scholarly journals Diversity of Hard Tick Populations and Their Geographical Variations in Northwestern Iran

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rohollah Moradi ◽  
Eslam Moradi-Asl ◽  
Zakkyeh Telmadarraiy ◽  
Seyedeh Zahra Parkhideh ◽  
Yavar Rassi
Keyword(s):  
Disease Transmission ◽  
Diversity Index ◽  
Hemorrhagic Fever ◽  
Hard Tick ◽  
Geographical Variations ◽  
Four Seasons ◽  
Eastern Iran ◽  
North Eastern ◽  
Risk Areas ◽  
Tick Borne Disease

Background: Ticks are forced vertebrate ectoparasites, including humans, and are vectors of serious diseases such as Crimean Congo Hemorrhagic Fever, Relapsing Fever, and various forms of encephalitis. Spatial assessment of the prevalence of ticks and detection of high risk areas for tick-borne disease transmission and evaluation of ecological measures are key aims of this research. Methods: Ticks were collected using standard methods from 27 villages in the region of Sarab County in north-eastern Iran during the four seasons of 2018–2019 and identified using valid keys. The calculations of indices for biodiversity were based on the Margalef index, Shannon-Weiner index and Simpson index. R2.15 Statistical software was used for statistical analysis of indices of biodiversity, and ArcMap10.4.1 software, IDW and GeneralG methods were used. Analysis were used to investigate spatial distribution and to determine important tick hotspots. Results:  A total of 2500 animals surveyed, 35% of them were infected. In total, 1416 ticks were caught, 74.6 %, 23.9% and 1.4 % were adult, nymph and larvae respectively. 94% of the ticks were hard ticks including 6 genera. According to the Margalef diversity index, the highest species biodiversity was related to summer (1.4234), and the lowest was relat­ed to winter (0.7379), Conclusion: Large hotspot area was found in the central part of the study area. The area of study was very prone to tick-borne disease transmission in terms of tick diversity and tick species richness. Tick-borne disease control is an im­portant measure.

scholarly journals Epidemiological characteristics and initial spatiotemporal visualisation of COVID-19 in a major city in the Middle East

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Shahab MohammadEbrahimi ◽  
Alireza Mohammadi ◽  
Robert Bergquist ◽  
Fatemeh Dolatkhah ◽  
Mahsa Olia ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Investigation ◽  
Case Fatality ◽  
Suburban Areas ◽  
Spatiotemporal Trends ◽  
Eastern Iran ◽  
Incidence And Mortality ◽  
North Eastern ◽  
Risk Areas ◽  
Fourth Wave ◽  
Epidemiological Characteristics

Abstract Background The Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) emerged initially in China in December 2019 causing the COVID-19 disease, which quickly spread worldwide. Iran was one of the first countries outside China to be affected in a major way and is now under the spell of a fourth wave. This study aims to investigate the epidemiological characteristics of COVID-19 cases in north-eastern Iran through mapping the spatiotemporal trend of the disease. Methods The study comprises data of 4000 patients diagnosed by laboratory assays or clinical investigation from the beginning of the disease on Feb 14, 2020, until May 11, 2020. Epidemiological features and spatiotemporal trends of the disease in the study area were explored by classical statistical approaches and Geographic Information Systems. Results Most common symptoms were dyspnoea (69.4%), cough (59.4%), fever (54.4%) and weakness (19.5%). Approximately 82% of those who did not survive suffered from dyspnoea. The highest Case Fatality Rate (CFR) was related to those with cardiovascular disease (27.9%) and/or diabetes (18.1%). Old age (≥60 years) was associated with an almost five-fold increased CFR. Odds Ratio (OR) showed malignancy (3.8), nervous diseases (2.2), and respiratory diseases (2.2) to be significantly associated with increased CFR with developments, such as hospitalization at the ICU (2.9) and LOS (1.1) also having high correlations. Furthermore, spatial analyses revealed a geographical pattern in terms of both incidence and mortality rates, with COVID-19 first being observed in suburban areas from where the disease swiftly spread into downtown reaching a peak between 25 February to 06 March (4 incidences per km2). Mortality peaked 3 weeks later after which the infection gradually decreased. Out of patients investigated by the spatiotemporal approach (n = 727), 205 (28.2%) did not survive and 66.8% of them were men. Conclusions Older adults and people with severe co-morbidities were at higher risk for developing serious complications due to COVID-19. Applying spatiotemporal methods to identify the transmission trends and high-risk areas can rapidly be documented, thereby assisting policymakers in designing and implementing tailored interventions to control and prevent not only COVID-19 but also other rapidly spreading epidemics/pandemics.

scholarly journals 2310. No Recurrence in Recovered People with CCHF: A Cross-Sectional Study From Turkey, Preliminary Report

2019 ◽  
Vol 6 (Supplement_2) ◽  
pp. S792-S792
Author(s):  
Iftihar Koksal ◽  
Firdevs Aksoy ◽  
Selcuk Kaya ◽  
Mustafa Tas ◽  
Gurdal Yilmaz
Keyword(s):  
Disease Transmission ◽  
Serum Antibody ◽  
Hemorrhagic Fever ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Sectional Study ◽  
Limited Data ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Long Time ◽  
Tick Borne Disease ◽  
Antibody Levels

Abstract Background Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever (CCHF) is a widespread, tick-borne disease of humans. CCHF is an endemic in Turkey, and since 2004 many cases have been reported from different regions in the country. CCHF infection in humans can lead to antibody responses that can be protective but there is limited data about the immunity of CCHF. The aim of this study was to investigate the possibility of recurrence of CCHF in people who previously had this disease. Methods The patients who were diagnosed with CCHF between 2005 and 2018 were followed up and contacted via phone in order to answer several survey questions about CCHF. Patients who still live in the same places, who have high risks of disease transmission because of husbandry or farming and high potential of contact with ticks were included in this study. Those who changed their living place and stopped husbandry or farming were excluded from this study. The questions in the survey are the following: Have you had CCHF after your discharge from the hospital?; Has there been any tick contact?; Did you ever get a tick removed from your body? Did you or your family members have CCHF at the same time or at different periods of time? Has anyone had CCHF in the area you live? Do your animals have ticks? Do you live in the same place? Have you changed your job? Results Ninety-nine out of 351 patients who were contacted via phone had data eligible to be included in the criteria. The amount of time elapsed after the discharge of the patients was between 1 and 14 years in average. None of the patients had experienced CCHF disease again. Also, 6 of these patients were bitten by ticks repeatedly (2–5 times). An average of 7–10 years had passed since the transmission of the disease by the patients. Conclusion The results show that the CCHF disease creates an immune response and this response continues for a long time. The findings will be more enlightening with the measurement of the serum antibody levels of patients. Disclosures All authors: No reported disclosures.

Estimation of sediment load and erosion of different geological units: A case study from a basin of north-eastern Iran

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (6) ◽  
pp. 1591-1608
Author(s):  
Maryam Tajbakhshian ◽  
Abolfazl Mosaedi ◽  
Mohamad Hosein Mahmudy Gharaie ◽  
Sayyed Reza Moussavi Harami
Keyword(s):  
Sediment Load ◽  
Eastern Iran ◽  
North Eastern ◽  
Geological Units

scholarly journals Mice Orally Immunized with a Transgenic Plant Expressing the Glycoprotein of Crimean-Congo Hemorrhagic Fever Virus

2011 ◽  
Vol 18 (12) ◽  
pp. 2031-2037 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. M. Ghiasi ◽  
A. H. Salmanian ◽  
S. Chinikar ◽  
S. Zakeri
Keyword(s):  
Transgenic Plants ◽  
Transgenic Plant ◽  
Disease Transmission ◽  
Clinical Symptoms ◽  
Hemorrhagic Fever ◽  
Oral Immunization ◽  
Negative Control ◽  
Significant Rise ◽  
Knockout Mouse Model ◽  
Crimean Congo Hemorrhagic Fever

ABSTRACTWhile Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever (CCHF) has a high mortality rate in humans, the associated virus (CCHFV) does not induce clinical symptoms in animals, but animals play an important role in disease transmission to humans. Our aim in this study was to examine the immunogenicity of the CCHFV glycoprotein when expressed in the root and leaf of transgenic plants via hairy roots and stable transformation of tobacco plants, respectively. After confirmatory analyses of transgenic plant lines and quantification of the expressed glycoprotein, mice were either fed with the transgenic leaves or roots, fed the transgenic plant material and injected subcutaneously with the plant-made CCHFV glycoprotein (fed/boosted), vaccinated with an attenuated CCHF vaccine (positive control), or received no treatment (negative control). All immunized groups had a consistent rise in anti-glycoprotein IgG and IgA antibodies in their serum and feces, respectively. The mice in the fed/boosted group showed a significant rise in specific IgG antibodies after a single boost. Our results imply that oral immunization of animals with edible materials from transgenic plants is feasible, and further assessments are under way. In addition, while the study of CCHF is challenging, our protocol should be further used to study CCHFV infection in the knockout mouse model and virus neutralization assays in biosafety level 4 laboratories.

Preliminary Report on Stone Age Reconnaissance in north-eastern Iran

1964 ◽  
Vol 30 ◽  
pp. 382-399 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. B. M. McBurney
Keyword(s):  
Preliminary Report ◽  
British Museum ◽  
Primary Objective ◽  
Climatic Data ◽  
Middle Palaeolithic ◽  
Upper Palaeolithic ◽  
Upper Pleistocene ◽  
Eastern Iran ◽  
North Eastern ◽  
The One

The following is a preliminary report on the results achieved during approximately six weeks' archaeological fieldwork in north-eastern Iran in July and August 1963. The primary objective was to explore the area for traces of the local Upper Pleistocene cultural sequence, and in particular to establish if possible the date and character of the local Upper Palaeolithic. In the event no traces of Upper Palaeolithic were obtained. However, a start was made towards defining the problem by the discovery of two well-stratified deposits, the one yielding a Middle Palaeolithic (Mousterian) industry with distinctive regional affinities, and the other an early Post-glacial Mesolithic industry. Reliable samples were obtained for defining the statistical properties of both, together with carbon samples, traces of vertebrate fauna, and some other climatic data.Representative collections were lodged with the Musée Iran Bastan at Teheran; and the expedition's share is to be offered in part to the Museum of Archaeology and Ethnology in Cambridge and in part to the British Museum. The expedition was financed mainly by a grant from the British Academy, supplemented by further grants from the Crowther-Beynon Fund and the British Museum.

scholarly journals Fauna and frequency of hard ticks of livestock in South Khorasan province in 2018: Short Communication

2020 ◽  
pp. 185-193
Keyword(s):  
Sampling Method ◽  
Short Communication ◽  
Hemorrhagic Fever ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Cluster Sampling ◽  
Hard Tick ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Control And Prevention ◽  
Spss Software ◽  
South Khorasan

Identification of hard tick species and their hosts are essential for the development of control and prevention programs for tick-borne diseases. In this descriptive cross-sectional study, ticks were collected from the sheep, goat, and camel in different regions of South Khorasan province, Iran in 2018 through cluster sampling method. Fauna and frequency of ticks were recorded and analyzed in SPSS software (version?). In total, 977 ticks were collected, such as: Hyalomma spp, including Hy. dromedarii (40.5%), Hy. anatulicum (30.7%), Hy. marginatum (12.5%), Hy. asciaticum (6.8%), Hy. schulzei (4.4%), Hy. detritum (3.2%), and Hy. scupense (1.1%); Rhipicephalus spp, including Rh. bursa (0.3%), Rh. sanguineus (0.2%); and Haemaphysalis spp, including Ha. concina (0.2%), and Ha. punctate (0.1%). The ticks have a high frequency in the region and the identified species in this study were vectors of Crimean Congo Hemorrhagic Fever (CCHF). Moreover, the Hyalomma species is dominant and prevalent throughout the studied region in spring and summer. Therefore the health system of the province has to put into consideration the essential care, education and informing about the CCHF disease.

scholarly journals Spatial analysis of dengue hemorrhagic fever in Talaud Islands regency

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 104
Author(s):  
Chreisye K. F. Mandagi ◽  
Angela F. C. Kalesaran ◽  
Febi K. Kolibu
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Analysis ◽  
Population Density ◽  
Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever ◽  
Secondary Data ◽  
Hemorrhagic Fever ◽  
Spatial Description ◽  
District Health ◽  
Study Approach ◽  
Spatial Risk ◽  
Risk Areas

Background: The number of dengue hemorrhagic fever (DHF) cases in Indonesia from January to February 2016 was 8,487 with 108 deaths. DHF is an infectious disease that continues to increase from 2014 until 2016 in Manado city. DHF cases in Talaud Islands Regency from 2014 to 2016 were 143 cases. Regional spatial analysis would simplify the distribution of DHF cases in high-risk areas. To be aware of the DHF outbreak cycle, it is necessary to model spatial risk factors based on geographic information systems (GIS) to tackle and eradicate DHF cases by region.Methods: This study aimed to analyze the spread of DHF in Talaud regency based on age, sex, population density and area height. The design of this research is qualitative analytic by using an ecological study approach. The research scope was 19 districts in Talaud regency. Secondary data are used which consists of case number, age, sex, population density, and area height taken from the Talaud district health office with 66 DHF cases in 2018-2019 and analyzed using the GIS approach through spatial analysis.Results: Based on the number of DHF cases that is most in the age group of 5-11 years. Male gender is more likely to suffer from DHF than female. Spatial description of the condition of the altitude in the Talaud Islands regency at risk of suffering from DHF is>50 meters above sea level. Spatial description of population density with most DHF cases is not densely populated area with less than 1,620 inhabitants per km.Conclusions: The health office of Talaud islands regency needs to actively promote health by providing information about eradicating mosquitoes.

Catch Composition of Dipteran flies in Old Oyo National Park, Nigeria

2021 ◽  
Vol 42 (1) ◽  
pp. 41-48
Author(s):  
A.O. Omonona ◽  
S.A. Abioye ◽  
P.O. Odeniran ◽  
I.O. Ademola
Keyword(s):  
Value Chain ◽  
Disease Transmission ◽  
National Park ◽  
Diversity Index ◽  
Wet Season ◽  
Blood Sucking ◽  
Integrated Methods ◽  
Veterinary Importance ◽  
Vector Borne ◽  
Catch Composition

Dipteran flies play significant role in disease transmission to human, domestic and wild animals. The distribution and diversity of dipteran flies of medical and veterinary importance in Old Oyo national park and its significant importance were assessed in relation to altitude and ecology. Twelve Nzi traps were set at 50 m equidistance to capture dipteran flies between February and August 2019. A total of 1529 dipteran flies belonging to five families were captured. More dipteran flies (64.9%) were trapped during the dry season than wet season (35.1%) (X2 = 270.8; P < 0.0001; OR = 3.41). Of the total flies caught, 289 representing 18.9% were identified as haematophagus flies. Differences in the total haematophagus fly 2 abundance was not significant across the altitudinal levels (X2 = 0.432; P = 0.511; OR = 1.13). The relative apparent density (RAD) of 0.47, 0.22, 0.13, 0.09, 0.07 and 0.03 (flies/trap/day) was observed in Glossina, Hippobosca, Tabanus, Haematopota, Chrysops, Ancala and, respectively. The diversity index of 0.55 and 0.76 were determined for Glossina spp. and Tabanids respectively. The non-blood sucking flies in order of abundance are Musca domestica (43.6%), Fanniacanicularis (41.9%), Chrysomyia bezziana (8.9%), Lucilia sericata (5.6%). If the value-chain of ecotourism is to be promoted in the park, vector-borne arthropods need to be controlled through the use of integrated methods. Keywords: Ecological survey, haematophagus flies, Old Oyo national Park, RAD

The Northern and Western Borderlands of the Sasanian Empire: Contextualising the Roman/Byzantine and Sasanian Frontier

2017 ◽  
pp. 99-125 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dan Lawrence ◽  
Tony J. Wilkinson
Keyword(s):  
Roman Empire ◽  
Military Installations ◽  
Mountain Ranges ◽  
Sasanian Empire ◽  
North East ◽  
Eastern Iran ◽  
External Pressures ◽  
North Eastern ◽  
Southern Caucasus

This chapter investigates the archaeological landscapes of the frontiers of the Sasanian Empire. Drawing on evidence from current and archived archaeological surveys, in combination with high-resolution remote sensing datasets such as CORONA spy photography, we compare the organisation of settlements and defensive structures of the Sasanian frontier zones in response to a variety of external pressures. These varied from the Roman Empire in the west to less centralised entities, including nomadic groups, in the south-west and north-east. Following a general discussion of the multiple manifestations of Sasanian frontiers drawn from southern Mesopotamia (Iraq), northern Syria and north-eastern Iran, the main focus of the chapter is on the complex frontier landscape of the southern Caucasus, particularly the area of modern Azerbaijan, Georgia and Daghestan. We discuss the role of linear barriers, including the Gorgan Wall in north-eastern Iran and the Ghilghilchay and Derbent Walls in the Caucasus, irrigation systems, and alignments of fortifications and settlements in shaping their local landscapes. By placing the archaeological remains of the Sasanian Empire in a wider context we are able to examine the relationships between military installations, settlement patterns, infrastructure and geographical features such as mountain ranges and rivers. Comparing the different case studies allows us to conclude with some general statements on the nature of Sasanian power in the frontier territories of the empire.

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