In vivo antiplasmodial properties of fractions and flavonoids of Pseudarthria hooheri Wight & Arn. (Fabaceae)

Malaria is regarded as one of the most lethal diseases. Resistance to artemisinin and its derivatives jeopardises effective malaria treatment. Finding novel antimalarial chemicals is critical given the existing treatment situation. This work aimed to examine the antiplasmodial capabilities of <i>Pseudarthria hookeri</i> fractions and flavonoids in vivo. The fractions and compounds antiplasmodial activity were evaluated on male Swiss albino mice infected with <i>Plasmodium berghei</i>, and on healthy female Swiss albino mice, the crude extract's acute toxicity was assessed. The EtOAc fraction had significant antiplasmodial activity (32.53 percent suppression at 500 mg/kg BW) and considerably prolonged the survival period of infected mice (9.8 days) compared to control mice (7.8 days). Parasitaemia was dramatically reduced (85.01, 59.41, and 70.39 percent), and the mean survival time extended (11.33, 10.00, and 9.33 days) with 15, 20 and 35 mg/kg of quercetin (<b>1</b>), 7-O-benzyl-6-prenylpinocembrin (<b>6</b>) and 6,8-diprenyleriodictyol (<b>11</b>) (isolates of the EtOAc fraction), respectively. BW loss and PCV reduction were also averted. Moreover, at 2500 mg/kg, the crude extract of <i>P. hookeri</i> showed no acute toxicity in mice. LC-MS analysis of the EtOAc fraction enabled the identification of nine flavonoids, with <b>8</b> and <b>11</b> being the main components. The present investigation confirmed <i>P. hookeri</i>'s antiplasmodial action, substantiating its ethnomedicinal application for malaria treatment.

Analgesic Effect of Ethanolic Extract of Seeds and Leaves of Coriandrum Sativum on Swiss Albino Mice

INTRODUCTION: Pain has been described by the International Association for the Study of Pain as an unpleasant sensory and emotional experience associated with actual or potential tissue damage, or described in terms of such damage. Although NSAIDS and OPIOIDS are available for the treatment, still pain (chronic) is major problem. The present study was designed to study the analgesic effect of ethanolic extract of Coriandrum sativum using hot plate method and acetic acid induced writhing method in experimental animals (Swiss albino mice). MATERIAL AND METHODS:The analgesic effect of leaves and seeds of Coriandrum sativum was assessed using hot plate method and acetic acid induced writhing method in Swiss albino mice. The animals were treated with the ethanolic extract of leaves and seeds of Coriandrum sativum orally at two doses of 100, 500 mg/kg body weight after electric heat and acetic acid induced pain in mice. RESULTS: The study showed that ethanolic extract of leaves and seeds of Coriandrum sativum presented significant (p<0.05) and (p<0.05) analgesic activity in mice simultaneously. The data were analyzed by one-way ANOVA followed by Dunette's multiple comparison test. The results demonstrate that ethanolic extract of leaves and seeds of Coriandrum sativum has got analgesic potential. CONCLUSION: The results demonstrate that ethanolic extract of leaves and seeds of Coriandrum sativum has got significant analgesic effect.

A Study on Morphological Growth and Development of Swiss Albino Mice, Wistar Rat and Dunkin Hartley Guinea Pigs

Background: Baseline information on the morphological development of laboratory animals is very scanty. Hence the present study was undertaken to understand the morphological development of experimental animals. Methods: An experiment was conducted at Biogen animal facility, Bangalore in the year 2018 to study the morphological changes with regard to growth and developmental parameters in Swiss albino mice and Wistar rats and body weight in guinea pigs. Ten Swiss albino mice and Wistar rats in advanced pregnancy of similar age groups and comparable litter sizes in the previous kindlings were selected for the experiment, where as five guinea pigs males and females each were selected with same age group. During the study period, litter weight and size at birth and at weaning, time of initiation and completion (full growth of hair) of hair growth, time of opening of eyes and ears recorded in Swiss albino mice and Wistar rats whereas body weight at birth, 3rd day, 6th day, 9th day, 12th day and 15th were recorded in Dunkin Hartley guinea pigs. Result: The results of Swiss albino mice indicated that the average litter weight (grams) and litter size at birth ranged from 1.39 and 7.50 respectively. The average time taken from initiation and full growth of hair covering on body was 7.50 to 15.30 days. Eyes and ears opened at 7.90 and 8.20 days respectively. Average weight of male and female recorded at weaning (25 days) 19.38 and 15.12 respectively and the litter size at the weaning was 9.70 whereas, livability percent was recorded 87.81 at the end of the trial. The results of Wistar rats indicated that the average litter weight (grams) and litter size at birth ranged from 5.07 and 11 respectively. The average time taken from initiation to full growth of hair covering on body was 9 to 16.20 days. Eyes and ears opened at 12.20 days, average weight (grams) of male and female recorded at weaning (25 days) 78.03 and 63.09 respectively. The litter size at the weaning was 9.70. The livability percent was recorded 88.02 at the end of the trial. The results of Dunkin Hartley guinea pigs indicated that the average body weight (grams) of female at birth, 3rd day, 6th day, 9th day, 12th day, 15th (Weaning period) ranged from 94.88, 109.34, 123.94, 139.74, 152.14 and 166.66, respectively. On the other hand, average body weight (grams) of male at birth, 3rd day, 6th day, 9th day, 12th day, 15th (Weaning period) ranged from 145.38, 155.42, 170.50, 185.54, 200.64 and 215.7, respectively.

Nutritional and Bioactive Characterization of Sicana odorifera Naudim Vell. Seeds By-Products and Its Potential Hepatoprotective Properties in Swiss Albino Mice

The “Kurugua” (Sicana odorifera) is a native fruit that demonstrates attractive nutritional, coloring, flavoring, and antioxidant properties. The main by-products from the processing and consumption of kurugua fruit are epicarp and seeds. In this work, the properties of the seeds of S. odorifera were evaluated. The nutritional composition of the fruit seeds was determined through AOAC official methods and UHPLC-ESI-MS/MS profiling. The antioxidant activities were determined using in vitro methods, and the acute toxicity and hepatoprotective properties were investigated in Swiss albino mice. Quercetin derivatives and cucurbitacins were the main phytochemicals in the seeds’ methanolic extract and demonstrated some biological activities. GC-MS analysis revealed the essential fatty acids linolenic and linoleic as the main compounds present in seeds oil. The methanolic extract significantly reduced the serum levels of glutamic-pyruvic transaminase (GPT) and glutamic-oxaloacetic transaminase (GOT) in mice with induced hepatotoxicity (GPT p < 0.05; GOT p < 0.001) at the minor concentration tested (100 mg/kg EMSo). The results suggest that the S. odorifera seeds as by-products show potential use as a source of phytochemicals and in the production of oils with application in food supplements and nutraceuticals. Their integral use could contribute to waste reduction from kurugua fruits processing within the food safety and environmental sustainability framework.

Garcinia camobogia extract alters anxiety, sociability, and dopamine turnover in male Swiss albino mice

Obesity is a global concern, closely allied with somatic and psychosomatic disorders. Herbal drugs are available in modern medicine to treat obesity. Garcinia camobogia being used by so many people trying to lose weight produces various systemic side effects. The study was conducted to assess its effect on anxiety, sociability, and dopamine turnover in male mice. Twenty-one male Swiss albino mice of either were divided into three groups with seven mice in each group. Control group was given distilled water (0.5 ml p.o.) and the other two groups received Garcinia cambogia extract at two different doses, a low and a higher dose (100 mg/kg and 500 mg/kg. p.o.) Each animal received a single oral dose daily, which was administered using an oral gavage for fourteen consecutive days. Effect of test drugs on anxiety was evaluated using open field test. Sociability and social novelty were evaluated using three chambers test. Results (mean ± SD) were analyzed using one-way ANOVA test followed by Tukey’s test. Garcinia cambogia extract significantly increased the time spent in the corners in the open field test, significantly reduced sociability and social novelty in the three-chamber test, significantly reduced dopamine turnover in the brain with a significant decrease in dopamine metabolite homovanillic acid (HVA) and increased D2 receptor expression in ventral tegmental area. Garcinia cambogia extract have significant anxiogenic effect along with reduced sociability and social novelty in male mice. Moreover, these effects could be related to the altered dopamine turnover and D2 receptor expression in mice brain. Article Highlights Chronic used of alcoholic extract of Garcinia campbogia lead to a significant increase in anxiety that was manifested by the reduced time in the center zone and increased immobility in the open field test. Garcinia camobogia chronic administration has a profound impact on sociability and social novelty with a significant decrease in both behavioral patterns compared to the control group. These effects could be attributed to the noticed change in the dopamine turnover in the brain with a significant decrease in dopamine metabolite (HVA) and an upward expression of D2 receptors in return.