The Nutrition of the Larva of Aedes Aegypti L

1. Autolysis products of fresh brewer's yeast, tested for their ability to promote growth of larvae of Aedes aegypti, revealed the loss of an essential part of the activity of the original yeast. Under suitably modified conditions this loss could be avoided. 2. A basal medium comprising the water-insoluble factor of brewer's yeast, glucose, salt mixture and yeast nucleic acid requires supplementation with thiamin, riboflavin, nicotinic acid, pantothenic acid and possibly with biotin in order to permit larval growth to the fourth instar. 3. For pupation, one further factor appears to be necessary, namely, folic acid. Its effect is specific, for it cannot be replaced by xanthopterin or thymine. It exercises an important effect also on growth and survival rates, bodily pigmentation and size of the larvae. 4. The following substances when added to or withheld from various media did not appear to influence growth or survival of the larvae; other vitamins of the B group, amino-acids, purines, pyrimidines, glutathione, ascorbic acid and possibly vitamin K. 5. Transference of larvae from a folic acid-free medium to one containing the vitamin, and vice versa, revealed that the presence of folic acid seems to have its most vital effect during the third stage of larval life.

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The Nutrition of the Larva of Aedes Aegypti L. I

Journal of Experimental Biology ◽

10.1242/jeb.21.3-4.84 ◽

1945 ◽

Vol 21 (3-4) ◽

pp. 84-89

Author(s):

B. DE MEILLON ◽

L. GOLBERG ◽

M. LAVOIPIERRE

Keyword(s):

Aedes Aegypti ◽

Liver Extract ◽

Survival Rates ◽

Calcium Chloride Solution ◽

Brewer’S Yeast ◽

Subsequent Growth ◽

Growth And Survival ◽

Brewer's Yeast ◽

Long Period ◽

Vitamin Mixture

1. A technique for investigating the nutritional requirements of the larva of Aedes aegypti, under sterile conditions, is described. A method for more accurate recording and interpretation of results is presented. 2. First-stage larvae may be kept in agglutinating broth for periods up to 96 hr. without affecting their subsequent growth in suitable media. 3. A suspension of autoclaved brewer's yeast in calcium chloride solution supports growth and metamorphosis of the larvae. The addition of filtered liver extract greatly improves the growth and survival rates. Further addition of a mixture of vitamins of the B group brings about no corresponding further improvement; neither does replacement of the liver extract by papaic liver digest with or without the vitamin mixture. 4. Storage of dried brewer's yeast for a long period, or of autoclaved fresh brewer's yeast for a shorter period, has a marked adverse effect on the growth rate when these yeasts are combined with liver extract or vitamin mixture. A similar effect is brought about by prologned autoclaving of the yeasts. 5. In all these media liver extract may be repalced by the mixture of B vitamins. It was not found possible, however, to replace the solid yeast fraction of the medium by any combination of substances so far investigated. 6. The time taken for the change from pupa to adult is independent of the medium in which the larva was grown. 7. There is a factor which causes the emergence of vigorous adults in nature or in contaminated media. This factor has been found to be largely absent from our best media such as brewer's yeast and liver.

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Effect of algal food and feeding schedule on larval growth and survival rates of the queen conch, Strombus gigas (Mollusca, Gastropoda), in Mexico

Aquaculture ◽

10.1016/0044-8486(94)90315-8 ◽

1994 ◽

Vol 128 (3-4) ◽

pp. 261-268 ◽

Cited By ~ 9

Author(s):

Eduardo García Santaella ◽

Dalila Aldana Aranda

Keyword(s):

Larval Growth ◽

Survival Rates ◽

Feeding Schedule ◽

Growth And Survival ◽

Strombus Gigas ◽

Queen Conch ◽

Algal Food ◽

Food And Feeding

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Age-Specific Host Utilization in the Eastern Tent Caterpillar (Lepidoptera: Lasiocampidae)

Journal of Entomological Science ◽

10.18474/0749-8004-39.1.94 ◽

2004 ◽

Vol 39 (1) ◽

pp. 94-100 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

L. K. Rieske

Keyword(s):

Black Locust ◽

Larval Growth ◽

Survival Rates ◽

Black Cherry ◽

White Pine ◽

White Oak ◽

Growth And Survival ◽

Conium Maculatum ◽

Eastern Tent Caterpillar ◽

Tent Caterpillar

Larval growth and survival of the eastern tent caterpillar, Malacosoma americana F., was assessed on its preferred host, black cherry (Prunus serotina Ehrhart), black locust (Robinia pseudoacacia L.), hackberry (Celtis occidentalis L.), white oak (Quercus alba L.), and white pine (Pinus strobus L.), and on the herbaceous biennial poison hemlock (Conium maculatum L.). Larvae grew largest and had the greatest pupation and survival rates when fed black cherry and white oak. They did not grow well on black locust or white pine, but survival rates were relatively high, suggesting that both plant species could potentially serve to sustain tent caterpillar populations. Growth and survival was so low on hackberry and poison hemlock that they pose little chance of sustaining outbreaking caterpillar populations.

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BACTERIA AS FOOD FOR BLACKFLY LARVAE (DIPTERA: SIMULIIDAE) IN LABORATORY CULTURES AND IN NATURAL STREAMS

Canadian Journal of Zoology ◽

10.1139/z64-047 ◽

1964 ◽

Vol 42 (4) ◽

pp. 527-548 ◽

Cited By ~ 25

Author(s):

F. J. H. Fredeen

Keyword(s):

Larval Growth ◽

Survival Rates ◽

Trophic Levels ◽

Live Cells ◽

Growth And Survival ◽

Planktonic Bacteria ◽

First Instar ◽

Natural Streams ◽

Fourth Species ◽

Blackfly Larvae

Planktonic bacteria as food for filter-feeding blackfly larvae were investigated in laboratory tests and in the field. Three of the commonest blackflies in Western Canada, Simulium venustum, S. verecundum, and S. vittatum, developed to adults from first-instar larvae and a fourth species, S. arcticum, developed to, or nearly to, last-instar larvae, when offered only washed suspensions of Bacillus subtilis, Aerobacter aerogenes, or Escherichia coli as food.Average concentrations of 1.3 × 106 to 34.9 × 106 cells per ml of the gram-negative A. aerogenes allowed production of adults, with best larval growth and survival in the higher concentrations. In local streams and rivers the bacterial content ranged from 0.1 × 106 to 25.0 × 106 (av. 2.2 × 106) cells per ml. Ultraviolet irradiation of the bacteria to reduce the proportion of live cells to as low as 0.1%, near the proportion in many streams, and the use of the gram-positive B. subtilis, adversely affected survival rates of the larvae.In certain streams bacteria and blackfly larvae apparently represented the basic trophic levels in the food web. Also, bacteria leached from soils and sewage may have been important in the development of outbreaks of S. arcticum.

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Response of larval and juvenile rudd Scardinius erythrophthalmus (L.) to different diets under controlled conditions 331

Czech Journal of Animal Science ◽

10.17221/1723-cjas ◽

2009 ◽

Vol 54 (No. 7) ◽

pp. 331-337 ◽

Cited By ~ 14

Author(s):

J. Wolnicki ◽

J. Sikorska ◽

R. Kamiński

Keyword(s):

Larval Growth ◽

Survival Rates ◽

Fish Growth ◽

Spinal Deformities ◽

Growth And Survival ◽

First Feeding ◽

Scardinius Erythrophthalmus ◽

Controlled Conditions ◽

Final Survival

The growth and survival of rudd Scardinius erythrophthalmus (L.) were evaluated in a laboratory at 25°C. In 20-day Experiment 1, first-feeding larvae at the age of 4 days post-hatch (initially: TL = 5.7 mm, BW = 0.9 mg) were fed live Artemia nauplii or commercial dry feed (Aller Futura Larvae, AFL) or combinations of both. Even the longest period of initial feeding of nauplii (6 days) was insufficient to obtain satisfactory larval growth after weaning to AFL (TL = 12.4 mm and BW = 17.7 mg vs. TL = 18.9 mm and BW = 68.5 mg for the nauplii-fed fish, significant differences). Nauplii-fed older larvae (24 days post-hatch) were then used in Experiment 2, in which they were fed AFL or Ewos AgloNorse (EAN) dry feeds for 40 days. The EAN diet proved to be significantly (P ≤ 0.05) superior to AFL regarding the final fish growth (TL = 36.5 mm and BW = 506.8 mg vs. TL = 33.4 mm and BW = 392.0 mg ), final survival rates (97.6% vs. 100%) and the incidence of spinal deformities (0% vs. 13.5%).

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Productivity and larval growth of Tenebrio molitor reared on differently composed diets of similar nutritional composition

Journal of Insects as Food and Feed ◽

10.3920/jiff2021.0058 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 1-12

Author(s):

S. Naser El Deen ◽

F. Lamaj

Keyword(s):

Wheat Bran ◽

Larval Growth ◽

Tenebrio Molitor ◽

Nutritional Composition ◽

Brewer’S Yeast ◽

Larval Weight ◽

Brewer's Yeast ◽

Wide Range ◽

Spent Grain ◽

By Products

The artificial diet of Tenebrio molitor has been a focal point of many studies that aimed to design the best diet combination. Recently, studies are focusing on the use of by-products and their efficiency as diets for rearing T. molitor. The rearing was successful on a wide range of by-products-based diets. The feed has a profound impact on the lifespan, growth, productivity and nutritional composition of T. molitor. Productivity is one of the traits highly influenced by the diet’s composition, especially macronutrients. This work aims to study the effect of eight different diets on the weight and productivity of females and their progeny weight: larval weight. Wheat bran, brewer’s yeast, spent grain and bread remains were used to compose the diets, based on different inclusion percentages of each by-product. The nutritional composition, mainly the macronutrients, of the diets had a narrow range of differences. The diets were designed in a way to avoid the effect of different nutritional compositions and study the effect of the by-products type only. Results showed that the female’s weight-change during the egg-laying period was not significant under different rearing diets. Moreover, the female’s productivity measured by the larval number showed no significant difference between the different diets. However, the total larval biomass (452.4 mg) was significantly higher for larvae reared on diet A composed of wheat bran and brewer’s yeast. Also, the total mean larval weight was significantly higher for larvae reared on diets A (3.1 mg) and G (3.2 mg) composed of wheat bran, brewer’s yeast and spent grain. The mentioned diets although composed of different by-products have similar amounts of protein and carbohydrates. These results prove that the type of by-products included in the experimental diets does not affect the reproductive performance of T. molitor, while it can affect larval growth.

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Spent Brewer’s Yeast as a Source of Insoluble β-Glucans

International Journal of Molecular Sciences ◽

10.3390/ijms22020825 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 22 (2) ◽

pp. 825

Author(s):

Ionut Avramia ◽

Sonia Amariei

Keyword(s):

Emulsion Stability ◽

Extraction Process ◽

Brewer’S Yeast ◽

Brewer's Yeast ◽

Brewing Process ◽

Food Applications ◽

Water Holding ◽

Potential Food ◽

Insight Into

In the brewing process, the consumption of resources and the amount of waste generated are high and due to a lot of organic compounds in waste-water, the capacity of natural regeneration of the environment is exceeded. Residual yeast, the second by-product of brewing is considered to have an important chemical composition. An approach with nutritional potential refers to the extraction of bioactive compounds from the yeast cell wall, such as β-glucans. Concerning the potential food applications with better textural characteristics, spent brewer’s yeast glucan has high emulsion stability and water-holding capacity fitting best as a fat replacer in different food matrices. Few studies demonstrate the importance and nutritional role of β-glucans from brewer’s yeast, and even less for spent brewer’s yeast, due to additional steps in the extraction process. This review focuses on describing the process of obtaining insoluble β-glucans (particulate) from spent brewer’s yeast and provides an insight into how a by-product from brewing can be converted to potential food applications.

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