scholarly journals Revisiting the tuberculosis and leprosy sanatorium era: for the post COVID healthcare in India

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 1011
Author(s):  
Abhilash Sood ◽  
Mitasha Singh ◽  
Seema Rani
Keyword(s):  
Infectious Disease ◽  
Natural History ◽  
Infectious Diseases ◽  
20Th Century ◽  
Social Stigma ◽  
Research Centre ◽  
History Of ◽  
Set Up ◽  
Good Food ◽  
Geographical Locations

Leprosy and tuberculosis (TB) are ancient diseases. These have been referred to in the Vedas and Ayurvedic Samhitas too. As no chemotherapy was effective against these diseases till middle of the 20th century, the main line of treatment was good food, open air and dry climate. Open air sanatoriums were formed for treatment and isolation of TB patients. The first sanatorium was founded in 1906 in Tiluania, near Ajmer, followed by one in Almora two years later. In 1909, the first non-missionary sanatorium was built near Shimla. Similarly, social stigma was the reason for creation of leprosy sanatoriums. First leprosy sanatorium was opened in 1925 at The school of tropical medicine, Calcutta and in 1955 the first research centre; The Lady Willingdon leprosy sanatorium, Chingleput (presently central leprosy teaching and research institute). These centers also contributed to knowledge of natural history of the disease and treatment. Subsequently many sanatoriums were set up at geographical locations which were at outskirts of cities, or at hilly terrains.1 One of the major reasons of setting up these sanatoria was to isolate the patients and prevent spread of disease further, in absence of medicines. Later on, many other infectious disease hospitals were also opened up, to cater to patients suffering from other infectious diseases.

NATURAL HISTORY OF THE BIOSPHERE AS A KEY TO SOLVE ECOLOGICAL PROBLEMS (TO THE 90TH ANNIVERSARY OF A.N. TYURYUKANOV)

2021 ◽  
Vol 43 (1) ◽  
pp. 130-136
Author(s):  
Valeriy SNAKIN
Keyword(s):  
Natural History ◽  
20Th Century ◽  
Soil Science ◽  
Natural Scientist ◽  
The Earth ◽  
Ecological Problems ◽  
90Th Anniversary ◽  
History Of ◽  
Landscape Geochemistry ◽  
Nature Development

Anatolij Nikiforovich Tyuryukanov (1931-2001), Dr.Sci (Biol.), professor was a remarkable Russian natural scientist, who made a signifi contribution to soil science and the theory of the biosphere. Investigation of Tyuryukanov’s works shows both evolution of the author’s scientifi interests and development of natural history in Russia in 20th century. He formulated the biosphere natural history principle founded on a new fundamental category of sciences foundation in 20th century. Th principle is based on genetic soil science, biogeocenology, landscape geochemistry and main branches of the Earth biosphere and vitasphere study. Interesting and sometimes unexpected assertions of A.N. Tyuryukanovs provide food for thought about both further studies of nature, development of biosphere study and refl on the human and biosphere relationships.

The natural history of hypoparathyroidism according to the database of endocrinology research centre

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elena Kovaleva ◽  
Anna Eremkina ◽  
Alina Aynetdinova ◽  
Natalia Mokrysheva
Keyword(s):  
Natural History ◽  
Research Centre ◽  
History Of

scholarly journals Patterns of smallpox mortality in London, England, over three centuries

PLoS Biology ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 18 (12) ◽  
pp. e3000506
Author(s):  
Olga Krylova ◽  
David J. D. Earn
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Infectious Disease ◽  
Time Series ◽  
Spectral Analysis ◽  
Infectious Diseases ◽  
Health Policies ◽  
Human Populations ◽  
Public Health Policies ◽  
History Of ◽  
History Of Control

Smallpox is unique among infectious diseases in the degree to which it devastated human populations, its long history of control interventions, and the fact that it has been successfully eradicated. Mortality from smallpox in London, England was carefully documented, weekly, for nearly 300 years, providing a rare and valuable source for the study of ecology and evolution of infectious disease. We describe and analyze smallpox mortality in London from 1664 to 1930. We digitized the weekly records published in the London Bills of Mortality (LBoM) and the Registrar General’s Weekly Returns (RGWRs). We annotated the resulting time series with a sequence of historical events that might have influenced smallpox dynamics in London. We present a spectral analysis that reveals how periodicities in reported smallpox mortality changed over decades and centuries; many of these changes in epidemic patterns are correlated with changes in control interventions and public health policies. We also examine how the seasonality of reported smallpox mortality changed from the 17th to 20th centuries in London.

scholarly journals Human genetic basis of interindividual variability in the course of infection

2015 ◽  
Vol 112 (51) ◽  
pp. E7118-E7127 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jean-Laurent Casanova
Keyword(s):  
Infectious Diseases ◽  
20Th Century ◽  
Genetic Basis ◽  
Human Genetics ◽  
Interindividual Variability ◽  
Background Information ◽  
Experimental Conditions ◽  
Life Threatening ◽  
History Of ◽  
The 19Th Century

The key problem in human infectious diseases was posed at the turn of the 20th century: their pathogenesis. For almost any given virus, bacterium, fungus, or parasite, life-threatening clinical disease develops in only a small minority of infected individuals. Solving this infection enigma is important clinically, for diagnosis, prognosis, prevention, and treatment. Some microbes will inevitably remain refractory to, or escape vaccination, or chemotherapy, or both. The solution also is important biologically, because the emergence and evolution of eukaryotes alongside more rapidly evolving prokaryotes, archaea, and viruses posed immunological challenges of an ecological and evolutionary nature. We need to study these challenges in natural, as opposed to experimental, conditions, and also at the molecular and cellular levels. According to the human genetic theory of infectious diseases, inborn variants underlie life-threatening infectious diseases. Here I review the history of the field of human genetics of infectious diseases from the turn of the 19th century to the second half of the 20th century. This paper thus sets the scene, providing the background information required to understand and appreciate the more recently described monogenic forms of resistance or predisposition to specific infections discussed in a second paper in this issue.

The First Women’s Studies Research Centre: A History of Women’s Studies and Its Progenitors

2018 ◽  
Vol 25 (2) ◽  
pp. 212-233
Author(s):  
Maithreyi Krishnaraj
Keyword(s):  
Women's Studies ◽  
Academic Disciplines ◽  
Research Centre ◽  
Women's Issues ◽  
Women’S Studies ◽  
Master's Thesis ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Government ◽  
Set Up ◽  
The University

The beginning of Women’s Studies has a special history in India. It owes its origin not only to some stalwarts but also to the historical times in which its birth took place. Its location in the SNDT Women’s University in Mumbai was at the initiative of Dr Neera Desai, a Professor of Sociology at that university. Her own work on women’s issues in her Master’s thesis and her involvement in the women’s movement gave her the background for envisaging that a women’s university should engage with analysis of women’s condition and not just teach women other academic disciplines. It was with this motive, that the Research Centre for Women’s Studies was set up in 1974, a year before the publication of the report Towards Equality of the Government of India. The university - originally begun at the initiative of the educationist Shri Dhondo Kheshav Karve received a handsome grant from the industrialist Shri Damodar Thackersey and got named after his mother Shrimathi Nathibai Damodar Thackersey hereafter SNDT Women’s University. The Centre with the involvement of able and farsighted administrators at this university spearheaded the development of this Centre, which became the torch bearer for raising women’s issues.

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