes in institutional environment may impact veteran volunteering. We argue that veterans are likely to adapt to new institutional environment as they start working for different sectors such as private, public and nonprofit. Findings suggest that regardless of the sector of employment, veterans are more likely to volunteer than non-veterans. Additionally, veterans in the federal government, nonprofit sector and those who are self-employed are more likely to volunteer than veterans working in the private sector. However, no difference exists between veterans in the local government, state government and the private sector. Inversely, state and local government employment increases the likelihood of volunteering for the non-veterans, but federal employment has no influence. This study aims to fill the gap in our understanding of institutional environment and its impact on veteran volunteering. Implications for practitioners and future research are discussed at the end.

A Language of Citizenship

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rosina Lozano
Keyword(s):  
New Mexico ◽  
State Government ◽  
Local Governments ◽  
Political System ◽  
Federal State ◽  
The Political ◽  
American Citizenship ◽  
Territorial Politics ◽  
State And Local ◽  
Official Recognition

Treaty citizens became invested in a U.S. political system where the federal, state, and local governments initially catered to them in their preferred language, Spanish. This chapter briefly traces the arc of Spanish as a language of citizenship. States and territories had the power to determine the parameters of individuals participating in elections, in courts, as jurors, and by officials in federal and state government positions. California, Colorado, and Arizona’s concessions to Spanish as a language of participation for citizenship began with official recognition, but never became fully bilingual regions. New Mexico, on the other hand, used Spanish as an important part of the electoral process and the courts. Treaty citizens in New Mexico became invested in the territory's elected and appointed positions. The political power meant Spanish had a centralrole in territorial politics. Treaty citizens participated and engaged in a U.S. political system in Spanish in elections, in the courts, and in juries, which forces a reassessment of American citizenship in the last half of the 19th century.

scholarly journals How Does State and Local Government Support Affect Entrepreneurs’ Gender, Age and Race?

JWEE ◽  
2018 ◽  
pp. 1
Author(s):  
HALIL DINCER KAYA
Keyword(s):  
Local Government ◽  
State Government ◽  
Government Support ◽  
The Other ◽  
Female Entrepreneurs ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
State And Local Government ◽  
Hispanic Entrepreneurs ◽  
State And Local ◽  
The U.S

In this study, we test whether state and local government support attract female entrepreneurs. We also test to see whether government support attracts younger entrepreneurs and minorities. First, we differentiate between the U.S. states where state government support is high and the U.S. states where state government support is low. Then, we compare small business owners’ gender, age, and race across high- and low-state government support states. We find that there is no significant difference in owners’ gender across high- and low-state government support states. However, our results show that, in the states where state government support is high, there are more young entrepreneurs (age25-34) and fewer middle-aged entrepreneurs (age45-54) when compared to the other states. Our results also show that, in these states, there are fewer Asian or Hispanic entrepreneurs when compared to the other states. When we differentiate between the states where local government support is high and the states where local government support is low, we find that there is no significant difference in owners’ gender or age across high- and low-local government support states. However, our results show that, in the states where the local government support is high, there are more white entrepreneurs and fewer Asian or Hispanic entrepreneurs.

Political Geography and State Government

1920 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 242-276
Author(s):  
W. F. Dodd
Keyword(s):  
Local Government ◽  
State Government ◽  
Political Geography ◽  
Cook County ◽  
Theoretical Discussion ◽  
State And Local Government ◽  
Single State ◽  
Great City ◽  
State And Local ◽  
Different Parts

Little attention has been devoted in this country to political areas and their relationship to each other. Not much is to be gained from a theoretical discussion of this subject, and this article is based upon a detailed study of conditions in Illinois. Similar problems present themselves in every state, although the details vary in different parts of the country, and the effort is made here to bring out the general issues involved, using the conditions in a single state as the basis for discussion.Attention should at the outset be called to the fact that the situation is complicated by the fact that this state has but one great city. The position of Chicago and Cook County constitutes one of the serious political problems in connection with reorganization of state and local government.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document