scholarly journals Epidemiological characteristics and initial spatiotemporal visualisation of COVID-19 in a major city in the Middle East

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Shahab MohammadEbrahimi ◽  
Alireza Mohammadi ◽  
Robert Bergquist ◽  
Fatemeh Dolatkhah ◽  
Mahsa Olia ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Investigation ◽  
Case Fatality ◽  
Suburban Areas ◽  
Spatiotemporal Trends ◽  
Eastern Iran ◽  
Incidence And Mortality ◽  
North Eastern ◽  
Risk Areas ◽  
Fourth Wave ◽  
Epidemiological Characteristics

Abstract Background The Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) emerged initially in China in December 2019 causing the COVID-19 disease, which quickly spread worldwide. Iran was one of the first countries outside China to be affected in a major way and is now under the spell of a fourth wave. This study aims to investigate the epidemiological characteristics of COVID-19 cases in north-eastern Iran through mapping the spatiotemporal trend of the disease. Methods The study comprises data of 4000 patients diagnosed by laboratory assays or clinical investigation from the beginning of the disease on Feb 14, 2020, until May 11, 2020. Epidemiological features and spatiotemporal trends of the disease in the study area were explored by classical statistical approaches and Geographic Information Systems. Results Most common symptoms were dyspnoea (69.4%), cough (59.4%), fever (54.4%) and weakness (19.5%). Approximately 82% of those who did not survive suffered from dyspnoea. The highest Case Fatality Rate (CFR) was related to those with cardiovascular disease (27.9%) and/or diabetes (18.1%). Old age (≥60 years) was associated with an almost five-fold increased CFR. Odds Ratio (OR) showed malignancy (3.8), nervous diseases (2.2), and respiratory diseases (2.2) to be significantly associated with increased CFR with developments, such as hospitalization at the ICU (2.9) and LOS (1.1) also having high correlations. Furthermore, spatial analyses revealed a geographical pattern in terms of both incidence and mortality rates, with COVID-19 first being observed in suburban areas from where the disease swiftly spread into downtown reaching a peak between 25 February to 06 March (4 incidences per km2). Mortality peaked 3 weeks later after which the infection gradually decreased. Out of patients investigated by the spatiotemporal approach (n = 727), 205 (28.2%) did not survive and 66.8% of them were men. Conclusions Older adults and people with severe co-morbidities were at higher risk for developing serious complications due to COVID-19. Applying spatiotemporal methods to identify the transmission trends and high-risk areas can rapidly be documented, thereby assisting policymakers in designing and implementing tailored interventions to control and prevent not only COVID-19 but also other rapidly spreading epidemics/pandemics.

scholarly journals Optimal Allocation of the Limited COVID-19 Vaccine Supply in South Korea

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 591
Author(s):  
Eunha Shim
Keyword(s):  
South Korea ◽  
Vaccine Efficacy ◽  
Optimal Allocation ◽  
Age Distribution ◽  
Case Fatality ◽  
Vaccination Strategy ◽  
Years Of Life Lost ◽  
Incidence And Mortality ◽  
Specific Contact ◽  
Epidemiological Characteristics

Initial supply of the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) vaccine may be limited, necessitating its effective use. Herein, an age-structured model of COVID-19 spread in South Korea is parameterized to understand the epidemiological characteristics of COVID-19. The model determines optimal vaccine allocation for minimizing infections, deaths, and years of life lost while accounting for population factors, such as country-specific age distribution and contact structure, and various levels of vaccine efficacy. A transmission-blocking vaccine should be prioritized in adults aged 20–49 years and those older than 50 years to minimize the cumulative incidence and mortality, respectively. A strategy to minimize years of life lost involves the vaccination of adults aged 40–69 years, reflecting the relatively high case-fatality rates and years of life lost in this age group. An incidence-minimizing vaccination strategy is highly sensitive to vaccine efficacy, and vaccines with lower efficacy should be administered to teenagers and adults aged 50–59 years. Consideration of age-specific contact rates and vaccine efficacy is critical to optimize vaccine allocation. New recommendations for COVID-19 vaccines under consideration by the Korean Centers for Disease Control and Prevention are mainly based on a mortality-minimizing allocation strategy.

scholarly journals Diversity of Hard Tick Populations and Their Geographical Variations in Northwestern Iran

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rohollah Moradi ◽  
Eslam Moradi-Asl ◽  
Zakkyeh Telmadarraiy ◽  
Seyedeh Zahra Parkhideh ◽  
Yavar Rassi
Keyword(s):  
Disease Transmission ◽  
Diversity Index ◽  
Hemorrhagic Fever ◽  
Hard Tick ◽  
Geographical Variations ◽  
Four Seasons ◽  
Eastern Iran ◽  
North Eastern ◽  
Risk Areas ◽  
Tick Borne Disease

Background: Ticks are forced vertebrate ectoparasites, including humans, and are vectors of serious diseases such as Crimean Congo Hemorrhagic Fever, Relapsing Fever, and various forms of encephalitis. Spatial assessment of the prevalence of ticks and detection of high risk areas for tick-borne disease transmission and evaluation of ecological measures are key aims of this research. Methods: Ticks were collected using standard methods from 27 villages in the region of Sarab County in north-eastern Iran during the four seasons of 2018–2019 and identified using valid keys. The calculations of indices for biodiversity were based on the Margalef index, Shannon-Weiner index and Simpson index. R2.15 Statistical software was used for statistical analysis of indices of biodiversity, and ArcMap10.4.1 software, IDW and GeneralG methods were used. Analysis were used to investigate spatial distribution and to determine important tick hotspots. Results:  A total of 2500 animals surveyed, 35% of them were infected. In total, 1416 ticks were caught, 74.6 %, 23.9% and 1.4 % were adult, nymph and larvae respectively. 94% of the ticks were hard ticks including 6 genera. According to the Margalef diversity index, the highest species biodiversity was related to summer (1.4234), and the lowest was relat­ed to winter (0.7379), Conclusion: Large hotspot area was found in the central part of the study area. The area of study was very prone to tick-borne disease transmission in terms of tick diversity and tick species richness. Tick-borne disease control is an im­portant measure.

Estimation of sediment load and erosion of different geological units: A case study from a basin of north-eastern Iran

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (6) ◽  
pp. 1591-1608
Author(s):  
Maryam Tajbakhshian ◽  
Abolfazl Mosaedi ◽  
Mohamad Hosein Mahmudy Gharaie ◽  
Sayyed Reza Moussavi Harami
Keyword(s):  
Sediment Load ◽  
Eastern Iran ◽  
North Eastern ◽  
Geological Units

scholarly journals Descriptive-epidemiological characteristics of lung cancer in Serbia

2008 ◽  
Vol 61 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 16-21 ◽  
Author(s):  
Natasa Maksimovic ◽  
Kyriakos Spanopoulos
Keyword(s):  
Lung Cancer ◽  
Direct Method ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Malignant Tumour ◽  
Mortality Rates ◽  
Malignant Tumours ◽  
Mortality Trends ◽  
Incidence And Mortality ◽  
The Republic ◽  
Epidemiological Characteristics

Introduction. Lung cancer represents the most common malignant tumour among men, and appears more and more frequently among women in many countries worldwide. The aims of this descriptive epidemiological study were to evaluate the mortality trends of all malignant tumours and lung cancer in Central Serbia from 1990 to 1999, and to estimate the incidence, mortality and the basic demographic characteristics of lung cancer in Central Serbia in 1999. Material and methods. The source of data concerning cancer cases in 1999 was the Cancer Registry of Central Serbia, while data of the Republic Statistics Institute were used for the analysis of mortality trends for the period 1990-1999. All rates were standardized by the direct method, to the world standard population. Confidence intervals for mortality rates were assessed with 95% level of probability. Linear regression coefficient was determined by Fisher's test. Results. The mortality rates showed rising tendencies for both lung cancer (y=-1876.26+0.96x, p=0.028 for men; y=654.78U).33x, p-0.001 for women) and all malignant tumours (y=-4139.88+2.15x, p=0.163 for men; y=3649.68 + 1.88x, p=0.016 for women), with statistically significant increase being observed for all trends, except all malignant tumours among men. In the year 1999, lung cancer ranked first among men and third among women, with 29.2% and 10.3% of cancer mortality respectively. The age-specific mortality rates were much higher in men in all age groups. Mortality increased with age and the highest rates were found in the age group 70-74 for both sexes. The highest incidence and mortality rates were reported in Belgrade, Moravicki and Sumadijski district. .

scholarly journals Managing older adults’ fear of coronavirus disease: A new role for social work practice

2020 ◽  
pp. 147332502097329
Author(s):  
Hamed Mortazavi
Keyword(s):  
Older Adults ◽  
Case Fatality Rate ◽  
Severe Disease ◽  
Case Fatality ◽  
Social Work Practice ◽  
World Health ◽  
National Committee ◽  
Fatality Rate ◽  
Number Of Patients ◽  
Incidence And Mortality

As the number of patients infected with the 2019 novel coronavirus disease (nCOVID-19) increases, the number of deaths has also been increasing. According to World Health Organization (WHO), as of 4 October 2020, 34,804,348 cases had tested positive for nCOVID-19 globally, which among them, 1,030,738 confirmed deaths had occurred, equivalent to a case-fatality rate of 2.96%. However, in comparison with global statistics, the incidence and mortality of the nCOVID-19 infection are higher in Iran. As reported by the National Committee on COVID-19 Epidemiology of Ministry of Health of Iran, the total number of patients with confirmed COVID-19 infection has reached 468,119, of which 26,746 have died, equivalent to a case-fatality rate of 5.71%. Currently, there is solid evidence that older adults are at a higher risk of severe disease following infection from COVID-19.

Preliminary Report on Stone Age Reconnaissance in north-eastern Iran

1964 ◽  
Vol 30 ◽  
pp. 382-399 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. B. M. McBurney
Keyword(s):  
Preliminary Report ◽  
British Museum ◽  
Primary Objective ◽  
Climatic Data ◽  
Middle Palaeolithic ◽  
Upper Palaeolithic ◽  
Upper Pleistocene ◽  
Eastern Iran ◽  
North Eastern ◽  
The One

The following is a preliminary report on the results achieved during approximately six weeks' archaeological fieldwork in north-eastern Iran in July and August 1963. The primary objective was to explore the area for traces of the local Upper Pleistocene cultural sequence, and in particular to establish if possible the date and character of the local Upper Palaeolithic. In the event no traces of Upper Palaeolithic were obtained. However, a start was made towards defining the problem by the discovery of two well-stratified deposits, the one yielding a Middle Palaeolithic (Mousterian) industry with distinctive regional affinities, and the other an early Post-glacial Mesolithic industry. Reliable samples were obtained for defining the statistical properties of both, together with carbon samples, traces of vertebrate fauna, and some other climatic data.Representative collections were lodged with the Musée Iran Bastan at Teheran; and the expedition's share is to be offered in part to the Museum of Archaeology and Ethnology in Cambridge and in part to the British Museum. The expedition was financed mainly by a grant from the British Academy, supplemented by further grants from the Crowther-Beynon Fund and the British Museum.

scholarly journals Trender i insidens og mortalitet av kreft i Norge

2009 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Steinar Tretli ◽  
Trude Eid Robsahm ◽  
Elisabeth Svensson
Keyword(s):  
Case Fatality ◽  
English Summary ◽  
Classification Rules ◽  
Font Size ◽  
Treatment Results ◽  
Mortality Trends ◽  
Calendar Time ◽  
Incidence And Mortality ◽  
Short Time ◽  
Over Time

<strong><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPS-BoldMT;"><font face="TimesNewRomanPS-BoldMT"><p align="left"> </p></font></span><p align="left"><span style="font-size: x-small; font-family: TimesNewRomanPS-BoldMT;"><span style="font-size: x-small; font-family: TimesNewRomanPS-BoldMT;">ENGLISH SUMMARY</span></span></p></strong><span style="font-size: x-small; font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT;"><span style="font-size: x-small; font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT;"><font face="TimesNewRomanPSMT" size="2"><font face="TimesNewRomanPSMT" size="2"><p align="left">Tretli S, Robsahm TE, Svensson E.</p></font></font></span><font face="TimesNewRomanPSMT" size="2"><p align="left"> </p></font></span><p align="left"><strong><span style="font-size: x-small; font-family: TimesNewRomanPS-BoldMT;"><span style="font-size: x-small; font-family: TimesNewRomanPS-BoldMT;">Time trends in cancer incidence and mortality in Norway.</span></span></strong><em><span style="font-size: x-small; font-family: TimesNewRomanPS-ItalicMT;"><span style="font-size: x-small; font-family: TimesNewRomanPS-ItalicMT;"><em><font face="TimesNewRomanPS-ItalicMT" size="2"><font face="TimesNewRomanPS-ItalicMT" size="2"><p align="left">Nor J Epidemiol</p></font></font></em></span><em><font face="TimesNewRomanPS-ItalicMT" size="2"><p align="left"> </p></font></em></span><p align="left"> </p></em><span style="font-size: x-small; font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT;"><span style="font-size: x-small; font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT;">2001; </span></span><strong><span style="font-size: x-small; font-family: TimesNewRomanPS-BoldMT;"><span style="font-size: x-small; font-family: TimesNewRomanPS-BoldMT;">11 </span></span></strong><span style="font-size: x-small; font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT;"><span style="font-size: x-small; font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT;">(2): 177-185.<p align="left">The aim of this study is to decribe the trends in incidence and mortality of cancer by calendar time.</p><p align="left">Most types of cancer, except those with high case fatality short time after the diagnosis, demonstrate a</p><p align="left">larger increase in incidence than in mortality over time. For persons below 70 years of age during the</p><p align="left">period 1931-95 the mortality rate has been close to constant. Obviously, the mortality of lung and</p><p align="left">stomach cancer has changed over time, however, these have changed in different direction and almost</p><p align="left">levelled out. In this paper, it is discussed how registration routines, classification rules, treatment results</p><p>and the basis of the diagnosis can influence the incidence and mortality trends.</p></span></span></p>

scholarly journals Optimizing Safe Dental Practice During the COVID-19 Pandemic: Recommendations Based on a Guide Developed for Dental Practices in China

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Li Li ◽  
Mianyan Zeng ◽  
Xiao Chen ◽  
Shuman Cai ◽  
Cuixia Xu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Relevant Literature ◽  
Cross Infection ◽  
Dental Practice ◽  
Prevention Measures ◽  
Dental Clinics ◽  
Dental Practices ◽  
Risk Areas ◽  
Public Emergency ◽  
Epidemiological Characteristics ◽  
Emergency Measures

The current global coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) outbreak is still exerting severe global implications, and its development in various regions is complex and variable. The high risk of cross-infection poses a great challenge to the dental practice environment; it is therefore urgent to develop a set of pandemic prevention measures to ensure dental practice safety during the COVID-19 outbreak. Therefore, we combined the epidemiological characteristics of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), public emergency measures for COVID-19, characteristics of dental practice, and relevant literature reports to develop a set of dynamic practice measures for dental practices in high-, medium-, and low-risk areas affected by COVID-19. This will help dental practices to achieve standard prevention and ensure their safe and smooth operation during the pandemic. It is hoped that these measures will provide a reference basis for dental hospitals and dental clinics in their care and pandemic prevention work.

scholarly journals An Evidence Base for School Health Policy during the COVID-19 Pandemic

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Saif Badran ◽  
Omran Musa ◽  
Somaya Al-maadeed ◽  
Egon Toft ◽  
Suhail Doi
Keyword(s):  
Dose Response ◽  
Case Fatality Rate ◽  
School Health ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Case Fatality ◽  
Evidence Base ◽  
Mortality Data ◽  
Response Analysis ◽  
Fatality Rate ◽  
Epidemiological Characteristics

Objective: Children represent a small fraction of confirmed COVID-19 cases, with a low case fatality rate (CFR). In this paper, we lay out an evidence-based policy for reopening schools. Methods: We gathered age-specific COVID-19 case counts and identified mortality data for 14 countries. Dose-response meta-analysis was used to examine the relationship of the incremental case fatality rate (CFR) to age. In addition, an evidence-to-decision framework (EtD) was used to correlate the dose-response data with other epidemiological characteristics of COVID-19 in childhood. Results: In the dose-response analysis, we found that there was an almost negligible fatality below age 18. CFR rose little between ages 5 to 50 years. The confidence intervals were narrow, suggesting relative homogeneity across countries. Further data suggested decreased childhood transmission from respiratory droplets and a low viral load among children. Conclusions: Opening up schools and kindergartens is unlikely to impact COVID-19 case or mortality rates in both the child and adult populations. We outline a robust plan for schools that recommends that general principles not be micromanaged, with authority left to schools and monitored by public health authorities.

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