scholarly journals Study of the comparative effects of fluoxetine and ziprasidone in albino rats by using tail suspension test model

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 221
Author(s):  
Hansraj Kumar ◽  
Akash Chandra ◽  
Uma Shankar Prasad Keshari ◽  
Rajiv Kumar
Keyword(s):  
Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors ◽  
Antidepressant Activity ◽  
Tail Suspension Test ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Albino Rats ◽  
Test Model ◽  
Tail Suspension ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Group B ◽  
Suspension Test

Background: Depression is a group of disorders results from a combination of multiple etiologic factors- genetic, biochemical, psychodynamic and socio-environmental. A depression consists of following clinical features as sadness, apathy, changes in sleep pattern, impaired concentration, feeling of shame or guilt and thoughts of dying or death. Fluoxetine and Ziprasidone both are used for the treatment of Depression in human being. Fluoxetine is Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRI) and Ziprasidone is atypical antipsychotic.Methods: Healthy male albino rats weighing between 150-200 grams were taken for the present study. Study animals were divided into three groups randomly with each group consisting of ten animals. Drugs were powdered with help of mortar and pestle and mixed in gum acacia solution. Appropriate volume of the freshly prepared solution was administered orally daily between 9 am to 10 am to all animal as per their individual body weight. Group A administered 1ml of 0.9% normal saline orally and serves as control group. Group B administered 0.4 mg of fluoxetine orally. Group C administered 1.6 mg of ziprasidone orally. Animals were evaluated for antidepressant activity using two models – Tail suspension test and Forced swimming test.Results: The results in the tail suspension test were assessed by duration of immobility in 6 minutes duration. Antidepressant activity is indicated by the reduction in the duration of immobility i.e. lesser the duration indicates more effectiveness of the drug.Conclusions: There is significant difference in antidepressant activity of fluoxetine with antidepressant activity of ziprasidone.  

scholarly journals Evaluation of the comparison of anti-depressant effects of oral fluoxetine and riluzole in albino rats by using the forced swimming test model

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 391
Author(s):  
Hansraj Kumar ◽  
Akash Chandra ◽  
Uma Shankar Prasad Keshri ◽  
Rajiv Kumar
Keyword(s):  
Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors ◽  
Forced Swimming Test ◽  
Antidepressant Activity ◽  
Forced Swimming ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Albino Rats ◽  
Test Duration ◽  
Test Model ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Swimming Test

Background: Depression is a group of disorders results from a combination of multiple etiologic factors- genetic, biochemical, psychodynamic and socio-environmental. A depression consists of following clinical features as sadness, apathy, changes in sleep pattern, impaired concentration, feeling of shame or guilt and thoughts of dying or death. Fluoxetine and riluzole both are used for the treatment of depression in human being. Fluoxetine is SSRI (selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors) and riluzole is anxiolytic and mood stabilizer.Methods: Healthy male albino rats weighing between 150-200 grams were taken for the present study. Study animals were divided into three groups randomly with each group consisting of ten animals. Drugs were powdered with help of mortar and pestle and mixed in gum acacia solution. Appropriate volume of the freshly prepared solution was administered orally daily between 9 am to 10 am to all animal as per their individual body weight. Group A administered 1ml of 0.9% normal saline orally and serves as control group. Group B administered 0.4 mg of fluoxetine orally. Group C administered 2 mg of riluzole orally. Animals were evaluated for antidepressant activity using model- forced swimming test.Results: The results in the forced swimming test were assessed by duration of immobility in last 4 minutes of total 6 minute test duration. Antidepressant activity is indicated by the reduction in the duration of immobility i.e. lesser the duration more the efficacy. The results have been expressed as mean±standard deviation of duration of immobility in seconds during 6 minute period.Conclusions: There was significant difference in antidepressant activity of fluoxetine with antidepressant activity of riluzole. Riluzole showed antidepressant activity after two weeks of starting the drugs.

Anti-Fatigue Effect of Zizania caudiflora (Turczaninow) Nakai

2012 ◽  
Vol 40 (01) ◽  
pp. 111-120 ◽  
Author(s):  
Na-Hyung Kim ◽  
Phil-Dong Moon ◽  
Sok Cheon Pak ◽  
Hyung-Min Kim ◽  
Hyun-Ja Jeong
Keyword(s):  
Lactate Dehydrogenase ◽  
Creatine Phosphokinase ◽  
Forced Swimming Test ◽  
Tail Suspension Test ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Tail Suspension ◽  
Fatigue Effect ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Swimming Test ◽  
Suspension Test

The purpose of the present study was to investigate the anti-fatigue effect of Zizania caudiflora (Turczaninow) Nakai (ZC) and hydrolyzed ZC by malted barley (HZC) through a forced swimming test (FST) in mice. After the first measurement of immobility times, the mice were divided into control, fluoxetine, ZC, and HZC groups to match the swimming times in each group. The immobility times in the FST of the control as well as the fluoxetine, ZC, and HZC-administered groups after administration for three days were 135.3 ± 3.3,66.8 ± 3.9,120.2 ± 2.7, and 123.2 ± 2.9 sec, respectively. The immobility times in the FST of the ZC and HZC-administered groups for 14 days were significantly decreased in comparison with the control group (p < 0.01). In addition, the immobility times of ZC and HZC-administered groups for 14 days in the tail-suspension test were also significantly decreased in comparison with the control group (p < 0.05). The plasma levels of albumin, glucose, and total protein were significantly increased and creatine phosphokinase was significantly decreased in the ZC and HZC-administered groups compared to the control group. However, the levels of lactate dehydrogenase and blood urea nitrogen in the ZC and HZC-administered groups did not represent a significant difference compared to the control group. In summary, these results suggest that ZC or HZC might be a candidate for an anti-fatigue agent.

scholarly journals AN EXPERIMENTAL STUDY EVALUATING THE INFLUENCE OF BISPHOSPHONATES ON DEPRESSION PATTERNS IN SWISS ALBINO MICE AND WISTER RATS

2017 ◽  
Vol 9 (8) ◽  
pp. 187
Author(s):  
S. S. Torgal ◽  
Amitha N
Keyword(s):  
Adult Male ◽  
Forced Swimming Test ◽  
Antidepressant Activity ◽  
Tail Suspension Test ◽  
Forced Swimming ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Tail Suspension ◽  
Swiss Albino Mice ◽  
Swimming Test ◽  
Suspension Test

Objective: Bisphosphonates are used for treating osteoporosis. Few studies have reported their effect on alterations in comorbid behaviour such as depression. Therefore, present study was performed to investigate the effects of bisphosphonate drugs on depression in adult male Wister rats and Swiss albino mice.Methods: The study was conducted on adult male Wister rats and Swiss albino mice, 36 of each type, equally divided into six groups. One group was classified as control group and the rest were treated as test groups. Initial photoperiod of 12 h was provided for acclimatization, prior to the start of the experiment. Drug administration was not performed in control group. Forced swimming test and tail suspension test were performed to investigate the antidepressant activity. Locomotor activity was performed to evaluate the action of drugs on the nervous system. Effects of the test drugs were compared with a standard drug—amitriptyline. Results were statistically evaluated by one-way analysis of variance followed by Bonferroni’s multiple comparison test. P≤0.05 was considered significant.Results: In forced swimming test, duration of immobility was significantly reduced in the standard and test drugs when compared to control group; however, it was not significant in all the four test groups as compared to that of amitriptyline-administered group (p>0.05). In tail suspension test, significant decrease (p<0.01) in the duration of immobility was observed with administration of drugs when compared to control group. Results of test groups were not found to be significant as compared to amitriptyline-treated group (p>0.05). Mean values of amitriptyline-, alendronate-, risedronate-, ibandronate-and etidronate-treated groups failed to show significant difference (p>0.05) when compared to control group suggesting homogeneity among the groups.Conclusion: Bisphosphonates appeared to have an antidepressant activity. More extensive research is required to substantiate and elucidate the role of bisphosphonates in behavioural disorders such as depression.

scholarly journals Antidepressant effect of atypical antipsychotic ziprasidone in albino rats

2017 ◽  
Vol 6 (3) ◽  
pp. 528
Author(s):  
Rajiv Kumar ◽  
Hansraj Kumar ◽  
U. S. P. Keshri ◽  
Manju Gari
Keyword(s):  
Normal Saline ◽  
Depressive Disorders ◽  
Antidepressant Activity ◽  
Tail Suspension Test ◽  
Antidepressant Effect ◽  
Albino Rats ◽  
Potential Candidate ◽  
Tail Suspension ◽  
Albino Rat ◽  
Suspension Test

Background: Depression is a common psychiatric illness but conventional antidepressants are often shows unpredictable response. Pharmacological profiles of many atypical antipsychotics have potential antidepressant effect. Ziprasidone is an atypical antidepressant with 5HT1A agonistic activity and 5HT1D, 5HT2A and D2 receptors antagonistic activity. It’s a potential candidate for evaluating possible antidepressant activity.Methods: Behavioural despair test are widely used for evaluation of potential antidepressant molecule. Tail suspension test is a variant of behavioural despair test. Healthy male Wistar albino rat 18 in number and weighing between of 150-200 grams were divided in 3 groups with 6 rats in each group. Group A was treated with 0.9% Normal Saline, Group B with Fluoxetine and Group C with Ziprasidone for 28 days. Tail suspension test was done on day 0, 7, 14, 21 and 28 days.Results: In comparison to Normal saline both the drugs shows significant antidepressant activity after 28 days of treatment. While antidepressant activity of fluoxetine started to appear from day 7; that of ziprasidone started to appear from 14th day.Conclusions: Ziprasidone can be suitable candidate for clinical trials of Major Depressive Disorders not responding to conventional antidepressant. 

scholarly journals Study of Antidepressant Activity of Garcinia indica(Kokum) Fruit Rind in Wistar Albino Rats

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (36) ◽  
pp. 3077-3082
Author(s):  
Bhagyashree Ajjakana ◽  
Roopa Prasad Nayak
Keyword(s):  
Forced Swim Test ◽  
Ethanolic Extract ◽  
Antidepressant Activity ◽  
Tail Suspension Test ◽  
Albino Rats ◽  
Tail Suspension ◽  
Garcinia Indica ◽  
Swim Test ◽  
Wistar Albino Rats ◽  
Suspension Test

BACKGROUND Depression is a mental disorder which is treatable but detected less often in primary healthcare settings. Therefore, there is a need for an effective treatment strategy for the management of depression. Garcinia indica (Thouars) Choisy is a slender evergreen tree. An invitro animal study has shown that its phytochemical constituent, hydroxy citric acid has the ability to increase serotonin levels in the brain. Hence, the objective of the study was to evaluate the antidepressant activity of ethanolic extract of Garcinia indica fruit rind in animal models of depression and compare it with control and standard drugs, imipramine, and fluoxetine. METHODS The study was conducted on Wistar albino rats of either sex. The animals were grouped into five, containing six animals in each group. Control (0.1 % carboxymethylcellulose, 10ml/kg), ethanolic extract of Garcinia indica (GIEE1) – 250mg/kg, ethanolic extract of Garcinia indica (GIEE2) – 500mg/kg, Standard1 - Imipramine – 10mg/kg ( Forced Swim test only) and Standard2 - Fluoxetine – 20mg/kg (Tail suspension test only). Drugs were administered for 14 days and antidepressant activity was evaluated on the 14th day after one hour of drug administration using two models - Forced swim test and tail suspension test. Results were tabulated as mean ± SEM (standard error of mean). One-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) followed by Tukey Kramer test was used to interpret the statistical significance. RESULTS The period of immobility was obtained as 21.83 ± 1.44 and14.66 ± 2.74 in forced swim test and 36.8 ± 1.01 and 14.3 ± 0.954 in tail suspension test in GIEE1 and GIEE2 treated groups respectively, which was significantly less compared to control. CONCLUSIONS Garcinia indica has significant antidepressant activity compared to the control. KEY WORDS Antidepressant, Garcinia indica, Fruit Rind, Wistar Albino Rats

scholarly journals ANTI-DEPRESSANT EFFECT OF CEFTRIAXONE IN FORCED SWIMMING TEST AND IN TAIL SUSPENSION TEST IN MICE

2016 ◽  
Vol 8 (11) ◽  
pp. 191 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ajoy Borah ◽  
Binita Singha ◽  
Swopna Phukan
Keyword(s):  
Forced Swimming Test ◽  
Antidepressant Activity ◽  
Tail Suspension Test ◽  
Forced Swimming ◽  
Antidepressant Effect ◽  
Tail Suspension ◽  
Neuroprotective Effects ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Swimming Test ◽  
Suspension Test

Objective: Depression is a major psychiatric disorder affecting nearly 350 million people worldwide and imposes a substantial health burden on the society. Ceftriaxone has demonstrated neuroprotective effects in animals. It has also undergone trials as a treatment option for amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. This study was therefore undertaken to evaluate the antidepressant-like effect of ceftriaxone in mice.Methods: Ceftriaxone was administered at three different doses (0.130, 0.195 and 0.260g/kg) to Swiss albino mice of either sex by intra peritoneal (i. p.) route. The period of immobility in control and drug-treated mice were recorded in forced swimming test (FST) and tail suspension test (TST). The antidepressant effect of ceftriaxone indicated by the decrease in duration of immobility was compared to that of fluoxetine (0.020 g/kg, i. p.).Results: Ceftriaxone decreased the duration of immobility in mice. It showed a significant dose-dependent antidepressant effect. The antidepressant effect of 0.260g/kg of ceftriaxone was comparable to that of fluoxetine in the TST but not in the FST.Conclusion: The results of the present study indicate antidepressant activity of Ceftriaxone. The study shows that ceftriaxone has additional action on the central nervous system other than neuroprotection. Ceftriaxone therapy in cases of encephalomeningitis and in various cases of hemorrhages in the brain can, therefore, prevent the development of depression in future

scholarly journals Evaluation of antidepressant activity of tramadol in comparison with imipramine in Swiss albino mice

2017 ◽  
Vol 6 (3) ◽  
pp. 695
Author(s):  
Chiranjeevi Bonda ◽  
Sudhir Pawar ◽  
Jaisen Lokhande
Keyword(s):  
Forced Swim Test ◽  
Antidepressant Activity ◽  
Tail Suspension Test ◽  
Antidepressant Effect ◽  
Tail Suspension ◽  
Swim Test ◽  
Forced Swim ◽  
Group I ◽  
Immobility Time ◽  
Suspension Test

Background: The aim of the study was to evaluate the antidepressant effect of opioid analgesic tramadol using forced swim test and tail suspension test models.Methods: The antidepressant effect was assessed by recording the immobility time in Forced swim test (FST) and Tail suspension test (TST). The mice were randomly divided into five groups. Mice belonging to group I was given normal saline (0.1ml/kg) which acted as control. Group II received imipramine (15mg/kg) considered as the standard drug tramadol was given in graded dose (10, 20 and 40 mg/kg) to mice of groups III, IV, V respectively. All drugs were administered intraperitoneally for seven successive days; test was done on 7th day.Results: Tramadol and Imipramine showed antidepressant activity when compared to control. There is dose dependent increase in antidepressant activity of tramadol. The antidepressant activity of imipramine was significantly (P<0.05) more than tramadol at dose 10 and 20 mg/kg but antidepressant activity with tramadol 40mg/kg was comparable to imipramine treated mice.Conclusions: The results of this study indicated the presence of antidepressant activity of tramadol at 40mg/kg.

scholarly journals Oral selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors activate vagus nerve dependent gut-brain signalling

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Karen-Anne McVey Neufeld ◽  
John Bienenstock ◽  
Aadil Bharwani ◽  
Kevin Champagne-Jorgensen ◽  
YuKang Mao ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Vagus Nerve ◽  
Serotonin Reuptake ◽  
Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors ◽  
Tail Suspension Test ◽  
Afferent Neurons ◽  
Tail Suspension ◽  
Primary Afferent Neurons ◽  
Primary Afferent ◽  
Nerve Recordings ◽  
Suspension Test

Abstract The vagus nerve can transmit signals to the brain resulting in a reduction in depressive behavior as evidenced by the long-term beneficial effects of electrical stimulation of the vagus in patients with intractable depression. The vagus is the major neural connection between gut and brain, and we have previously shown that ingestion of beneficial bacteria modulates behaviour and brain neurochemistry via this pathway. Given the high levels of serotonin in the gut, we considered if gut-brain signaling, and specifically the vagal pathway, might contribute to the therapeutic effect of oral selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRI). Mesenteric nerve recordings were conducted in mice after treatment with SSRI to ascertain if this class of drugs resulted in increased vagal excitability. Patch clamp recordings of enteric neurons were carried out to measure activity of primary afferent neurons in the gut in response to SSRI and to assess the importance of gut epithelium in transducing signal. The tail suspension test (TST) was used following 14d feeding of SSRI in vagotomised and surgical sham mice to measure depressive-like behaviour. Brain mRNA expression was examined via PCR and the intestinal microbiome was assessed. Mesenteric nerve recordings in BALB/c mice demonstrated that oral treatment with SSRI leads to a significant increase in vagal activity. This effect was not observed in mice treated with a representative noradrenaline-dopamine reuptake inhibitor. It is known that signals from the gut can be transmitted to the vagus via the enteric nervous system. Exposure of the gut to SSRI increased the excitability of intrinsic primary afferent neurons in the myenteric plexus, through an intestinal epithelium dependent mechanism, and alpha-diversity of gut microbiota was altered. Critically, blocking vagal signaling from gut to brain, via subdiaphragmatic vagotomy, abolished the antidepressive effects of oral SSRI treatment as determined by the tail suspension test. This work suggests that vagus nerve dependent gut-brain signaling contributes to the effects of oral SSRI and further, highlights the potential for pharmacological approaches to treatment of mood disorders that focus on vagal stimulation and may not even require therapeutic agents to enter the circulation.

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