INTELLIGENT DATA MODEL FOR ARABIC MORPHOLOGY: MORPHOSCRIPT LANGUAGE

This paper aims to propose a specific formalism for Arabic morphology modeling that is too complex to model exhaustively with classical approaches. Therefore, it was necessary to find out an adequate representation of formalism. We designed, thus, a declarative, object-oriented language, referenced to us: MorphoScript, which allowed us to represent the complete morphological knowledge that we could identify optimally. The study that we are presenting here aims to propose an adequate data model of natural language morphological components and composition rules. We will thus present the basic elements and the theoretical and technical foundations of a language reproducing and assisting a morphological analysis process and the principles that guided the conception of this data model fully based on class concepts. Therefore, it is an object-oriented language using inheritance as basic support to define the morphological links between the different morphological classes. We have also used aggregation concepts and an annotation indexing system allowing the morphological designer a better representation of morphological knowledge.

Taisir al-Nahw al-‘Arabi: The Analysis of Mahdi al-Makhzumi’s Thoughts in the Reform of Nahwu/Taisir al-Nahw al-‘Arabi: Analisis Pemikiran Mahdi al-Makhzumi dalam Pembaruan Nahwu

The study of classical nahwu is considered too difficult and also makes it more difficult for the learners to learn. The critics to classical nahwu began to come from the Middle Ages to modern because it was considered to be full of Greek philosophy and logic so that Al-Makhzumi attempted to reform the nahwu. This article aims to further examine Al-Makhzumi's thoughts in his theory of Taisir al-Nahwi al-‘Arabi and the update of Nahwu. This research uses a qualitative method applied in library research. The results of this study indicate that Al-Makhzumi saw a language through a descriptive method until he created the theory of taisir an-nahwi al-‘Arabi with the aim of making the study of nahwu easier and more suitable to the context of learners’ needs today. According to Al-Makhzumi, there are eight basic principles used in the taisir an-nahwi al-‘Arabi theory, they are: (1) refusing the theory of ‘amil, (2) systematic rearrangement of chapters and topics of nahwu study, (3) consolidating Arabic phonology and Arabic morphology in Arabic syntax, (4) supporting speaking proficiency is the basis of Ibn Madha's nahwu critique method, (5) redefining some of Arabic syntax chapters, (6) removing branches and unnecessary chapters of nahwu such as removing i'rab mahalli and taqdiri, (7) perfecting the chapters deemed necessary to be perfected, and (8) consolidating ma’ani aspects in the arabic syntax written on asalib at-ta’bir. This theory is produced by Al-Makhzumi from several sources, including: Imam Khalil ibn Ahmad al-Farahidi, school of Kufah (Imam al-Farra’), Ibn Madha', and Ibrahim Mushtafa.

The Formation of Verbs of Emotion in Arabic

This study aims to explore the characteristics of the formation of Arabic verbal forms within the semantic field of emotions. The paper adopts an analytical statistical method to provide a comprehensive analysis involving three aspects: word-formation of each verbal form; syntactic behaviour of each verbal form in terms of transitivity; and the existence of underived verbal forms in Jordanian Arabic. It examines the derivation of the ten verbal forms (Form I – Form X) from 100 roots within the semantic field of emotions by checking their existence in Arabic dictionaries. The analysed data shows that a Form I verb (the base form in Arabic) is derived 171 times by applying six canonical patterns to 100 roots, generalising that Form I verbs of emotions tend to follow the pattern C1aC2iC3. On the other hand, each of Form II – Form X has a single canonical pattern; applying these patterns to a given root leads to an augmented verb. However, the analysed data shows that 350 Form II – Form X verbs have been derived. The study concludes that the highest derivable form is Form IV, while Form IX is not derived within this semantic field. The study also examines the syntactic behaviour of Form I – Form X verbs, and the analysed data shows a sharp shift from one form to another. Furthermore, in terms of the underived Arabic verbal forms (Form II – Form X) which are not listed in Arabic dictionaries, this study examines their existence in Jordanian Arabic. The findings could be the basis of further work on other semantic fields such as verbs of motion, verbs of social interaction, and verbs of mental process. The outcome of this study will be also useful for NLP applications such as Arabic e-dictionaries, wordnet and ontology applications. Keywords: Verbs of Emotion, Arabic Morphology, Verbal Derivation, Jordanian Dialect.

KEPENTINGAN SKEMATA ARAB TERHADAP KEFAHAMAN AL-QURAN DAN PENCAPAIAN HAFAZAN (The Importance of the Arabic Language Schemata towards Understanding of the Quran and Memorisation Achievement)

Tujuan – Walaupun pendidikan tahfiz berkembang pesat mutakhir ini, pencapaian hafazan al-Quran di institusi tahfiz didapati masih kurang memberangsangkan. Salah satu faktor kelemahan pencapaian hafazan dipercayai berpunca daripada kelemahan memahami makna ayat al-Quran dalam kalangan pelajar tahfiz. Walaupun banyak kajian telah dijalankan, namun terdapat jurang pengetahuan tentang faktor di sebalik masalah kefahaman al-Quran. Sementara itu, beberapa sarjana Islam didapati menekankan pengajaran bahasa Arab dalam sistem pendidikan tahfiz. Justeru, kajian ini meneroka kepentingan skemata bahasa Arab dalam meramal pencapaian hafazan melalui kefahaman al-Quran. Metodologi – Dengan mengambil pendekatan kuantitatif, kajian ini menyelidiki pengaruh skemata bahasa Arab terhadap pencapaian hafazan dalam kalangan pelajar tahfiz yang mempunyai latar belakang pengajian bahasa Arab. Faktor pengantara, iaitu kefahaman al-Quran turut diteliti. Kajian dijalankan terhadap 246 sampel dari empat buah institusi tahfiz di Malaysia yang mensyaratkan pelajar mempunyai skemata bahasa Arab pada peringkat Sijil Pelajaran Malaysia. Pengumpulan data dilakukan melalui teknik ujian bagi mengukur tahap skemata bahasa Arab yang terdiri daripada nahu, saraf dan kosa kata, tahap kefahaman al-Quran dan juga pencapaian hafazan. Dapatan – Hasil analisis menggunakan Partial Least Square – Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM) dan prosedur Bootstrapping menunjukkan bahawa skemata bahasa Arab mempunyai kesan langsung dan kesan tidak langsung terhadap pencapaian hafazan melalui kefahaman al-Quran. Signifikan – Dapatan kajian ini menjelaskan bahawa skemata bahasa Arab dan kefahaman al-Quran menjadi faktor peramal yang relevan terhadap pencapaian hafazan. Kata kunci: skemata Arab, kefahaman al-Quran, pencapaian hafazan, nahu, kosa kata. ABSTRACT Purpose – Even though tahfiz education has been developing tremendously lately, memorisation achievement of the Quran at tahfiz institutions is still not very encouraging. One factor leading to this situation among tahfiz students is believed to originate from their weakness in understanding the meaning of Quranic phrases. Despite the fact that a lot of research has been carried out, there still exists a knowledge gap about the factors underpinning the problem of understanding the Quran. In the meantime, a few Islamic scholars have been found to be emphasising on the teaching of the Arabic language in the tahfiz education system. Thus, this research is aimed at exploring the importance of the Arabic language schemata in predicting memorisation achievement through understanding of the Quran. Methodology – Utilising the quantitative approach, this research explores the influence of the Arabic language schemata in memorisation achievement among tahfiz students who possess knowledge of the Arabic language. The mediating factor, which is the understanding of the Quran was investigated. Research was carried out on 246 samples from four tahfiz institutions in Malaysia that had made it compulsory for students to possess the Arabic language schemata at Sijil Pelajaran Malaysia (SPM) level. Data collection was carried out through testing techniques to measure the Arabic language schemata level that comprised of nahu (Arabic syntax), saraf (Arabic morphology) and vocabulary, the understanding level of the Quran and also memorisation achievement. Findings – The results of the analysis using the Partial Least Square - Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM) and Bootstrapping procedure showed that the Arabic language schemata had direct and indirect effects on memorisation achievement through understanding of the Quran. Significance – The findings of this research clearly show that the Arabic language schemata and understanding of the Quran are relevant predicting factors for memorisation achievement. Keywords: Arabic language schemata, understanding of the Quran, memorisation achievement, syntax, vocabulary.

Measuring Malaysian Students Achievement Level in Arabic Morphology: Improving and Developing Curriculum

This study aimed to identify the level of achievement of Malaysian students in Arabic Morphology material on three areas, previous study period, gender, and student education specialization. This research was a field research conducted on Malaysian students studying Arabic, at the International Islamic University Matriculation Center (IIUMC) in Kuala Lumpur-Malaysia. This study concluded that previous study periods, gender, and education specialization had an important role in this identification that became a reference for the improvement of Arabic Morphology learning curriculum. Students who were first learning Arabic in IIUMC had a high success rate only in matching letters (Anita) with pronouns and fi'il al-madi Shahih, and Mahmuz, and pronouns fi'il al-mahi al-Mithal. As for those who have studied Arabic for 5 years, 6 years, and 7 years have a high level of ability also in matching letters (Anita) with the pronouns and fi'il al-madi al-ajwaf. The level of ability of male students was lower than female students in all aspects without exception in matching letters (Anita) with pronouns and verbs that begin with the letter Ta’. As for students specializing in Arabic, Sharia, and Humanities, Reveal Knowledge and the Qur'an, and Arabic had different levels of success in accordance with their specialization, such as students with Arabic specialization had a high level of success in all the discussions that had been mentioned, however, for students with other specialties not. From the findings, there are several suggestions, namely communicative approach, gradualism, adoption of the most frequent morphological positions, introduction of grammar through meaning, reconciliation of teaching methods, designing Morphology materials, and exchanging cognitive programs for teachers and students.

Legal Vocabulary of Arabic-Speaking ‘adat Monuments in 14th-20th Century Dagestan (Some Results of the Study of Islamic Discourses)

The article is an attempt at a concise historical-legal dictionary of legal custom or ‘adat practiced by Muslim highlanders in the North-East Caucasus in the 14th-20th centuries. It contains 107 dictionary and phraseology units gathered in documents, normative and narrative sources including inscriptions. They share characteristic inaccuracies in Arabic morphology and peculiar semantics. The author argues that it was the result of cultural translation of historical realities of non-Arab society. Its legal vocabulary was created by relatively competent Shari‘a judges, teachers and students of madrasahs for members of their own rural communities and confederacies. The translation into Arabic aimed at legitimizing agreements concluded at meetings of the confederations. The glossary should help readers of local Arabic-speaking sources from the North-East Caucasus. At the same time, it elucidates controversies of Islamic discourse based on the Dagestani ‘adat that was a changing legal custom in the framework of first Islamic and then Russian imperial and early Soviet law. Historians know better the discourse of Muhammad of Kututl, Dawud of Usisha, Murtada-‘Ali of Urada who took part in the 17th-19th centuries Shari‘ah movement against non-Islamic local customs. In judicial practice, however, these scholars had to refer to different ‘adat norms and procedures reflecting the early modern society they lived in. At the same time, they Islamized legal custom gradually as we can see from changing meanings of the terms presented in the paper.

RESPON MAHASISWA TERHADAP BUKU AJAR MORFOLOGI BAHASA ARAB BERBASIS ANALISIS KONTRASTIF

Learning Arabic morphology that is not a mother tongue is not an easy matter. Based on the questionnaire given to students, the problem they faced in studying Arabic morphology was that it was difficult to distinguish the terms contained in Arabic morphology by 22.9%, the examples used were always the same in each discussion so as to confuse 14.3%, difficult to find examples other than those already explained by 17.1%, one word can be changed into many other forms by 8.6%, not knowing the meaning of each word change by 14.3%, difficult to translate into Indonesian so it is not easily understood 11.4%, and it is difficult to get an easily understood learning source of 11.4%. This study aims to determine the response of Arabic Language Education study program students at the University of KH. A. Wahab Hasbullah towards Arabic Morphology textbook based on contrastive analysis using quantitative approaches. Student response data collection using a questionnaire instrument. 35 students were conditioned in one room and gave an assessment of the textbooks that had been shown to them. The final results of the 15 assessment points showed that the Arabic Morphology Textbook Based on Contrastive Analysis scored 90.8 with a decent category and a very good predicate.

Khaṣā’iṣ al-Mustawá al-Ṣarfī li-Lahjat al-‘Arabīyah al-Nījīrīyah

The Arab tribes locally known as Shuwa Arabs represent a segment of Nigerian society. They came from the Arabian Peninsula for varied aims. And they spoke an Arabic dialect which conforms or differs from other ancient or modern Arabic dialects in many traits which they inherit from their forefathers, which shows that they preserve their Arabic Identity. Although this dialect is strictly following Arabic morphology. But at times they have their unique morphology perhaps it can be traced to some ancient Arabic dialects. Morphology has gained great importance because it helps to understand the meaning of phrases and words through usage. To fathom this fact in the Nigerian Arabic dialects, the researcher tries to tackle this topic by studying the morphological issues which may help to reach what he wants.