Age-Specific Host Utilization in the Eastern Tent Caterpillar (Lepidoptera: Lasiocampidae)

2004 ◽  
Vol 39 (1) ◽  
pp. 94-100 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. K. Rieske
Keyword(s):  
Black Locust ◽  
Larval Growth ◽  
Survival Rates ◽  
Black Cherry ◽  
White Pine ◽  
White Oak ◽  
Growth And Survival ◽  
Conium Maculatum ◽  
Eastern Tent Caterpillar ◽  
Tent Caterpillar

Larval growth and survival of the eastern tent caterpillar, Malacosoma americana F., was assessed on its preferred host, black cherry (Prunus serotina Ehrhart), black locust (Robinia pseudoacacia L.), hackberry (Celtis occidentalis L.), white oak (Quercus alba L.), and white pine (Pinus strobus L.), and on the herbaceous biennial poison hemlock (Conium maculatum L.). Larvae grew largest and had the greatest pupation and survival rates when fed black cherry and white oak. They did not grow well on black locust or white pine, but survival rates were relatively high, suggesting that both plant species could potentially serve to sustain tent caterpillar populations. Growth and survival was so low on hackberry and poison hemlock that they pose little chance of sustaining outbreaking caterpillar populations.

The Nutrition of the Larva of Aedes Aegypti L

1945 ◽  
Vol 21 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 90-96
Author(s):  
L. GOLBERG ◽  
B. DE MEILLON ◽  
M. LAVOIPIERRE
Keyword(s):  
Folic Acid ◽  
Aedes Aegypti ◽  
Larval Growth ◽  
Survival Rates ◽  
Pantothenic Acid ◽  
Basal Medium ◽  
Brewer’S Yeast ◽  
Growth And Survival ◽  
Brewer's Yeast ◽  
Vital Effect

1. Autolysis products of fresh brewer's yeast, tested for their ability to promote growth of larvae of Aedes aegypti, revealed the loss of an essential part of the activity of the original yeast. Under suitably modified conditions this loss could be avoided. 2. A basal medium comprising the water-insoluble factor of brewer's yeast, glucose, salt mixture and yeast nucleic acid requires supplementation with thiamin, riboflavin, nicotinic acid, pantothenic acid and possibly with biotin in order to permit larval growth to the fourth instar. 3. For pupation, one further factor appears to be necessary, namely, folic acid. Its effect is specific, for it cannot be replaced by xanthopterin or thymine. It exercises an important effect also on growth and survival rates, bodily pigmentation and size of the larvae. 4. The following substances when added to or withheld from various media did not appear to influence growth or survival of the larvae; other vitamins of the B group, amino-acids, purines, pyrimidines, glutathione, ascorbic acid and possibly vitamin K. 5. Transference of larvae from a folic acid-free medium to one containing the vitamin, and vice versa, revealed that the presence of folic acid seems to have its most vital effect during the third stage of larval life.

BACTERIA AS FOOD FOR BLACKFLY LARVAE (DIPTERA: SIMULIIDAE) IN LABORATORY CULTURES AND IN NATURAL STREAMS

1964 ◽  
Vol 42 (4) ◽  
pp. 527-548 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. J. H. Fredeen
Keyword(s):  
Larval Growth ◽  
Survival Rates ◽  
Trophic Levels ◽  
Live Cells ◽  
Growth And Survival ◽  
Planktonic Bacteria ◽  
First Instar ◽  
Natural Streams ◽  
Fourth Species ◽  
Blackfly Larvae

Planktonic bacteria as food for filter-feeding blackfly larvae were investigated in laboratory tests and in the field. Three of the commonest blackflies in Western Canada, Simulium venustum, S. verecundum, and S. vittatum, developed to adults from first-instar larvae and a fourth species, S. arcticum, developed to, or nearly to, last-instar larvae, when offered only washed suspensions of Bacillus subtilis, Aerobacter aerogenes, or Escherichia coli as food.Average concentrations of 1.3 × 106 to 34.9 × 106 cells per ml of the gram-negative A. aerogenes allowed production of adults, with best larval growth and survival in the higher concentrations. In local streams and rivers the bacterial content ranged from 0.1 × 106 to 25.0 × 106 (av. 2.2 × 106) cells per ml. Ultraviolet irradiation of the bacteria to reduce the proportion of live cells to as low as 0.1%, near the proportion in many streams, and the use of the gram-positive B. subtilis, adversely affected survival rates of the larvae.In certain streams bacteria and blackfly larvae apparently represented the basic trophic levels in the food web. Also, bacteria leached from soils and sewage may have been important in the development of outbreaks of S. arcticum.

scholarly journals Response of larval and juvenile rudd Scardinius erythrophthalmus (L.) to different diets under controlled conditions 331

2009 ◽  
Vol 54 (No. 7) ◽  
pp. 331-337 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Wolnicki ◽  
J. Sikorska ◽  
R. Kamiński
Keyword(s):  
Larval Growth ◽  
Survival Rates ◽  
Fish Growth ◽  
Spinal Deformities ◽  
Growth And Survival ◽  
First Feeding ◽  
Scardinius Erythrophthalmus ◽  
Controlled Conditions ◽  
Final Survival

The growth and survival of rudd <I>Scardinius erythrophthalmus</I> (L.) were evaluated in a laboratory at 25°C. In 20-day Experiment 1, first-feeding larvae at the age of 4 days post-hatch (initially: TL = 5.7 mm, BW = 0.9 mg) were fed live <I>Artemia</I> nauplii or commercial dry feed (Aller Futura Larvae, AFL) or combinations of both. Even the longest period of initial feeding of nauplii (6 days) was insufficient to obtain satisfactory larval growth after weaning to AFL (TL = 12.4 mm and BW = 17.7 mg vs. TL = 18.9 mm and BW = 68.5 mg for the nauplii-fed fish, significant differences). Nauplii-fed older larvae (24 days post-hatch) were then used in Experiment 2, in which they were fed AFL or Ewos AgloNorse (EAN) dry feeds for 40 days. The EAN diet proved to be significantly (<I>P</I> ≤ 0.05) superior to AFL regarding the final fish growth (TL = 36.5 mm and BW = 506.8 mg vs. TL = 33.4 mm and BW = 392.0 mg ), final survival rates (97.6% vs. 100%) and the incidence of spinal deformities (0% vs. 13.5%).

Growth responses of seven major co-occurring tree species of the northeastern United States to elevated CO2

1990 ◽  
Vol 20 (9) ◽  
pp. 1479-1484 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. A. Bazzaz ◽  
J. S. Coleman ◽  
S. R. Morse
Keyword(s):  
Tree Species ◽  
Sugar Maple ◽  
Growth Enhancement ◽  
Black Cherry ◽  
Red Maple ◽  
Growth Responses ◽  
White Pine ◽  
American Beech ◽  
Harvard Forest ◽  
Paper Birch

We examined how elevated CO2 affected the growth of seven co-occurring tree species: American beech (Fagusgrandifolia Ehrh.), paper birch (Betulapapyrifera Marsh.), black cherry (Prunusserotina Ehrh.), white pine (Pinusstrobus L.), red maple (Acerrubrum L.), sugar maple (Acersaccharum Marsh.), and eastern hemlock (Tsugacanadensis (L.) Carr). We also tested whether the degree of shade tolerance of species and the age of seedlings affected plant responses to enhanced CO2 levels. Seedlings that were at least 1 year old, for all species except beech, were removed while dormant from Harvard Forest, Petersham, Massachusetts. Seeds of red maple and paper birch were obtained from parent trees at Harvard Forest, and seeds of American beech were obtained from a population of beeches in Nova Scotia. Seedlings and transplants were grown in one of four plant growth chambers for 60 d (beech, paper birch, red maple, black cherry) or 100 d (white pine, hemlock, sugar maple) under CO2 levels of 400 or 700 μL•L−1. Plants were then harvested for biomass and growth determinations. The results showed that the biomass of beech, paper birch, black cherry, sugar maple, and hemlock significantly increased in elevated CO2, but the biomass of red maple and white pine only marginally increased in these conditions. Furthermore, there were large differences in the magnitude of growth enhancement by increased levels of CO2 between species, so it seems reasonable to predict that one consequence of rising levels of CO2 may be to increase the competitive ability of some species relative to others. Additionally, the three species exhibiting the largest increase in growth with increased CO2 concentrations were the shade-tolerant species (i.e., beech, sugar maple, and hemlock). Thus, elevated CO2 levels may enhance the growth of relatively shade-tolerant forest trees to a greater extent than growth of shade-intolerant trees, at least under the light and nutrient conditions of this experiment. We found no evidence to suggest that the age of tree seedlings greatly affected their response to elevated CO2 concentrations.

scholarly journals You Better Repeat It: Complex CO2 × Temperature Effects in Atlantic Silverside Offspring Revealed by Serial Experimentation

Diversity ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 69 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christopher Murray ◽  
Hannes Baumann
Keyword(s):  
Early Life ◽  
Larval Growth ◽  
Menidia Menidia ◽  
Embryo Survival ◽  
Single Experiment ◽  
Growth And Survival ◽  
Atlantic Silverside ◽  
Co2 Effects ◽  
Experimental Approaches ◽  
Temperature Interactions

Concurrent ocean warming and acidification demand experimental approaches that assess biological sensitivities to combined effects of these potential stressors. Here, we summarize five CO2 × temperature experiments on wild Atlantic silverside, Menidia menidia, offspring that were reared under factorial combinations of CO2 (nominal: 400, 2200, 4000, and 6000 µatm) and temperature (17, 20, 24, and 28 °C) to quantify the temperature-dependence of CO2 effects in early life growth and survival. Across experiments and temperature treatments, we found few significant CO2 effects on response traits. Survival effects were limited to a single experiment, where elevated CO2 exposure reduced embryo survival at 17 and 24 °C. Hatch length displayed CO2 × temperature interactions due largely to reduced hatch size at 24 °C in one experiment but increased length at 28 °C in another. We found no overall influence of CO2 on larval growth or survival to 9, 10, 15 and 13–22 days post-hatch, at 28, 24, 20, and 17 °C, respectively. Importantly, exposure to cooler (17 °C) and warmer (28 °C) than optimal rearing temperatures (24 °C) in this species did not appear to increase CO2 sensitivity. Repeated experimentation documented substantial inter- and intra-experiment variability, highlighting the need for experimental replication to more robustly constrain inherently variable responses. Taken together, these results demonstrate that the early life stages of this ecologically important forage fish appear largely tolerate to even extreme levels of CO2 across a broad thermal regime.

scholarly journals Utilization of Trash Fish for Cultivation of Crablet Mud Crab (Scylla serrata)

2020 ◽  
Vol 25 (3) ◽  
pp. 110-114
Author(s):  
Heppi Iromo ◽  
Dori Rachmawani ◽  
Abdul Jabarsyah ◽  
Zainuddin Zainuddin
Keyword(s):  
Carapace Width ◽  
Survival Rates ◽  
Scylla Serrata ◽  
Mud Crab ◽  
Growth And Survival ◽  
Weight Growth ◽  
Randomized Design ◽  
Trichiurus Lepturus ◽  
Trash Fish ◽  
In The Wild

The high demand for mud crabs in North Kalimantan causes catch to increase in the wild. If it is not balanced with efforts to increase its aquaculture of mud crab, in the future there will be a decline in population. This study aims to determine the growth and survival rate of mud crab seed (crablet, Scylla serrata) in the application method of different types of trash fish. This research used a completely randomized design with 4 treatments and 3 replications. The Crablet used carapace width average 0.07-0.09 cm and weigh average 0.05-0.07 g with total 150 crablets. The treatments applied by trash fish were (A) Tilapia Fish (Oreochromis mossambicus), (B) Longfin Herrings Fish (Ilisha elongata), (C) Sword Fish (Trichiurus lepturus) and (D) Snails (Telescopium telescopium). The results were The best weight growth of crablet occurs in the treatment of T. lepturus (P>0.05) and  the highest of survival rates of crablet were found in treatment T. telescopium (P<0.05)  than the other. The trash fish were used turned out to be able survival of crablet mud crab (Scylla serrata).

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