Small RNAs Participate in Plant–Virus Interaction and Their Application in Plant Viral Defense

Small RNAs are significant regulators of gene expression, which play multiple roles in plant development, growth, reproductive and stress response. It is generally believed that the regulation of plants’ endogenous genes by small RNAs has evolved from a cellular defense mechanism for RNA viruses and transposons. Most small RNAs have well-established roles in the defense response, such as viral response. During viral infection, plant endogenous small RNAs can direct virus resistance by regulating the gene expression in the host defense pathway, while the small RNAs derived from viruses are the core of the conserved and effective RNAi resistance mechanism. As a counter strategy, viruses evolve suppressors of the RNAi pathway to disrupt host plant silencing against viruses. Currently, several studies have been published elucidating the mechanisms by which small RNAs regulate viral defense in different crops. This paper reviews the distinct pathways of small RNAs biogenesis and the molecular mechanisms of small RNAs mediating antiviral immunity in plants, as well as summarizes the coping strategies used by viruses to override this immune response. Finally, we discuss the current development state of the new applications in virus defense based on small RNA silencing.

Existence of Vivipary in Mango (Mangifera indica cv. ‘Amrapali’) – A Report

Aim: The Amrapalii cultivar of mango is known for its dwarf stature, high productivity and ability to capture the market late when mango from other regions of the country gets over. Vivipary is of unusual occurrence in mango. The aim of the study is to report the occurrence of vivipary in mango especially in cultivar Amrapali under the sub-Himalayan subtropics of India. Materials and Methods: Incidental occurrence of vivipary in mango has been reported from the Hamirpur district of Himachal Pradesh during the growing season of the year 2021. Upon observance of abnormal protuberances from the fruit surface, the harvesting was commenced at the weekly intervals and the per cent proportion of viviparous fruits was ascertained by cutting the fruits longitudinally and confirming the viviparous germination of the seeds. Weather data of the fruit development state were analysed for the accumulation of heat units and rainfall distribution. Efforts have been made for ascertaining the reason behind the viviparous seed development. Results and Discussion: The proportion of viviparous seeds increased with the progression of time and by the mid of September, more than 12% of seeds were found viviparous. The weather data show that there was an early accumulation of heat units. Also, the rainfall during the period of fruit development was high particularly at the time when fruits were advancing toward maturity. It has been observed that the seed maturity has preceded the fruit pulp maturity and ripening may be due to the early accumulation of heat units and high rainfall. This coincidence might have resulted in precocious germination of seed inside the fruit, leading to vivipary. Conclusion: The development of vivipary in Amrapali mango has been found to be associated with the early accumulation of heat units and high rainfall. Under the current changing climatic scenario, a need has been projected for strategic research for curtailing vivipary incidences and saving economic losses to the growers of late mango varieties in the sub-Himalayan subtropics.

Analysis on the Application Effect of Abdominal Acupoint Massage on Feeding Intolerance in Premature Infants

Objective. Breast milk is the best food for newly born infants because it is more digestible and can relieve infants’ gastrointestinal burdens. The purpose of this study was to investigate the application effect of abdominal acupoint massage on feeding intolerance in premature infants. Methods. A total of 50 premature infants with feeding intolerance admitted to our hospital from January 2018 to October 2019 were selected and randomly divided into the control group (n = 25) and the experimental group (n = 25). Among them, the premature infants in the control group received routine therapy, while based on the treatment in the control group, the premature infants in the experimental group were treated with abdominal acupoint massage. After that, the incidence of feeding intolerance, MNA nutritional status score, body mass, development state, length of hospital stay, and response rate were all compared between the two groups to analyze the application effect of abdominal acupoint massage on feeding intolerance in premature infants. Results. The incidence of feeding intolerance of the premature infants in the experimental group was significantly lower than that in the control group, with statistically significant differences ( P < 0.05 ); the MNA nutritional status scores of the premature infants in the experimental group were significantly higher than those in the control group, with statistically significant differences ( P < 0.05 ); the body mass and development state of the premature infants in the experimental group were significantly better than those in the control group, with statistically significant differences ( P < 0.05 ); the length of hospital stay of the premature infants in the experimental group was significantly shorter than that in the control group, with statistically significant differences ( P < 0.05 ); the response rate in the experimental group was significantly higher than that in the control group, with statistically significant differences ( P < 0.05 ). Conclusions. Abdominal acupoint massage therapy can significantly reduce the incidence of feeding intolerance, shorten the length of hospital stay, and improve nutritional status, development state, and response rate in premature infants, with obvious therapeutic effect, which is worthy of application and promotion in clinical practice.

PROSPECTS OF INNOVATIVE DEVELOPMENT OF THE MACHINE-BUILDING INDUSTRY IN AZERBAIJAN

The article discusses the priority directions of innovative development of the machine-building complex in Azerbaijan. Mechanical engineering as the most important branch of industry is an industry capable of ensuring sustainable and sustainable innovative development of the country's economy. However, in the era of globalization, this area has faced numerous problems. This can be explained by: a shortage of investments; outdated means of basic production; high competition in domestic and global markets; a shortage of qualified personnel, etc. All this makes it urgent to modernize and recreate the machine-building industry of Azerbaijan in accordance with the requirements of the time. Based on this necessity, the article examines the aspects of sustainable economic development of the machine-building industrial complex. At the end of the article, assessing the current state of the machine-building industrial complex of Azerbaijan, strategic directions of its scientifically-based innovative economic development are proposed. Keywords: strategic development, mechanical engineering, competitiveness, innovative development, state support

Research on Improved Fuzzy Evaluation Model for Power System Development Diagnosis

With the increase of clean-green energy connected to the power system, the development of power system becomes increasingly complicated. There are many internal and external factors that affect the planning and development of power system. Thus, it is important to evaluate and analysis the development state of the power system. This paper proposed an improved fuzzy evaluation model for power system development diagnosis which can determine the development stages and situation of the power system.

An Analysis on Promoting Prefabrication Implementation in Construction Industry towards Sustainability

As a game-changing technology with significant environmental, economic, and social benefits, prefabricated technology has attracted attention and has been increasingly adopted in the construction industry. Although multitudinous studies have investigated various aspects of prefabrication in construction, a thorough review of its current development state that synthesized environmental, economic, and social sustainability dimensions remains overdue. Therefore, this study aims to fill this research gap by constructing a systematic framework, analyzing the research status quos, and providing recommendations for future research. This study first conducted a holistic review of 768 references with NVivo. A research foci framework that represented the body of knowledge in prefabrication in construction was developed with five levels, which were advantages, hindrances, stakeholders, promotion policies, and strategy spectrum. Following the framework, the in-depth analyses from the perspectives of environmental, economic, social sustainability, technologies development, and promotion strategies were performed. The current research domains were further linked with potential research directions for promoting prefabricated construction towards sustainability. The study is of value in both offering references for policy formulation and stakeholder practice and providing recommendations for future research.

An Effectiveness Study on the Use of Different Types of LID for Water Cycle Recovery in a Small Catchment

Low-Impact Development (LID) is alleviating the water cycle problems that arise from an increasing impervious surface area caused by urbanization. However, there is insufficient research on the application and analyses of LID techniques that are used for studying the management goals for water cycle restoration. The present study applied various LID techniques, utilizing the stormwater management model (SWMM) in the Naju-Noan Waterfront Zone Construction Project and studying its effects, aiming to restore the runoff that had increased due to urbanization to its pre-development state. The five LID techniques used in the analysis were permeable pavements, bioswales, rainwater gardens, green roofs, and planter boxes, which took up 36.2% of the total area. Our analysis showed that development increased the runoff rate from 39.4% to 62.4%, and LID reduced it to 34.7%. Furthermore, development increased the peak flow from 0.77 m³/s to 1.08 m³/s, and the application of LID reduced it to 0.78 m³/s. An effective reduction in the runoff and peak flow was shown in every recurrence period that was tested, and the bioretention cell type of LID showed the best effectiveness per unit area compared with permeable pavements and green roofs.

Market development, state formation, and the historical abolition of the debtors’ prison

In the late 18th century, lenders’ right to imprison borrowers for defaulting on debts was taken for granted. By the mid-19th century, this power was widely and permanently revoked. Using a variety of archival evidence, this study explains the historical demise of the debtors’ prison in New York State, the first Western jurisdiction to permanently abolish imprisonment for debt. Tracing seven decades of contestation over moral aspects of credit exchange and incarceration, it shows that the development of capitalist markets, including their cultural and technological consequences, was necessary but not sufficient to render the debtor's prison obsolete. Rather, the development of a liberal polity and a penal state institutionalized new moral views about the use of force in economic exchange, consolidating the legitimacy of bodily detention around the punishment of crimes rather than the coercion of private agreements. The analysis has implications for theories of states, markets, and violence, as well as for recent trends in penal debt, debt resistance, and prison abolition.

EVALUATION OF THE EFFECTIVENESS OF BASIC TRAINING FOR CIVIL SERVANT CANDIDATES IN IMPROVING PUBLIC SERVICES IN CENTRAL JAVA

Improving the quality of human resources for the apparatus is carried out through the recruitment of civil servants with more transparency and integrity by screening qualified civil servants, as the main engine for running the government. Furthermore, the development of Human Resources of state civil apparatus becomes the authority of the Region and the assistance task which is assigned to the Region. In this study, four aspects related to the evaluation of the effectiveness of basic training for civil servant candidates were seen; which are as follows, Integrated Competence Development, State Defense Attitudes and Behaviors, Actualization of the Basic Values ​​of Civil Servants, and the Position and Role of Civil Servants in the Unitary State of the Republic of Indonesia. Competence is needed in service functions. Therefore, civil servants need to be equipped with practical education, not just theoretical. Basic Training for the Prospective Civil Servant as the initial provision for Prospective Civil Servants is a strategic training in which there are dominant aspects contained in the learning curriculum to be actualized later in the work and duties of the participants who are functions as civil servants. Curriculum development and learning systems that emphasize the transfer of culture or how those values ​​will be integrated in the attitudes and behavior of the apparatus, become a culture, work ethic that supports the professionalism of their duties and positions. Analysis of the effectiveness of the results of the training on the competence of the training alumni is to conduct an assessment of the achievement of objectives, and the standard competence that have been set. In this case, the standard competence which is used is based on the Regulation of the Minister of Administrative Reform and Bureaucratic Reform of the Republic of Indonesia Number 38 of 2017 which is concerning about Competency Standards for State Civil Apparatus Positions