scholarly journals Comparison of Measurement Methods for Electronic Cigarette Puff Topography

2020 ◽  
Vol 6 (5) ◽  
pp. 318-330
Author(s):  
Nicholas J. Felicione ◽  
Nareg Karaoghlanian ◽  
Alan Shihadeh ◽  
Thomas Eissenberg ◽  
Melissa D. Blank
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
User Behavior ◽  
Subjective Effects ◽  
Measurement Methods ◽  
Electronic Cigarette ◽  
Subjective Response ◽  
Cigarette Smokers ◽  
Toxicant Exposure ◽  
Video Recordings ◽  
Ad Libitum

Objectives: Measurement of electronic cigarette (ECIG) puff topography provides an under- standing of how product characteristics and user behavior affect nicotine delivery. However, mouthpiece-based topography devices may affect natural puffing behavior. This study was designed to compare ECIG topography measured by mouthpiece-based eTop computerized de- vice and mouthpiece-free video recordings. Methods: ECIG-naïve cigarette smokers (N = 18) and ECIG-experienced users (N = 25) puffed on a standardized ECIG via eTop or conventionally; both sessions were videotaped. Following overnight abstinence, participants experienced one directed (10 puffs, 30 sec IPI) and 2 ad libitum puffing bouts. Heart rate and subjective response were measured throughout sessions. Results: No statistically significant differences between methods were observed for topography, heart rate, or abstinence-related subjective effects, and both methods were accurate and reliable. Use of a mouthpiece was perceived to alter aspects of ECIG puffing (eg, "reduce enjoyment). Conclusions: The mouthpiece-based eTop measures ECIG topography precisely as when no mouthpiece is used, and interferes minimally with subjective ECIG experience. Reliable and valid ECIG topography measurement methods are an important regulatory tool, as they can be used to understand the interplay between product design and user behavior to predict toxicant exposure.

scholarly journals The Influence of a Mouthpiece-Based Topography Measurement Device on Electronic Cigarette User’s Plasma Nicotine Concentration, Heart Rate, and Subjective Effects Under Directed and Ad Libitum Use Conditions

2016 ◽  
pp. ntw174 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tory R. Spindle ◽  
Marzena M. Hiler ◽  
Alison B. Breland ◽  
Nareg V. Karaoghlanian ◽  
Alan L. Shihadeh ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
Subjective Effects ◽  
Electronic Cigarette ◽  
Measurement Device ◽  
Nicotine Concentration ◽  
Plasma Nicotine ◽  
Ad Libitum

Effects of Electronic Cigarette Liquid Flavors and Modified Risk Messages on Perceptions and Subjective Effects of E-Cigarettes

2018 ◽  
Vol 46 (2) ◽  
pp. 197-203 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rose S. Bono ◽  
Andrew J. Barnes ◽  
Rebecca C. Lester ◽  
Caroline O. Cobb
Keyword(s):  
Tobacco Control ◽  
Electronic Cigarettes ◽  
Subjective Effects ◽  
Mixed Effects ◽  
Electronic Cigarette ◽  
Cigarette Smokers ◽  
Linear Mixed Effects ◽  
Within Subjects ◽  
Carcinogen Exposure

Understanding how two characteristics—flavors and modified risk messages—affect perceptions and subjective effects of electronic cigarettes (e-cigarettes) can inform tobacco control efforts. In two within-subjects studies ( N = 17 and N = 19), the effects of e-cigarette flavors (tobacco vs. menthol and unflavored vs. cherry) and hypothetical modified risk messages (“reduced harm relative to cigarettes” vs. no message and “reduced carcinogen exposure relative to cigarettes” vs. no message) on cigarette smokers’ perceptions of e-cigarettes were measured after participants self-administered condition-specific products (own-brand cigarettes; e-cigarettes). Perceptions/subjective effects were tested using linear mixed-effects regressions. Cigarettes were perceived as most harmful but rated more positively than e-cigarettes ( ps < .05). Cherry and menthol e-cigarettes increased perceived pleasantness, taste, and physical sensations compared with unflavored and tobacco-flavored e-cigarettes, respectively ( ps < .05). Modified risk messages were associated with reduced ratings of aversive effects ( ps < .05) but not harm perceptions. Overall, few perceptions/subjective effects differed by e-cigarette flavor or message. Flavors and messages may have some influence on how smokers experience e-cigarettes.

Impact of flavors and humectants on waterpipe tobacco smoking topography, subjective effects, toxicant exposure and intentions for continued use

2020 ◽  
pp. tobaccocontrol-2019-055509 ◽  
Author(s):  
Theodore L Wagener ◽  
Eleanor L S Leavens ◽  
Toral Mehta ◽  
Jessica Hale ◽  
Alan Shihadeh ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Subjective Effects ◽  
Smoking Behaviour ◽  
Toxicant Exposure ◽  
Smoking Topography ◽  
Waterpipe Tobacco Smoking ◽  
Exhaled Carbon Monoxide ◽  
Continued Use ◽  
Ad Libitum ◽  
Post Hoc ◽  
Continue Smoking

IntroductionThe present study examined how the lack of characterising flavours and low levels of humectants may affect users’ waterpipe tobacco (WT) smoking topography, subjective effects, toxicant exposure and intentions for continued use.Methods89 WT smokers completed four ad libitum smoking sessions (characterising flavor/high humectant (+F+H); characterising flavor/low humectant (+F-H); no characterising flavor/high humectant (-F+H); no characterising flavor/low humectant (-F-H)) in a randomised cross-over design. WT was commercially available; same brand but nicotine levels were not held constant. A subsample (n=50) completed a standardised, 10-puff session preceding ad libitum smoking. Participants completed questionnaires, exhaled carbon monoxide (eCO) testing and provided blood samples for plasma nicotine. Smoking topography was measured throughout the session. Post hoc analyses showed that -F+H and -F-H did not differ significantly in humectant levels. Therefore, these groups were collapsed in analyses (-F-H).ResultsWT smokers reported significantly greater satisfaction, liking, enjoyment and greater intentions for continued use when smoking +F+H compared with other WT products, with -F-H receiving the lowest ratings. Significant differences in topography were observed during standardised and ad libitum sessions, with the -F-H preparation leading to greater total inhaled volume and eCO boost, but lower nicotine boost compared with +F+H (all p<0.05).DiscussionThe findings demonstrate the importance of flavours and humectants on improving WT smoking experience and increasing the likelihood that users will want to initiate and continue smoking. Moreover, it demonstrates that flavours and humectants influence smoking behaviour and toxicant exposure in some unexpected ways that are important for regulatory efforts.

scholarly journals Electronic cigarette user plasma nicotine concentration, puff topography, heart rate, and subjective effects: Influence of liquid nicotine concentration and user experience.

2017 ◽  
Vol 25 (5) ◽  
pp. 380-392 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marzena Hiler ◽  
Alison Breland ◽  
Tory Spindle ◽  
Sarah Maloney ◽  
Thokozeni Lipato ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
User Experience ◽  
Subjective Effects ◽  
Electronic Cigarette ◽  
Nicotine Concentration ◽  
Plasma Nicotine

scholarly journals Effects of electronic cigarette heating coil resistance and liquid nicotine concentration on user nicotine delivery, heart rate, subjective effects, puff topography, and liquid consumption.

2020 ◽  
Vol 28 (5) ◽  
pp. 527-539 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marzena Hiler ◽  
Nareg Karaoghlanian ◽  
Soha Talih ◽  
Sarah Maloney ◽  
Alison Breland ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
Subjective Effects ◽  
Electronic Cigarette ◽  
Heating Coil ◽  
Nicotine Concentration ◽  
Nicotine Delivery ◽  
Coil Resistance

scholarly journals Acute effects of JUUL and IQOS in cigarette smokers

2020 ◽  
pp. tobaccocontrol-2019-055475 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sarah Maloney ◽  
Alisha Eversole ◽  
Melanie Crabtree ◽  
Eric Soule ◽  
Thomas Eissenberg ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Monoxide ◽  
Laboratory Study ◽  
Subjective Effects ◽  
Acute Effects ◽  
Subjective Experiences ◽  
Cigarette Smokers ◽  
Nicotine Concentration ◽  
Nicotine Delivery ◽  
Plasma Nicotine ◽  
Ad Libitum

BackgroundJUUL is an electronic cigarette that aerosolises a nicotine-containing liquid, while IQOS heats tobacco to produce an aerosol. Both are marketed to smokers, but their effects have seldom been examined in this population.MethodsEighteen cigarette smokers (13 men) with no JUUL or IQOS experience completed a within-subject, laboratory study assessing nicotine delivery and subjective effects after controlled (10 puffs, ~30 s interpuff interval) and ad libitum (90 min) use of JUUL, IQOS or own-brand (OB) cigarettes.ResultsJUUL increased mean plasma nicotine concentration significantly from 2.2 (SD=0.7) ng/mL to 9.8 (4.9) ng/mL after 10 puffs and to 11.5 (9.3) ng/mL after ad libitum use. IQOS increased mean plasma nicotine significantly from 2.1 (0.2) ng/mL to 12.7 (6.2) ng/mL after 10 puffs and to 11.3 (8.0) ng/mL after ad libitum use. OB increased mean plasma nicotine significantly from 2.1 (0.2) ng/mL to 20.4 (11.4) ng/mL after 10 puffs and to 21.0 (10.2) ng/mL after ad libitum use. Mean OB plasma nicotine concentration was significantly higher than JUUL and IQOS. OB increased expired carbon monoxide concentration, but IQOS and JUUL did not. ‘Craving a cigarette/nicotine’ and ‘Urges to smoke’ were reduced significantly for all products following the directed bout.ConclusionsAmong smokers, JUUL and IQOS delivered less nicotine than cigarettes. Also, in this sample, IQOS and OB reduced abstinence symptoms more effectively than JUUL. Additional work with experienced JUUL and IQOS users is needed, as their nicotine delivery profiles and subjective experiences may differ.

scholarly journals Effects of electronic cigarette liquid solvents propylene glycol and vegetable glycerin on user nicotine delivery, heart rate, subjective effects, and puff topography

2018 ◽  
Vol 188 ◽  
pp. 193-199 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tory R. Spindle ◽  
Soha Talih ◽  
Marzena M. Hiler ◽  
Nareg Karaoghlanian ◽  
Matthew S. Halquist ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
Propylene Glycol ◽  
Subjective Effects ◽  
Electronic Cigarette ◽  
Nicotine Delivery

scholarly journals A Review of Deep Learning-Based Contactless Heart Rate Measurement Methods

Sensors ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (11) ◽  
pp. 3719
Author(s):  
Aoxin Ni ◽  
Arian Azarang ◽  
Nasser Kehtarnavaz
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
Deep Learning ◽  
Mean Absolute Error ◽  
Absolute Error ◽  
Video Camera ◽  
Measurement Methods ◽  
Rate Measurement ◽  
Learning Methods ◽  
The Public ◽  
Heart Rate Measurement

The interest in contactless or remote heart rate measurement has been steadily growing in healthcare and sports applications. Contactless methods involve the utilization of a video camera and image processing algorithms. Recently, deep learning methods have been used to improve the performance of conventional contactless methods for heart rate measurement. After providing a review of the related literature, a comparison of the deep learning methods whose codes are publicly available is conducted in this paper. The public domain UBFC dataset is used to compare the performance of these deep learning methods for heart rate measurement. The results obtained show that the deep learning method PhysNet generates the best heart rate measurement outcome among these methods, with a mean absolute error value of 2.57 beats per minute and a mean square error value of 7.56 beats per minute.

scholarly journals Relationships between the Rider’s Pelvic Mobility and Balance on a Gymnastic Ball with Equestrian Skills and Effects on Horse Welfare

Animals ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 453
Author(s):  
Mette Uldahl ◽  
Janne W. Christensen ◽  
Hilary M. Clayton
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
Negative Correlation ◽  
Core Stability ◽  
Static Balancing ◽  
Conflict Behaviors ◽  
Video Recordings ◽  
Highly Correlated ◽  
And Control ◽  
Energetic Performance ◽  
Working Heart

Riders need core stability to follow and guide the horse’s movements and avoid giving unintended or conflicting signals. This study evaluated the rider’s performance of exercises on a gymnastic ball with on-horse performance and indicators of stress in the horse. Twenty experienced riders were scored performing three exercises on a gymnastic ball and for quality and harmony when riding based on evaluation of video recordings in which conflict behaviours were evident. The horse’s heart rate and number of conflict behaviors during the riding test and cortisol levels after completion of the test were measured. The rider’s ability to roll the pelvis from side-to-side on a gymnastic ball was highly correlated with ability to circle the pelvis on the ball and with quality and harmony during riding. However, pelvic roll and riding quality and harmony showed a trend toward a negative correlation with balancing skills on the ball. It appears that the ability to actively move the pelvis is more relevant to equestrian performance than static balancing skill. Horses ridden by riders with better pelvic mobility and control showed significantly fewer conflict behaviors. On the contrary, high scores for balancing on the gymnastic ball were negatively correlated with the horses’ working heart rates, suggesting a less energetic performance. Pelvic control and mobility may be predictive for equestrian skills and riding harmony.

scholarly journals Electronic cigarette use intensity measurement challenges and regulatory implications

2021 ◽  
pp. tobaccocontrol-2021-056483
Author(s):  
Eric Soule ◽  
Maansi Bansal-Travers ◽  
Rachel Grana ◽  
Scott McIntosh ◽  
Simani Price ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Tobacco Use ◽  
User Behavior ◽  
Unintended Consequences ◽  
Electronic Cigarette ◽  
Cigarette Use ◽  
Tobacco Products ◽  
Intensity Measures ◽  
Nicotine Concentration ◽  
Regulatory Policies ◽  
Answering Questions

Assessing tobacco use intensity allows researchers to examine tobacco use in greater detail than assessing ever or current use only. Tobacco use intensity measures have been developed that are specific to tobacco products, such as asking smokers to report number of cigarettes smoked per day. However, consensus on electronic cigarette use intensity measures that can be used for survey research has yet to be established due to electronic cigarette product and user behavior heterogeneity. While some survey measures that attempt to assess electronic cigarette use intensity exist, such as examining number of ‘times’ using an electronic cigarette per day, number of puffs taken from an electronic cigarette per day, volume of electronic cigarette liquid consumed per day, or nicotine concentration of electronic cigarette liquid, most measures have limitations. Challenges in electronic cigarette measurement often stem from variations across electronic cigarette device and liquid characteristics as well as the difficulty that many electronic cigarette users have regarding answering questions about their electronic cigarette device, liquid, or behavior. The inability for researchers to measure electronic cigarette use intensity accurately has important implications such as failing to detect unintended consequences of regulatory policies. Development of electronic cigarette use intensity measures, though not without its challenges, can improve understanding of electronic cigarette use behaviors and associated health outcomes and inform development of regulatory policies.

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