scholarly journals Siladang Syntax: A Study of Grammar Typology

2021 ◽  
pp. 541-549
Author(s):  
Purwanto Siwi
Keyword(s):  
Argument Structure ◽  
Prepositional Phrase ◽  
Clause Structure ◽  
Transitive Verb ◽  
Grammatical Subject ◽  
Alignment System ◽  
Verbal Predicate ◽  
Transitive Verbs ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Intransitive Verbs

The analysis of basic clause structures shows that clauses in Bahasa Siladang consist of verbal and non-verbal predication. The non-verbal predicate can be filled by an adjective, noun, numeral or prepositional phrase. The analysis of the argument structure shows that the intransitive predicate requires one NP argument as the only argument functioning as the grammatical subject, which can be an agent or a patient. Meanwhile, the transitive verb predicate requires two or more arguments. The presence of these arguments in the predicate in transitive sentences is mandatory. The conclusion from the analysis of the grammatical behavior in syntactic construction is that SL is a language which has a grammatical alignment system which gives the same treatment to A and S, and a different treatment to P. It can be categorized as an accusative language, marking the direct object of transitive verbs, making them different from the subject of both transitive and intransitive verbs. Keywords: clause structure, argument structure, syntactic typology

scholarly journals Passive constructions in Setswana

2018 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 38-52
Author(s):  
Setumile Morapedi
Keyword(s):  
Argument Structure ◽  
View Point ◽  
Thematic Roles ◽  
Transitive Verb ◽  
Bantu Languages ◽  
Passive Construction ◽  
Grammatical Subject ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Mapping Theory ◽  
Lexical Mapping

The paper analyses passive constructions in Setswana from morpho-syntactic view point, showing that the suffixation of a passive morpheme to the verb reduces the argument structure of the verb. Previous studies carried out in Setswana verbal suffixes have confined their investigations to these morphemes as elements of morphology but have failed to observe that these affixes overlap into syntax. Chebanne (1996) observes that in Setswana, verbal extensions can combine with a single verbal base but fail to observe the overlap into syntax. Further, the studies do not give any insight in the features that Setswana shares with other Bantu languages. The passive construction in Setswana, like in other Bantu languages, is a bit complex in the sense that the verbal extension –iw brings into effect the dropping of the subject, and the object becomes the grammatical subject, thus rendering the transitive verb, such as, apaya ‘cook’ intransitive. Conversely, other derivational suffixes, such as applicative and causative, increase the verb’s arguments by two. For instance, the suffixation of the verbal suffix –el suggests an entity carrying out the action and somebody benefiting. The paper also compares passive with other verbal extensions such as neuter, applicative, causatives and reciprocals. It shows that while the passive occurs with most verbs and other verbal extensions, such as, applicative or causative suffixes, the neuter is rigid in occurring with other verbal extensions. The paper also appeals to Lexical Mapping Theory, whose role is to constrain mapping relations between thematic roles, such as an agent or patient and the corresponding grammatical functions, such as the subject, patient and oblique that have been subcategorized for by predicates

Changes in argument structure

2019 ◽  
Vol 36 ◽  
pp. 115-129
Author(s):  
Gea Dreschler
Keyword(s):  
Argument Structure ◽  
Semantic Roles ◽  
Transitive Verb ◽  
Grammatical Subject ◽  
Different Types ◽  
The Subject

Abstract English is often contrasted with German and Dutch when it comes to the semantic roles that the subject can express (Hawkins 1986; Los & Dreschler 2012). Specifically, English seems to have more middles (She photographs well) and allows for unusual inanimate subjects (The cottage sleeps four). However, it seems that the semantics of the grammatical subject in Dutch are also changing, as witnessed by recent examples from websites and advertisements, such as Uw fietsenstalling verbetert and Presikhaaf vernieuwt. Although these sentences do not have the adverb that is typical of middles in Dutch (Broekhuis, Corver & Vos 2015: 455ff.), they meet several other requirements for middle formation. In this paper, I analyse examples with one such verb, vernieuwen, and identify two different types of intransitive uses for this predominantly transitive verb. I argue that ambiguity, analogy and genre all play an important role in this change in argument structure.

Causation, Obligation, and Argument Structure: On the Nature of Little v

2007 ◽  
Vol 38 (2) ◽  
pp. 197-238 ◽  
Author(s):  
Raffaella Folli ◽  
Heidi Harley
Keyword(s):  
Argument Structure ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Intransitive Verbs

As shown by Kayne (1975), Romance causatives with faire fall into two classes, faire infinitif (FI) and faire par (FP). We argue from Italian data that the properties of the two classes depend on the nature of the complement of fare:FI embeds a vP, FP a nominalized VP. The syntactic and semantic characteristics of these complements account straightforwardly for well-known differences between FI and FP, including the previously untreated “obligation” requirement in FI, absent in FP. Our analysis also accounts for another subtle restriction on the formation of FP: the existence of an animacy requirement on the subject of fare, absent in FI. Finally, we argue that only FP can undergo passivization; this accounts for a previously unobserved asymmetry in passivizability of causatives of unergative and unaccusative intransitive verbs.

scholarly journals Fungsi, Peran, dan Kategori Sintaksis Bahasa Indonesia dalam kalimat Berita dan Kalimat Seruan pada Naskah Pidato Bung Karno 17 Agustus 1945

2021 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 37
Author(s):  
Armita Enggarwati ◽  
Asep Purwo Yudi Utomo
Keyword(s):  
Qualitative Research ◽  
Research Method ◽  
Syntactic Category ◽  
Prepositional Phrases ◽  
Object Description ◽  
Analysis Techniques ◽  
Transitive Verbs ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Intransitive Verbs ◽  
Bahasa Indonesia

The manuscript of Bung Karno's speech on August 17, 1945 is an example of the use of Indonesian in official documents and state speeches so that the sentences in them are good to analyze. There are many syntactic symptoms found in it that are interesting to study, including the structure of descriptive sentences and imperative sentences which can be analyzed based on the functions, roles, and syntactic categories of Indonesian. This research consists of two problems, namely (1) regarding the functions, roles, and syntactic categories of news sentences in Bung Karno's speech on August 17, 1945, (2) regarding the functions, roles, and syntactic categories of exclamatory sentences in Bung Karno's speeches on August 17, 1945. This study aims to describe the types of functions, roles, and syntactic categories of news sentences and exclamations of Bung Karno's speech on August 17, 1945. The research method used is descriptive qualitative research method. Data collection was carried out using the note-taking technique and data analysis using content analysis techniques. The results of this study found that syntactic functions include subject, predicate, object, description, and complement; the roles that are found are as actors, tools, and experiences occupying the function of the subject; and categories include pronouns, nouns, transitive verbs, intransitive verbs, adverbial phrases, verbal phrases, nominal phrases, prepositional phrases, adjective phrases, and numeral phrases. From this research, it can be seen that one sentence can contain more than one type of function, role, and syntactic category. This research is expected to show the functions, roles, and syntactic categories in declarative and imperative sentences in Bung Karno's speech on August 17, 1945, which is the speech of the proclamation of Indonesian independence.

scholarly journals FENOMENA KEBAHASAAN ALQURAN (Kajian Proses Morfologis dalam Alquran Surah al-Baqarah )

2014 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Umum B. Karyanto
Keyword(s):  
Due Process ◽  
Arabic Language ◽  
Verb Second ◽  
Transitive Verb ◽  
Morphological Process ◽  
Morphological Aspects ◽  
Transitive Verbs ◽  
Arabic Morphology ◽  
Intransitive Verbs ◽  
Clear Description

This study aimed to describe morphological aspects of the Arabic language contained in the Qur'an Sura al-Baqarah. They are (1) affixation which includes a prefix, an infix, a suffix, a konfiks, and a transfiks, (2) reduplication, (3) composition, (4) internal modification, (5) shortening, and (6) morphophonemic. This study aims to obtain a clear description of the changes in the shape, type, meaning, and the number of morphologically due process. The study of Arabic morphology in the Qur'an Surah al-Baqarah is the result of a review of the 286 (two hundred and eighty-six verses) which involves several processes language events. First, the process of transformation of the word, i.e, from the base to derivative and the change of word class, i.e, from verb to noun or from noun to verb. For example from morpheme فلح /falah-a/ to morpheme مفلح /mu-flih/. Morpheme فلح /falah-a/ is a verb, while the morpheme مفلح /mu-flih/ is a noun. Then, the change from noun to verb. For example morpheme ورق /waraq-un/ 'leaf' to be morpheme أورق /auraq-un/ 'leaf'. Morpheme ورق /waraq-un/ is a noun, while the morpheme أورق /auraq-un/ is a verb. Second, the process of change from intransitive verbs into transitive verbs, for example, from morphemes خرج /kharaj-a/ 'out' (intransitive verb) to أخرج /a-khraj-a/ 'eject' (transitive verb). Third, the process involves morphological types / gender of the persona/actor in a sentence, eg verbs آتب /katab-a/ 'he (the man, singularis) (has) written' must undergo a morphological process آتبت / katab-at / ' her (female, singularis) (has) written 'for the subject berkongruensi feminine type. Forth, the changes in terms of numbers, for example, from morphemes أمر / amr-un / 'issue' to be أمور /umur-un / 'issues'. Thus, it can be concluded that the Arabic morphological processes involve some processes of change, the change in shape, type, meaning, and the category of number.

scholarly journals Case Role in the Urhobo Language

2021 ◽  
pp. 27-33
Author(s):  
IMU Oghoghophia Famous
Keyword(s):  
Argument Structure ◽  
Universal Grammar ◽  
Noun Phrases ◽  
Case Theory ◽  
Nominative Case ◽  
Transitive Verb ◽  
Indirect Object ◽  
Dative Case ◽  
Frame Work ◽  
The Subject

This paper examines case role in the Urhobo language. Case theory is used as theoretical frame work, the specific objectives is to investigate type of cases and to relate cases roles to argument structures in Urhobo. The study reveals that in the Urhobo language every lexically headed NP must receive case from a case assigner. The Case theory requires that the case assigner govern the NP to which its assigns case. Tense, verb and preposition are case assigners. The infinitive ‘to’ and the passive participles are not case assigners. Case assignment can take place only when the case assigner and the NP to which it assigns case bear a structural relation to one another. It also reveals that irrespective of the theory and its arguments, Urhobo verbs are the basses and centre of its expansion of its constructions. This research also finds out, that the argument structures identified in universal grammar (UG) align with the argument structure of the Urhobo language; the verb assigns arguments to the noun phrases in a sentence. This is traced to the structure of the Urhobo language which is subject-verb-object (SVO). Finally, the study reveals that the function of the nominative case is to mark the subject of the sentence; the vocative is the case of address; the accusative is used to mark the object of a transitive verb; the genitive is the case of possession, ablative case is to mark the instrument with which something is done and the dative case marks the indirect object in the Urhobo language.

“The spotty cow tickled the pig with a curly tail”: How do sentence position, preferred argument structure, and referential complexity affect children's and adults’ choice of referring expression?

2011 ◽  
Vol 33 (4) ◽  
pp. 691-724 ◽  
Author(s):  
ANNA L. THEAKSTON
Keyword(s):  
Argument Structure ◽  
Noun Phrases ◽  
Referring Expressions ◽  
Transitive Verb ◽  
Sentence Position ◽  
Argument Realization ◽  
Curly Tail ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Structure Patterns

ABSTRACTIn this study, 5-year-olds and adults described scenes that differed according to whether (a) the subject or object of a transitive verb represented an accessible or inaccessible referent, consistent or inconsistent with patterns of preferred argument structure, and (b) a simple noun was sufficient to uniquely identify an inaccessible referent. Results showed that although adults did not differ in their choice of referring expression based on sentence position, 5-year-olds were less likely to provide informative referring expressions for subjects than for objects when the referent was inaccessible. In addition, under complex discourse conditions, although adults used complex noun phrases to identify inaccessible referents, 5-year-olds increased their use of pronominal/null reference for both accessible and inaccessible referents, thus reducing their levels of informativeness. The data suggest that 5-year-olds are still learning to integrate their knowledge of discourse features with preferred argument structure patterns, that this is particularly difficult in complex discourse contexts, and that in these contexts children rely on well-rehearsed patterns of argument realization.

scholarly journals Transitivity Alternations in North Sámi

2016 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Marit Julien
Keyword(s):  
Syntactic Structure ◽  
The Other ◽  
Transitive Verb ◽  
Intransitive Verb ◽  
Common Base ◽  
Transitivity Alternations ◽  
Transitive Verbs ◽  
Intransitive Verbs

AbstractIn North Sámi, verbs that form transitivity alternation pairs are always distinguished morphologically. However, even if morphology is seen as a reflex of the syntax, the syntactic structure underlying transitive and intransitive verbs in North Sámi cannot be directly read off from the morphology. Since the verbalisers have vocalic phonological realisations with some roots but consonantal realisations with others, and since consonantal realisations give the verb an additional syllable, one can get the impression that in some transitivity alternation pairs the transitive verb is derived from the intransitive verb, whereas in other pairs it is the other way round, and that in still other pairs both verbs are derived from a common base. On closer inspection it nevertheless appears that while in some cases the transitive verb is actually formed from the intransitive verb by causativisation, in other cases the transitive verb differs from its intransitive counterpart only in involving a Voice head. In addition, the language has a type of intransitive verb that are marked anticausatives, meaning that they have an expletive Voice head. The main difference between these verbs and the corresponding transitive verbs is the properties of Voice.

The prepositional phrase

2019 ◽  
pp. 69-78
Author(s):  
Jan Terje Faarlund
Keyword(s):  
Prepositional Phrase ◽  
External Argument ◽  
Transitive Verb ◽  
Prepositional Phrases ◽  
Measure Phrases ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Lexical Items

Prepositions are either basic lexical items, compounds, or lexicalized expressions. They denote various relations, such as location, direction to or from, time, manner, or more abstract relations. Prepositional phrases used as adverbial complements have an external argument which may raise to become the subject of a copula or the object of a transitive verb, or the subject or object of an unaccusative verb. A preposition may take its complement in a form of a DP, another PP, or a CP, or it may be intransitive. This is what prepositions have in common with verbs and adjectives. Some words that are traditionally called adverbs are here categorized as intransitive prepositions. Prepositions may be modified by words or phrases of various categories, such as adjectives in the neuter, adverbs, or measure phrases.

Mayan Languages

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nora C. England
Keyword(s):  
Mayan Languages ◽  
European Contact ◽  
Verbal Predicate ◽  
Agent Focus ◽  
Voiceless Stop ◽  
Transitive Verbs ◽  
Aspect Markers ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Intransitive Verbs ◽  
Organizing Principles

Mayan languages are spoken by over 5 million people in Guatemala, Mexico, Belize, and Honduras. There are around 30 different languages today, ranging in size from fairly large (about a million speakers) to very small (fewer than 30 speakers). All Mayan languages are endangered given that at least some children in some communities are not learning the language, and two languages have disappeared since European contact. Mayas developed the most elaborated and most widely attested writing system in the Americas (starting about 300 BC). The sounds of Mayan languages consist of a voiceless stop and affricate series with corresponding glottalized stops (either implosive and ejective) and affricates, glottal stop, voiceless fricatives (including h in some of them inherited from Proto-Maya), two to three nasals, three to four approximants, and a five vowel system with contrasting vowel length (or tense/lax distinctions) in most languages. Several languages have developed contrastive tone. The major word classes in Mayan languages include nouns, verbs, adjectives, positionals, and affect words. The difference between transitive verbs and intransitive verbs is rigidly maintained in most languages. They usually use the same aspect markers (but not always). Intransitive verbs only indicate their subjects while transitive verbs indicate both subjects and objects. Some languages have a set of status suffixes which is different for the two classes. Positionals are a root class whose most characteristic word form is a non-verbal predicate. Affect words indicate impressions of sounds, movements, and activities. Nouns have a number of different subclasses defined on the basis of characteristics when possessed, or the structure of compounds. Adjectives are formed from a small class of roots (under 50) and many derived forms from verbs and positionals. Predicate types are transitive, intransitive, and non-verbal. Non-verbal predicates are based on nouns, adjectives, positionals, numbers, demonstratives, and existential and locative particles. They are distinct from verbs in that they do not take the usual verbal aspect markers. Mayan languages are head marking and verb initial; most have VOA flexible order but some have VAO rigid order. They are morphologically ergative and also have at least some rules that show syntactic ergativity. The most common of these is a constraint on the extraction of subjects of transitive verbs (ergative) for focus and/or interrogation, negation, or relativization. In addition, some languages make a distinction between agentive and non-agentive intransitive verbs. Some also can be shown to use obviation and inverse as important organizing principles. Voice categories include passive, antipassive and agent focus, and an applicative with several different functions.

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