scholarly journals Dendrochronological study of Cedrus deodar Grown at Kumrat valley Dir Upper KPK, Pakistan: Evaluation of Tree Age and Increment Based on Increment Core

2021 ◽  
Vol 26 (2) ◽  
pp. 201-208
Author(s):  
Sajad Sajad ◽  
Jawad Jawad ◽  
Ikram Ul Haq
Keyword(s):  
Tree Rings ◽  
Basal Area ◽  
Basal Area Increment ◽  
Tree Age ◽  
Annual Increment ◽  
Increment Core ◽  
Sample Tree ◽  
Strong Positive Relationship ◽  
Volume Increment ◽  
Mean Annual Increment

The present research was conducted for tree-rings study in a mixed stand of Himalayan Species Credur deodar in Kumrat valley Dir Upper KPK, Pakistan. Tree-rings analysis was related to the counting of tree ring. Random sampling method was used, and 70 sample trees were selected, tree heights and diameters were measured, and increment cores were collected from each sample-tree diameter at the height at breast point to be analyzed and studied in the laboratory. The objectives of the study were to determine the exact age of tree and to evaluate total and mean annual increment in the basal area and tree volume based on the increment cores. Regression models revealed the impacts of tree age on the basal area and tree-volume increment. Results showed the minimum basal-area increment was 0.0028 m2 at the age of 10 years, the maximum basal-area increment was 2.658 m2 at the age of 60 years, with mean was 0.95±0.677 m2 at the age of 36 years and R2 was 0.9593. The maximum tree-volume increment was 1.42 m3 at the age of 60 years, the minimum tree-volume increment was 0.010 m3 at the age of 10 years, with mean was 1.35±0.96 m3 at the age of 36 years and R2 was 0.9167. The minimum mean annual-basal area increment was 0.0027 m2, the maximum mean annual-basal area increment was 0.048 m2, and the average increment was 0.022±0.010 m2. The maximum mean-annual increment in tree volume was 0.068 m3 at the age of 60 years, the minimum mean-annual increment was 0.0039 m3 at the age of 10 years, with mean was 0.032±0.014 m3 at the age of 36 years and R2 was 0.8903. Results showed a strong positive relationship of tree age with area and volume increment. Keywords: Basal area, increment, tree age, volume

Basal Area and Volume Development of Natural Even-Aged Shortleaf Pine Stands in the Ouachita Mountains

1992 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
pp. 30-34 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul A. Murphy ◽  
Edwin R. Lawson ◽  
Thomas B. Lynch
Keyword(s):  
Initial Conditions ◽  
Volume Growth ◽  
Basal Area ◽  
Pinus Echinata ◽  
Shortleaf Pine ◽  
Ouachita Mountains ◽  
Annual Increment ◽  
Basal Area Growth ◽  
Area Growth ◽  
Mean Annual Increment

Abstract Shortleaf pine (Pinus echinata Mill.) stands, average age 41 years, were thinned to different density levels (45 to 125 ft² of basal area in increments of 20 ft²). The stands received no further thinning. Equations for projected volumes and basal area per acre given initial conditions were formulated and fitted. The following trends were observed using the equations. Over a 24-year period, total basal area growth per acre started out over 2 ft² and had declined to less than 2 ft² by the end. Annual basal area growth had already culminated by age 41. Total annual cubic-foot volume growth per acre depended largely on initial stocking. The initial stocking and subsequent growth of the sawtimber portion were not related to the thinning treatments. Although sawtimber periodic annual cubic-foot growth culminated during the period under study, board-foot growth did not, indicating that mean annual increment for board-foot volumes had not culminated by age 64. South. J. Appl. For. 16(1):30-34.

scholarly journals Growth and Yield Relative to Competition for Loblolly Pine Plantations to Midrotation—A Southeastern United States Regional Study

2003 ◽  
Vol 27 (4) ◽  
pp. 237-252 ◽  
Author(s):  
James H. Miller ◽  
Bruce R. Zutter ◽  
Shepard M. Zedaker ◽  
M. Boyd Edwards ◽  
Ray A. Newbold
Keyword(s):  
Loblolly Pine ◽  
Basal Area ◽  
Pine Plantations ◽  
Growth And Yield ◽  
Regional Study ◽  
Annual Increment ◽  
Complete Control ◽  
High Severity ◽  
Pinus Taeda L ◽  
Mean Annual Increment

Abstract Loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) plantations were studied across 13 southeastern sites grown for 15 yr with near-complete control of woody, herbaceous, and woody plus herbaceous components during the first 3–5 yr. This multiple objective experiment (the COMProject) documents stand dynamics at the extreme corners of the response surface that encompasses most competition conditions common to pine plantations. This is the second of two companion reports. Merchantable pine volume after 15 yr with early, near complete competition control reached 2,350–4,415 ft3/ac by site compared to 1,132–2,965 ft3/ac on the no controls. With control of both woody and herbaceous competition, 15 yr volumes were increased by 23–121% and gains increased as hardwoods and shrubs increased on the no controls. Early woody control increased merchantable pine volume on 11 sites by 14–118%, while herbaceous control yielded somewhat less on average, a 17–50% increase on ten sites. No gains and some volume losses occurred when control of one component released severe competition from an enhanced remaining component, otherwise gains were generally additive for control of both components. Pine volume was decreased by about 1% for each 1 ft2/ac of hardwood basal area (BA) present at age 15. Annual measurements determined that culmination of current annual increment (CAI) with control of both competition components occurred in yr 8–11 at 250–470 ft3/ac/yr. CAIs for pine height, BA, and volume were decreased by about 5–27% when growing season rainfall (March–October) was less than 36 in. Mean annual increment had not culminated for any treatment at any location by yr 15 and ranged from 195–250 ft3/ac/yr with both woody and herbaceous control. Fusiform rust mainstem galls [Cronartium quercuum (Berk.) Miyabe ex Shirai f. sp. fusiforme (Hedge. & Hunt) Burdsall & Snow] in high severity areas increased additively with control of both components, more so with herb control. Contrary to the widespread assumption that hardwood out-compete pine, the hardwood proportion of stand BA decreased from yr 5–15 on sites where hardwood BA in yr 5 exceeded 10 ft2. South. J. Appl. For. 27(4):237–252.

Long-term effects of thinning and fertilization on growth of red fir in northeastern California

2005 ◽  
Vol 35 (6) ◽  
pp. 1285-1293 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jianwei Zhang ◽  
William W Oliver ◽  
Robert F Powers
Keyword(s):  
Basal Area ◽  
Basal Area Increment ◽  
Stand Development ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Annual Increment ◽  
Fourth Period ◽  
Abies Magnifica ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Second Period

To determine the impact of fertilization and thinning on growth and development of red fir (Abies magnifica A. Murr.) stands, we established an experiment in a 60-year-old stand using a 2 × 3 factorial design with nitrogen-fertilized and nonfertilized treatments and three stocking levels. Plots were established in 1976 and were measured every 5 years for 26 years. The periodic annual increment in basal area was 97%, 51%, 38%, and 33% greater in fertilized trees than in nonfertilized trees during the first, second, third, and fourth 5-year periods, respectively. After 20 years, annual basal area increment was greater in nonfertilized trees. The response of annual volume increment to fertilization was not statistically significant until the fourth period. Yet, volume increases of the fertilized plots were 25%–92% greater than those of the nonfertilized plots from 1976 to 1996. Similarly, basal area increment was greater in lightly thinned plots than in unthinned plots from the second period on, until heavy mortality during 1996–2002. Basal area increment was greater in the heavily thinned plots from the fourth period on. Results indicate that red fir can respond to fertilization and thinning quickly and that both treatments speed stand development. In addition, fertilization increases the stand's carrying capacity. Therefore, forest managers can use these silvicultural practices to improve stand growth, to reduce fire fuels, and to accelerate stand development.

scholarly journals Analysis of basal area increment of Pinus hartwegii Lindl. at different altitudes and aspects on Jocotitlán Mountain, State of Mexico

2020 ◽  
Vol 27 (1) ◽  
pp. 73-88
Author(s):  
Angélica Núñez-García ◽  
◽  
Armando Gómez-Guerrero ◽  
Teresa M. Terrazas-Salgado ◽  
J. Jesús Vargas-Hernández ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Tree Ring ◽  
Growth Ring ◽  
Ring Width ◽  
Basal Area ◽  
Climatic Variables ◽  
Basal Area Increment ◽  
Tree Age ◽  
Tree Ring Width ◽  
Pinus Hartwegii ◽  
Different Altitudes

Introduction: Basal area increment (BAI) is an indicator of forest productivity that varies with tree age and site factors such as soil and climate. Objective: To generate tree-ring width index (RWI) and BAI chronologies of Pinus hartwegii Lindl., relate them to climatic variables, and study the variation in BAI at different altitudes and aspects. Materials and methods: Four observation sites were identified, combining northwest (NW) and southwest (SW) aspects, as well as altitudes of 3 800 and 3 700 m. At each site, the temperature was recorded every four hours for 435 days and 32 growth ring segments were collected using a Pressler´s increment borer. Tree-ring width was measured and BAI was calculated; the correlation index between these indicators and the climatic variables was Pearson’s correlation coefficient. Results and discussion: The RWI series from the four observation sites had an intercorrelation of 0.33 (P < 0.01). Two low-growth periods were detected, one between 1950 and 1960 and the other between 1990 and 2005. Site SO-3700 had a different growth pattern, due to a second growth phase beginning in 1978, possibly a benefit resulting from increased temperature. The previous autumn temperature, spring temperature and April-September precipitation of the current year explained the variation in BAI (P < 0.05). Conclusion: The BAI of P. hartwegii could respond favorably to the predicted increases in temperature at an altitude of 3 700 m with southwest aspect.

scholarly journals Competition Indices and Their Relationship With Basal Area Increment of Araucaria

2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (5) ◽  
pp. 198 ◽  
Author(s):  
Emanuel Arnoni Costa ◽  
César Augusto Guimarães Finger ◽  
André Felipe Hess
Keyword(s):  
Basal Area ◽  
Principal Component ◽  
Basal Area Increment ◽  
Annual Increment ◽  
Multivariate Technique ◽  
Breast Height ◽  
Mathematical Equations ◽  
Individual Trees ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Competition Indices

Models that report the effect of competition are important for forest management since forests with higher levels of competition have lower increment rates, and their use is necessary to plan forest interventions. Thus, this study aimed to assess the effect of competition in the basal area increment of individual trees of Araucaria angustifolia (Bertol.) Kuntze in a natural forest. A total of 397 subject trees were measured, covering the diametric range. The dendrometric and morphometric characteristics of subject trees and their competitors were obtained, and 22 distance-dependent and distance-independent competition indices were calculated, in addition to increment cores extracted radially from the trunk at diameter at breast height. The relationship between models of periodic annual increment in basal area based on competition indices has allowed to obtain R2 values of 0.425 and Syx% ≥ 50.2. The multivariate technique of principal component analysis has shown that three principal components explain 78.43% of total variation. The first component was responsible for explaining 52.95%, with similar eigenvector for 11 competition indices, evidencing that these models can be used to describe especies competition, although they show different variables and mathematical equations in calculations. Results show the importance of competition to predict increment of Araucaria in individual trees.

scholarly journals Voronoi polygons quantify bias when sampling the nearest plant

2015 ◽  
Vol 45 (12) ◽  
pp. 1853-1859 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas B. Lynch
Keyword(s):  
Basal Area ◽  
Individual Tree ◽  
Sample Mean ◽  
Increment Core ◽  
Population Mean ◽  
Sample Tree ◽  
Polygon Area ◽  
Coefficients Of Variation ◽  
Voronoi Polygons ◽  
Design Bias

The design bias in the sample mean obtained from sampling the trees nearest to points randomly and uniformly distributed over a forested area can be exactly quantified in terms of the Voronoi polygons (V polygons) surrounding each tree in the forest of interest. For this sampling method, the V polygon for a prospective sample tree is its inclusion zone. The sides of such polygons are perpendicular to a line joining adjacent trees and equidistant from these trees. For any individual tree attribute Y, the design bias in such a sample mean for estimating the population mean of Y will be equal to the covariance between Y and V-polygon area V divided by the mean V-polygon area. The bias as a percent of the population mean of Y is the product of the correlation coefficient between Y and V and the coefficients of variation for Y and V multiplied by 100. This implies that attempts to estimate the means of commonly measured individual tree variables such as DBH, basal area, and crown diameter or the area from sampling trees nearest to randomly located points will likely be positively biased, and the magnitude of that bias will depend on the strength of the linear relationship to the V-polygon area, as well as the variability among the V-polygon areas and the variable of interest. It is not obvious whether increment core data will be positively or negatively biased, because this depends on the characteristics of the forest of interest. The main conclusion of the study is that the bias formula derived for unweighted estimation from sampling the tree nearest to a point indicates that bias in the range of 5%–10% or greater can occur in many forest populations.

scholarly journals Effect of Spacing Regimes on Growth, Yield, and Wood Properties ofTectona grandisat Longuza Forest Plantation, Tanzania

2015 ◽  
Vol 2015 ◽  
pp. 1-6 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eliakimu Zahabu ◽  
Tumaini Raphael ◽  
Shabani Athumani Omari Chamshama ◽  
Said Iddi ◽  
Rogers Ernest Malimbwi
Keyword(s):  
Basic Density ◽  
Growth Yield ◽  
Basal Area ◽  
Wood Properties ◽  
Modulus Of Rupture ◽  
Forest Plantation ◽  
Annual Increment ◽  
Volume Production ◽  
Rotation Age ◽  
Mean Annual Increment

This study examined the effects of planting spacing on growth, yield, and wood properties of teak planted at square spacing regimes of 2 m, 3 m, and 4 m at Longuza Forest Plantation, Tanzania. To achieve this, tree, stand, and wood properties were studied at age of 14 years. Results showed that diameter at breast height and total height increased with increasing spacing. Mean annual increment increased significantly with increasing spacing while spacing did not have significant effect on total volume production and basal area. Basic density is also not affected by spacing while heartwood proportion increases as planting spacing increases. All studied wood properties (modulus of rupture, modulus of elasticity, compression strength tangential to grain, and shear tangential to the grain) except cleavage tangential to grain were not significantly affected by increasing spacing. It is recommended to use the spacing of 3 × 3 m, but if thinning can be done before onset of competition at 5 years, the currently used spacing of 2.5 × 2.5 m can still be used. However, the use of a spacing of 4 × 4 m can give at least 50% heartwood at shorter rotation age of 30 years.

Fifteen Years of Cottonwood Plantation Growth and Yield

1980 ◽  
Vol 4 (4) ◽  
pp. 180-185 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. M. Krinard ◽  
R. L. Johnson
Keyword(s):  
Populus Deltoides ◽  
Growth And Yield ◽  
Annual Increment ◽  
Volume Increment ◽  
Mean Annual Increment

Abstract At age 15, unthinned cottonwood (Populus deltoides Bartr.) planted at four spacings ranged from 7.5 to 12.1 inches average d.b.h. Initial spacings were 4' x 9', 8' x 9', 12' x 12', and 16' x 18' on Commerce-Convent soils. Mean annual cubic-foot volume increment by spacings in trees ≥5.0 inches d.b.h. peaked from year 9 to 13 and ranged from 277 to 313 cubic feet per acre per year. Yields from three thinning treatments did not exceed unthinned mean annual increments for a given spacing. Board-foot mean annual increment in trees ≥12.0 inches d.b.h. to a 10-inch top ranged from 60 to 370 board feet per acre for unthinned plots and from 100 to 420 board feet per acre for thinned plots when averaged over spacings.

Individual Tree Basal Area Increment and Total Height Equations for Appalachian Mixed Hardwoods After Thinning

1986 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 99-104 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wade C. Harrison ◽  
Thomas E. Burk ◽  
Donald E. Beck
Keyword(s):  
Basal Area ◽  
Tree Height ◽  
Basal Area Increment ◽  
Average Height ◽  
Regression Equations ◽  
White Oak ◽  
Annual Increment ◽  
Individual Tree ◽  
Total Height ◽  
Stand Basal Area

Abstract Growth response of various species to thinning in even-aged stands of Appalachian mixed hardwoods was predicted with species-specific regression equations. Periodic annual increment over a five-year period was expressed as a linear function of original tree basal area divided by breast height age and a thinning or competition index based on stand basal area. For most species, a combination of stand basal area before and after thinning served as the thinning index; for the five oak species studied, the index was simply stand basal area after thinning. Nonlinear regression equations were formulated to express total tree height as a function of dbh and average height of dominant and codominant white oak. The equations for tree basal area increment and total height may be applied to predict growth after thinning in Appalachian mixed hardwood stands. South J. Appl. For. 10:99-104, May 1986

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