In legal systems that recognize customary land tenure, does the law explicitly protect the land rights of women?

2018 ◽  
pp. 47-56
Keyword(s):  
Land Tenure ◽  
Land Rights ◽  
Legal Systems ◽  
The Law ◽  
Customary Land

A New Era of Customary Property Rights? – Liberia’s Land and Forest Legislation in Light of the Indigenous Right to Self-Determination

2019 ◽  
Vol 52 (4) ◽  
pp. 439-462
Author(s):  
Ricarda Rösch
Keyword(s):  
Property Rights ◽  
Land Tenure ◽  
Land Rights ◽  
Self Determination ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
Sub Saharan ◽  
Forest Legislation ◽  
Customary Land ◽  
The Right

After the end of Liberia’s civil war in 2003, the country embarked upon the reform of its forest and land legislation. This culminated in the adoption of the 2009 Community Rights Law with Respect to Forest Lands and the 2018 Land Rights Act, which NGOs and donors have described as being amongst the most progressive laws in sub-Saharan Africa with regard to the recognition of customary land tenure. Given these actors commitment to human rights, this article takes the indigenous right to self-determination as a starting point for analysing customary property rights and their implementation in Liberia. This includes the examination of the Liberian concept of the 1) recognition and nature of customary land rights, 2) customary ownership of natural resources, 3) jurisdiction over customary land, 4) the prohibition of forcible removal, and 5) the right to free, prior and informed consent.

Fractured Governance and Local Frictions: The Exclusionary Nature of a Clandestine Land Market in Southern Zambia

Africa ◽  
2010 ◽  
Vol 80 (1) ◽  
pp. 36-55 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nicholas J. Sitko
Keyword(s):  
Land Tenure ◽  
Land Rights ◽  
Land Market ◽  
Land Markets ◽  
Private Land ◽  
Land Administration ◽  
The Social ◽  
Customary Land ◽  
Rural Zambia

This article explores the ways in which efforts to expand private land tenure, coupled with the continued centrality of customary land administration in Zambia, produce a fractured system of land governance in which localized markets for land emerge but are forced to operate in a clandestine manner. Using ethnographic and archival data sources, I argue that despite the historical and contemporary relationship between land rights and economic ‘development’, the clandestine nature of land markets in rural Zambia tends to (re)produce many of the social ills that ‘development’ seeks to resolve. Using a case study of a clandestine market for land in a Tonga-speaking region of southern Zambia, this article shows how these markets undermine women's rights to land, while allowing for the consolidation of wealth and power in the hands of a few.

scholarly journals Colonisation and Aboriginal Land Tenure: Taiwan during the Qing Period (1684-1895) and the Japanese Period (1895-1945)

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
Ruiping Ye
Keyword(s):  
Land Tenure ◽  
Legal System ◽  
Chinese Culture ◽  
Land Rights ◽  
Aboriginal Peoples ◽  
Property Law ◽  
Legal Systems ◽  
Legal Tradition ◽  
Qing Government ◽  
The Government

<p>This thesis is concerned with the land rights of the aboriginal peoples of Taiwan. It explores how under the Qing (1684-1895) and Japanese (1895-1945) regimes, laws and policies regarding aboriginal land in Taiwan resulted in aboriginal land tenure changes and loss of land. The thesis also explores how the respective legal systems and legal cultures of the Qing and Japanese states influenced policy-making concerning aboriginal land.  The thesis examines the different effects of the Qing and Japanese administrations on aboriginal land tenure in Taiwan. It analyses Qing policies towards land settlement in Taiwan, the extent of the government’s recognition and protection of aboriginal land rights, the changes that the distinctive Qing property law regime, including the Chinese customary land practice, brought to aboriginal land tenure, and the aborigines’ interaction with the government and settlers regarding their land. To a lesser extent and as a comparison, the thesis then discusses the Japanese government’s attitudes towards the aborigines and aboriginal land tenure, and Japan’s reforms of land tenure in Taiwan.  The thesis puts the study of Taiwan aboriginal land policies into the wider framework of the administration of Taiwan by two governments whose legal systems were quite different: the Qing government, which in many respects was a traditional Chinese imperial regime, and Japan, which by the time it colonised Taiwan had reformed its law along European lines and which was considered to be a modern and European-style state. Ultimately, this thesis attempts to find out what role the Qing legal system played in shaping the policies and in the transformation of aboriginal land tenure, and how the Japanese legal system, largely westernised after the Meiji Restoration in 1868, influenced Japanese policies regarding aboriginal land in Taiwan. Thus a central concern of the thesis is the connection between law and colonial policy.  This thesis concludes that the Qing colonisation of Taiwan was different from the later Japanese colonisation of Taiwan and from Western styles of colonisation. Shaped by its legal culture, constitutional framework, administrative system and property law regime, the Qing government had very little or no intention and took little action to transform aboriginal land tenure. Rather the Qing legal tradition allowed for or enabled Chinese settlers to manipulate aboriginal land tenure and impose Chinese culture on the aborigines, an effect often unintended by the government. In contrast, Japan colonised Taiwan with a specific intention to exploit the resources of the island and thus the government played a strong role in changing aboriginal land tenure in Taiwan.</p>

scholarly journals TINJAUAN HUKUM PELEPASAN TANAH ULAYAT

2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 108-119
Author(s):  
Happy Trizna Wijaya
Keyword(s):  
Land Tenure ◽  
Land Rights ◽  
Customary Law ◽  
Land Acquisition ◽  
The Public ◽  
Personal Rights ◽  
Presidential Decree ◽  
The Government ◽  
Customary Land ◽  
Ownership Rights

Since September 24, 1960 Law No. 5/1960 was stipulated regarding Basic Regulations on Agrarian Principles or often referred to as the Basic Agrarian Law (UUPA), adopting legal unification and based on customary law. Customary land law is original law, has a unique characteristic, where individual rights to land are personal rights but in it contain togetherness. Land controlled by customary law communities is known as ulayat rights. Although customary law is the basis of the LoGA, problems with ownership rights to customary land often occur due to unclear land boundaries and customary land tenure by the government without any release of land. The results of this study revealed that the procedure for controlling customary land by the local government through the mechanism of land acquisition as stipulated in Permendagri No. 15 of 1975 provides more opportunities for the Government to control land rights, while the owner / holder of land rights has a very weak position because many rights to land are neglected so that it violates the human rights of land rights holders. With the issuance of Presidential Decree No. 55 of 1993 concerning Land Procurement for the Implementation of Development for the Public Interest in lieu of Permendagri No. 15 of 1975, which provides a protection to holders of land rights to be able to defend their rights. This is also the case with Perpres No. 36 of 2005 Jo Perpres No. 65 of 2006 issued as a substitute for Presidential Decree No. 55 of 1993, far more provide protection to the community to defend their rights, while the government is increasingly limited in obtaining land. So Perpres No. 65 of 2006 provides a guarantee of legal certainty to holders of land rights to be able to defend their rights.Sejak 24 September 1960 ditetapkan Undang-undang Nomor 5 Tahun 1960 tentang Peraturan Dasar Pokok-pokok Agraria atau sering disebut Undang-undang Pokok Agraria (UUPA), menganut unifikasi hukum dan berdasarkan hukum adat. Hukum tanah adat merupakan hukum asli, mempunyai sifat yang khas, dimana hak-hak perorangan atas tanah merupakan hak pribadi akan tetapi didalamnya mengandung unsur kebersamaan. Tanah-tanah yang dikuasai oleh masyarakat hukum adat dikenal dengan sebutan hak ulayat. Walaupun hukum adat merupakan dasar dari UUPA tetapi permasalahan terhadap hak kepemilikan atas tanah adat seringkali terjadi karena penentuan batas tanah hak ulayat yang tidak jelas, maupun karena penguasaan hak atas tanah adat oleh pemerintah tanpa ada pelepasan tanah. Hasil penelitian ini mengungkapkan bahwa Prosedur penguasaan tanah ulayat oleh Pemda melalui mekanisme pembebasan tanah yang tertuang dalam Permendagri No. 15 Tahun 1975 lebih memberikan kesempatan kepada pihak Pemerintah untuk menguasai hak atas tanah, sedangkan pemilik/pemegang hak atas tanah mempunyai kedudukan yang sangat lemah karena banyak hak atas tanah yang diabaikan sehingga sangat melanggar hak asasi pemegang hak atas tanah. Dengan diterbitkannya Kepres No. 55 Tahun 1993 mengenai Pengadaan Tanah Bagi Pelaksanaan Pembangunan Untuk Kepentingan Umum sebagai pengganti Permendagri No. 15 Tahun 1975, yang memberikan suatu perlindungan kepada pemegang hak atas tanah untuk dapat mempertahankan haknya. Begitu juga halnya dengan Perpres No. 36 Tahun 2005 Jo Perpres No. 65 Tahun 2006 yang dikeluarkan sebagai pengganti Kepres No. 55 Tahun 1993, jauh lebih memberikan perlindungan kepada pihak masyarakat untuk membela haknya, sedangkan pihak pemerintah semakin terbatas dalam memperoleh tanah. Sehingga Perpres No. 65 Tahun 2006 memberikan suatu jaminan kepastian hukum kepada pemegang hak atas tanah untuk dapat mempertahankan haknya.

scholarly journals Kondisi Aktual Penguasaan Tanah Ulayat Di Maluku: Telaah Terhadap Gagasan Pendaftaran Tanahnya

2019 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 222-229
Author(s):  
Oloan Sitorus
Keyword(s):  
Land Tenure ◽  
Land Rights ◽  
Public Authority ◽  
Land Registration ◽  
Customary Land ◽  
Land Register ◽  
Private Right

Abstract: What land registration concept is suitable for Tanah Ulayat (Petuanan Land)? This question is relevant to be answered when the actual conditions of tenurial of the Petuanan Land have undergone an individualization process. The above question is answered by applying the concept of land registration to the actual conditions of customary land tenure. For Petuanan Land which is still intact containing public authority and private right, the proper concept of land registration is only limited to the Land Register. Furthermor, Petuanan Land that has undergone the process of individualization into Tanah Marga or Soa and individual land, the concept of land registration can be carried out up to the issuance of certificates as proof of land rights. Thus, the portion of Petuanan Land that can be the object of Complete Systematic Land Registration in Maluku Province is Petuanan Land that has undergone a process of individualization, can be land that is possessed or owned  by traditional village (although very rare), clan or soa. Intisari: Pendaftaran Tanah yang bagaimanakah yang tepat bagi Tanah Ulayat (Tanah Petuanan) di Maluku? Pertanyaan ini dipandang relevan untuk dijawab ketika kondisi aktual penguasaan Tanah Ulayat (Tanah Petuanan) itu sudah mengalami proses individualisasi. Pertanyaan di atas dijawab dengan cara menerapkan konsep pendaftaran tanah terhadap kondisi aktual penguasaan tanah ulayat. Bagi Tanah Petuanan yang masih utuh berisi kewenangan publik dan privat, konsep pendaftaran tanah yang tepat hanyalah sebatas Daftar Tanah. Selanjutnya, Tanah Petuanan yang sudah mengalami proses individualisasi menjadi Tanah Marga atau Soa dan Tanah Individual, maka konsep pendaftaran tanah dapat dilakukan sampai pada penerbitan sertipikat sebagai bukti hak atas tanah. Dengan demikian, bagian dari Tanah Petuanan yang dapat menjadi objek Pendaftaran Tanah Sistematik Lengkap di Provinsi Maluku adalah Tanah Petuanan yang sudah mengalami proses individualisasi, dapat berupa tanah yang dikuasai oleh negeri (meskipun sangat jarang), tanah yang dikuasai marga atau soa, dan tanah yang dikuasai oleh perorangan.

Winning Title to Land but Not to Its Past: The Toledo Maya and Sites of pre-Hispanic Heritage

2011 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
pp. 111-129 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shoshaunna Parks
Keyword(s):  
Land Tenure ◽  
Indigenous Rights ◽  
Land Rights ◽  
Indigenous Communities ◽  
Indigenous Land Rights ◽  
The Government ◽  
Customary Land ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
First Time ◽  
Indigenous Land

AbstractThe struggle for indigenous rights to pre-Hispanic cultural heritage parallels the struggle for indigenous land rights in Belize. By Belizean law, material objects and sites of activity older than 100 years in age are the property of the state. Similarly, land inhabited by indigenous communities in southern Belize is held in trust by the government. In 2007 the community of Santa Cruz in southern Belize won customary land tenure over their lands for the first time from the Belizean government. This change in land ownership presents new challenges to the definition of ownership of ancient places in Maya territory. In particular, the transfer of land rights to the community has potential implications for the ownership and management of the local pre-Hispanic site of Uxbenká that may ultimately serve as a paradigm for the future relationship between Maya peoples and ancestral remains throughout the nation.

scholarly journals ACKNOWLEDGING LAND RIGHTS OF THE ORANG ASLI: A HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE OF LAWS IN PENINSULAR MALAYSIA

2017 ◽  
Vol 25 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Izawati Wook
Keyword(s):  
Historical Perspective ◽  
Common Law ◽  
Minority Group ◽  
Land Rights ◽  
Legal Positivism ◽  
Legal Rights ◽  
Research Approach ◽  
Orang Asli ◽  
The Law ◽  
Customary Land

The perspective that the Orang Asli communities do not have legal rights to their customary land remains despite common law recognition by the courts in a series of cases since two decades ago. To the contrary, this article argues that such a perspective has no basis under the law. By using a historical research approach, it is shown that it has never been the case under the law, policy and practices that the customary land of the Orang Asli was denied their entitlement. In practice, the law and official policy and their development in history observe and acknowledge the existing rights to land and resources, which arose from custom of the local inhabitants including the Orang Asli. The law inherently recognises the Orang Asli as having their own distinct political and social identities. The article provides a historical perspective of law and official practices in the Malay Peninsula in relation to land rights of the Orang Asli and trace their origin to British conduct in North America and the Indian Empire which directly influenced their actions in the Malay states. The reality is that, rather than the denial of the land rights of the Orang Asli under the law, there were other factors that led to the continued loss of their land. Conflicting economic interests and cultural attitudes compounded by a change towards legal positivism that came to prevail both, in international law and national legal systems, hampered the recognition of law relating to the land rights of the Orang Asli, who are a minority group that lacks political power. Following this argument, the development of Malaysian common law, beginning from the case of Adong bin Kuwau v Kerajaan Negeri Johor in 1997 that addressed the concerns of the Orang Asli, as well as the natives in East Malaysia, is not novel; it is merely the application of a long standing legal principle in the jurisdiction.

scholarly journals Colonisation and Aboriginal Land Tenure: Taiwan during the Qing Period (1684-1895) and the Japanese Period (1895-1945)

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
Ruiping Ye
Keyword(s):  
Land Tenure ◽  
Legal System ◽  
Chinese Culture ◽  
Land Rights ◽  
Aboriginal Peoples ◽  
Property Law ◽  
Legal Systems ◽  
Legal Tradition ◽  
Qing Government ◽  
The Government

<p>This thesis is concerned with the land rights of the aboriginal peoples of Taiwan. It explores how under the Qing (1684-1895) and Japanese (1895-1945) regimes, laws and policies regarding aboriginal land in Taiwan resulted in aboriginal land tenure changes and loss of land. The thesis also explores how the respective legal systems and legal cultures of the Qing and Japanese states influenced policy-making concerning aboriginal land.  The thesis examines the different effects of the Qing and Japanese administrations on aboriginal land tenure in Taiwan. It analyses Qing policies towards land settlement in Taiwan, the extent of the government’s recognition and protection of aboriginal land rights, the changes that the distinctive Qing property law regime, including the Chinese customary land practice, brought to aboriginal land tenure, and the aborigines’ interaction with the government and settlers regarding their land. To a lesser extent and as a comparison, the thesis then discusses the Japanese government’s attitudes towards the aborigines and aboriginal land tenure, and Japan’s reforms of land tenure in Taiwan.  The thesis puts the study of Taiwan aboriginal land policies into the wider framework of the administration of Taiwan by two governments whose legal systems were quite different: the Qing government, which in many respects was a traditional Chinese imperial regime, and Japan, which by the time it colonised Taiwan had reformed its law along European lines and which was considered to be a modern and European-style state. Ultimately, this thesis attempts to find out what role the Qing legal system played in shaping the policies and in the transformation of aboriginal land tenure, and how the Japanese legal system, largely westernised after the Meiji Restoration in 1868, influenced Japanese policies regarding aboriginal land in Taiwan. Thus a central concern of the thesis is the connection between law and colonial policy.  This thesis concludes that the Qing colonisation of Taiwan was different from the later Japanese colonisation of Taiwan and from Western styles of colonisation. Shaped by its legal culture, constitutional framework, administrative system and property law regime, the Qing government had very little or no intention and took little action to transform aboriginal land tenure. Rather the Qing legal tradition allowed for or enabled Chinese settlers to manipulate aboriginal land tenure and impose Chinese culture on the aborigines, an effect often unintended by the government. In contrast, Japan colonised Taiwan with a specific intention to exploit the resources of the island and thus the government played a strong role in changing aboriginal land tenure in Taiwan.</p>

scholarly journals SmartSkeMa: Scalable Documentation for Community and Customary Land Tenure

Land ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (7) ◽  
pp. 662
Author(s):  
Malumbo C. Chipofya ◽  
Sahib Jan ◽  
Angela Schwering
Keyword(s):  
Land Tenure ◽  
Land Rights ◽  
Land Administration ◽  
Land Relations ◽  
Fit For Purpose ◽  
Indigenous Land Rights ◽  
Customary Land ◽  
The Many ◽  
High Level ◽  
Indigenous Land

According to the online database landmarkmap, up to an estimated 50% or more of the world’s habitable land is held by indigenous peoples and communities. While legal and procedural provisions are being made for bureaucratically managing the many different types of tenure relations in this domain, there continues to be a lack of tools and expertise needed to quickly and accurately document customary and indigenous land rights. Software and hardware tools that have been designed for documenting land tenure through communities continue to assume a parcel-based model of land as well as categories of land relations (RRR) largely dimensionally similar to statutory land rights categories. The SmartSkeMa approach to land tenure documentation combines sketching by hand with aerial imagery and an ontology-based model of local rules regulating land tenure relations to produce a system specifically designed to allow accurate documentation of land tenure from a local perspective. In addition, the SmartSkeMa adaptor which is an OWL-DL based set of rules for translating local land related concepts to the LADM concepts provides a more high-level view of the data collected (i.e., what does this concept relate to within the national LADM profile?) In this paper we present the core functionalities of SmartSkeMa using examples from Kenya and Ethiopia. Based on an expert survey and focus groups held in Kenya, we also analyze how the approach fairs on the Fit-for-Purpose Land Administration tools scale. The results indicate that the approach could be beneficial in scaling up mapping of community and customary lands as well as help reduce conflict through its participatory nature.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document