scholarly journals What a difference a year makes: A snapshot of the trends in vaccinations, hospitalizations, and mortality rates for SARS- CoV-2 across the state of Indiana

2021 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Chinade Roper ◽  
Amy Han ◽  
Martin Brown
Keyword(s):  
Mortality Rate ◽  
The United States ◽  
Mortality Rates ◽  
Census Bureau ◽  
Acute Illness ◽  
Bachelor's Degree ◽  
Severe Illness ◽  
Median Income ◽  
United States Census ◽  
United States Census Bureau

Background: Many efforts both scientifically and politically helped reduced the spread of SARS-CoV-2. In December of 2020, vaccinations were authorized for distribution.  It is important to understand demographical correlations to COVID-19 acute illness rates and whether COVID-19 vaccinations significantly reduced these rates.      Project Methods: This study focused on data from seventeen counties in Indiana. This information was used to determine if there were correlations between demographics and COVID-19 illness rates. County demographics were obtained from the United States Census Bureau. COVID-19 hospitalization and mortality were collected from the Regenstrief Institute and the Indiana State Department of Health respectively. Linear regression analyses were performed to determine if there were significant correlations between demographics and rates COVID-19 illness. T-test analyses assuming unequal variances were performed in order to determine if there has been a significant reduction in COVID-19 illness.    Results: The results of this study revealed that the percentage of the population over the age of 65, with a bachelor’s degree, disabled under age 65, and the median income (r values: 0.729, 0.701, 0.661, and 0.533 respectively) are significantly correlated to the mortality rate. The percentage of the population over the age of 65 and with a bachelor’s degree (r values: 0.565 and 0.524 respectively) are significantly correlated to the hospitalization rate. When comparing the COVID-19 acute illness rates for each county from 07/27/20 until 02/01/21 to the rates after 02/01/21 until late- June of 2021, each county had significant decrease in the hospitalization and mortality rate after February 1, 2021.     Potential Impact: The result of this study suggests that vaccinating residents was a significant factor in the 50% or higher reduction in COVID-19 hospitalization and mortality rates. These findings emphasize the importance of COVID-19 vaccinations to protect Americans from COVID-19 severe illness. 

scholarly journals Rurality of Residence and Inappropriate Antibiotic Use for ARI Among Young Tennessee Children

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Keerti L Dantuluri ◽  
Jean Bruce ◽  
Kathryn M Edwards ◽  
Ritu Banerjee ◽  
Hannah Griffith ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Incidence Rate Ratio ◽  
Respiratory Infections ◽  
Antibiotic Use ◽  
The United States ◽  
Census Bureau ◽  
Outpatient Setting ◽  
United States Census ◽  
United States Census Bureau ◽  
Adjusted Incidence Rate ◽  
Adjusted Incidence

Abstract Background Antibiotic use is common for acute respiratory infections (ARI) in children, but much of this use is inappropriate. Few studies have examined whether rurality of residence is associated with inappropriate antibiotic use. We examined whether rates of ARI-related inappropriate antibiotic use among children vary by rurality of residence. Methods We conducted a retrospective cohort study of children aged 2 months – 5 years enrolled in Tennessee Medicaid between 2007 and 2017 and diagnosed with ARI in the outpatient setting. Study outcomes included ARI, ARI-related antibiotic use, and ARI-related inappropriate antibiotic use. Multivariable Poisson regression was used to measure associations between rurality of residence, defined by the United States Census Bureau, and the rate of study outcomes, while accounting for other factors including demographics and underling comorbidities. Results 805,332 children met selection criteria and contributed 1,840,048 person-years (p-y) of observation. Children residing in completely rural, mostly rural, and mostly urban counties contributed 70,369 (4%) p-y, 479,121 (26%) p-y, and 1,290,558 p-y (70%), respectively. Compared with children in mostly urban counties (238 per 1000 p-y), children in mostly rural (450 per 1000 p-y) and completely rural counties (468 per 1000 p-y) had higher rates of inappropriate antibiotic use (adjusted incidence rate ratio [aIRR]: 1.34 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.33 – 1.35) and aIRR: 1.33 (CI: 1.32 – 1.35), respectively). Conclusion Inappropriate antibiotic use is common among young children with ARI, with higher rates in rural compared to urban counties. These differences should inform targeted outpatient antibiotic stewardship efforts.

scholarly journals The Tax Cuts and Jobs Act and the Middle Class

2019 ◽  
Vol 26 (01) ◽  
pp. 53
Author(s):  
Deborah Combs ◽  
Brian Nichols
Keyword(s):  
Middle Class ◽  
The United States ◽  
Census Bureau ◽  
Tax Rates ◽  
United States Census ◽  
United States Census Bureau ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Almost All ◽  
Jobs Act ◽  
Tax Cuts

This paper explores how the tax cuts and jobs act of 2017 impacts middle-class taxpayers by calculating the tax liability at different levels of income and deductions in 2017 versus 2018. The results confirm the statements supporting the positive effect of the tax change for the middle class. The tax cut and jobs act eliminates personal exemptions, changes the standard deductions at various incomes and family sizes, and lowers marginal tax rates. After providing details of the act, this research examines the definition of the U.S. middle class by using prior research from the Pew Research Center, the United States Census Bureau, and the federal reserve to determine which income levels are attributable to the middle class. Then the tax liability for these income classes is calculated for single and married filing jointly taxpayers in both 2017 and 2018 to determine if the tax cuts and jobs act reduces the tax liability for the middle class. The results show that in almost all scenarios the tax liability in 2018 will be lower than in 2017, regardless of whether standard or itemized deductions are taken. The marriage penalty is no longer applicable, and the new tax act provides a substantial benefit to large families

scholarly journals Marry Your Like: Assortative Mating and Income Inequality

2014 ◽  
Vol 104 (5) ◽  
pp. 348-353 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jeremy Greenwood ◽  
Nezih Guner ◽  
Georgi Kocharkov ◽  
Cezar Santos
Keyword(s):  
Income Inequality ◽  
Assortative Mating ◽  
Household Income ◽  
The United States ◽  
Census Bureau ◽  
United States Census ◽  
United States Census Bureau ◽  
Positive Assortative Mating ◽  
High Level ◽  
Married Female

Has there been an increase in positive assortative mating? Does assortative mating contribute to household income inequality? Data from the United States Census Bureau suggests there has been a rise in assortative mating. Additionally, assortative mating affects household income inequality. In particular, if matching in 2005 between husbands and wives had been random, instead of the pattern observed in the data, then the Gini coefficient would have fallen from the observed 0.43 to 0.34, so that income inequality would be smaller. Thus, assortative mating is important for income inequality. The high level of married female labor-force participation in 2005 is important for this result.

Automated Mapping at the United States Census Bureau: 1980-1994

1995 ◽  
Vol 22 (2) ◽  
pp. 128-134
Author(s):  
Frederick R. Broome ◽  
Carl S. Hantman ◽  
Robert W. Marx ◽  
Timothy F. Trainor
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
The United States ◽  
Census Bureau ◽  
United States Census ◽  
United States Census Bureau ◽  
Automated Mapping

Decomposing the Moral Community: Religious Contexts and Teen Childbearing

2010 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 320-334 ◽  
Author(s):  
Seth Ovadia ◽  
Laura M. Moore
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Birth Rate ◽  
The United States ◽  
Census Bureau ◽  
United States Census ◽  
United States Census Bureau ◽  
Birth Rates ◽  
Teen Birth ◽  
Teen Birth Rates ◽  
Teen Childbearing

Teen birth rates vary widely across counties in the United States. in this study, we examine whether the religious composition of a county is correlated with the rate of teen childbearing using both a traditional moral communities approach and a “decomposed” version of that framework. Utilizing 2000 data from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, the United States Census Bureau, and the Religious Congregation and Membership Survey, we find that the total percentage of religious adherents in a county is not significantly correlated with the teen birth rate. However, when we decompose the Christian population into major denominational groupings, we find the percentage of evangelical Protestants in a county is positively associated with the teen birth rate while the percentage of Catholics is negatively associated with teen childbearing. Possible explanations for the association between religious context and teen birth rates are discussed, as well as their policy and research implications.

scholarly journals The Sunny Side Up: An Interdisciplinary Overview of Sunlight’s Effects on our Health

2019 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Joseph Toth
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
The United States ◽  
Census Bureau ◽  
Sunlight Exposure ◽  
United States Census ◽  
Average Life ◽  
United States Census Bureau ◽  
Vitamin D Levels ◽  
Confounding Variables ◽  
The Difference

Do levels of daily sunlight exposure have a measurable effect on peoples’ health? I used to live in Michiganwhere it is cloudy seemingly every day. This is drastically different from Texas, where the sun is almost alwaysshining. It is well known that an increase in sunlight exposure can drastically affect one’s mood; when looking atcloudy areas versus areas full of sunshine, the difference in overall happiness and rates of depression can bequite dramatic. Another factor to consider is that spending more time in direct sunlight can help with vitaminD synthesis. Low vitamin D levels can lead to all sorts of health problems, demonstrating that having directsun exposure has the potential to be very influential in one’s health. To investigate whether sunlight can have ameasurable impact on peoples’ health and life expectancies, I collected data on average life expectancies andreported happiness levels for all 50 U.S. States, as well as over 70 cities within the United States. These citieswere grouped together using K-means clustering to control for confounding variables, and then analyzed. Thisallowed for an accurate representation of whether sunlight really does affect one’s health or not. Data came fromthe United States Census Bureau, the CDC, and other reliable sources. This research highlights how certainclimate areas can affect our health, happiness, and overall life expectancy.

Disability, Life Narrative, and Representation

PMLA ◽  
2005 ◽  
Vol 120 (2) ◽  
pp. 602-606 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. Thomas Couser
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Age Distribution ◽  
The United States ◽  
Census Bureau ◽  
The Body ◽  
Fundamental Aspect ◽  
United States Census ◽  
United States Census Bureau ◽  
Census 2000 ◽  
Enormous Number

Disability is an inescapable element of human existence and experience. Although it is rarely acknowledged as such, it is also a fundamental aspect of human diversity. It is so, first, in the sense that, worldwide, an enormous number of people are disabled. The proportion of disabled people in different national populations varies significantly with factors such as economic development, quality and availability of health care, and the age distribution of the population. (In the United States, people with disabilities make up the population's largest minority: Census 2000 found nearly twenty percent of the population over five years of age to be affected by some sort of disability [United States, Census Bureau].) Furthermore, because of the way this minority is constituted, it is arguably more diverse than those of race, gender, class, and sexual orientation. Disabilities may affect one's senses or one's mobility; they may be static or progressive, congenital or acquired, formal (affecting the shape of the body) or functional, visible or invisible.

Census Mapping Mashup

2014 ◽  
pp. 67-76
Author(s):  
Paul Hunt
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Open Data ◽  
The United States ◽  
Census Bureau ◽  
American Population ◽  
United States Census ◽  
United States Census Bureau ◽  
Web Based ◽  
Web Mapping ◽  
Analyze Data

By mandate, the United States Census Bureau compiles and distributes data on the American population. Open data initiatives have made it possible for users to access and analyze data with simple web-based tools. A new method for requesting data from the Census Bureau is described here, along with two different mapping mashups. Using the technology described in this article, a simple web mapping interface could unlock vast amounts of available data for user exploration.

Voice Therapy for the Beginning Clinician

2017 ◽  
Vol 2 (3) ◽  
pp. 93-103 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jackie Gartner-Schmidt ◽  
Ali Lewandowski ◽  
Marc Haxer ◽  
Claudio F. Milstein
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
The United States ◽  
Census Bureau ◽  
Voice Therapy ◽  
Voice Disorder ◽  
United States Census ◽  
United States Census Bureau ◽  
Patient Centered ◽  
Treatment Paradigm ◽  
Language Pathology

This article is written specifically for recent graduates of Speech-Language Pathology programs or clinicians with little experience in providing voice therapy for the approximately 88 million people in the United States who will suffer from a voice disorder in their lifetime (Cohen, Kim, Roy, Asche, & Courey, 2012; Roy, Merrill, Gray, & Smith, 2005; United States Census Bureau, n.d.). Voice therapy is a patient-centered treatment paradigm used to modify behaviors that cause and/or contribute to voice disorders. A critical need exists to train novice clinicians to perform voice therapy who may, or may not, have had dedicated training in their academic programs and/or Clinical Fellowship (CF). The article is divided into the following sections: (1) Appropriate Referrals for Voice Therapy, (2). A Voice Therapy Framework, (3) Scientific Rationale for Differing Voice Therapy Techniques, and (4) When to Discharge Patients from Voice Therapy.

scholarly journals China English: Attitudes, legitimacy, and the native speaker construct

English Today ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 33 (2) ◽  
pp. 38-45
Author(s):  
Jette G. Hansen Edwards
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Native Speaker ◽  
Mainland China ◽  
The United States ◽  
Census Bureau ◽  
United States Census ◽  
United States Census Bureau ◽  
China English ◽  
The World

China English (CE) is the fastest growing variety of English in the world. While some estimate that there are between 200–400 million learners of English in mainland China, other researchers put the numbers between 440–650 million (cf. Bolton & Graddol, 2012; He & Zhang, 2010). Although not all learners of English in China will become active users of English, the numbers above are staggering, especially if we consider that the population of the United States is currently 319 million (United States Census Bureau, 2014). As Kirkpatrick (2007: 151) notes, CE is ‘soon likely to be the most commonly spoken variety of English in Asia’. One could argue that, judging by the numbers given above, CE will become the most commonly spoken variety of English in the world.

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