Characteristics of the Retelling of Expository Discourses by Children from Multicultural Families According to a Picture Presentation Condition : Focused on Mazes

2016 ◽  
Vol 15 (4) ◽  
pp. 163 ◽  
Author(s):  
Moon kyung Kang ◽  
Mina Hwang ◽  
Jong Ah Lim
Keyword(s):  
Presentation Condition ◽  
Picture Presentation

scholarly journals How to activate students’ natural desire to test themselves

2019 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Kalif E. Vaughn ◽  
Nate Kornell
Keyword(s):  
Retrieval Practice ◽  
Study Phase ◽  
Presentation Condition ◽  
Self Testing ◽  
Testing Experiment ◽  
Self Test

Abstract Testing oneself (i.e., doing retrieval practice) is an effective way to study. We attempted to make learners choose to test themselves more often. In Experiment 1, participants were asked how they wanted to study and were given four options: retrieval with no hint (e.g., idea: ______), a two-letter hint (e.g., idea: s____r), a four-letter hint (e.g., idea: se__er), or a presentation trial (e.g., idea: seeker). They tested themselves on the majority of trials. In Experiment 2, when the hint options were removed, they chose restudy rather than pure test on the majority of trials. These findings show that people prefer self-testing over restudy as long as they can get the answer right on the test. However, we would not recommend hints if they impaired learning compared to pure testing. Experiment 3 showed that this was not the case; the three retrieval conditions from Experiment 1 led to equivalent amounts of learning, and all three outperformed the pure presentation condition. We used different materials in Experiment 4 and found that the hints made retrieval slightly less beneficial when the hints made it possible to guess the answers without thinking back to the study phase (e.g., whip: pu__sh). In summary, hints catalyzed people’s intuitive desire to self-test, without any downside for learning, thus making their self-regulated study more enjoyable and effective.

scholarly journals Attention for Speaking: Prestimulus Motor-cortical Alpha Power Predicts Picture Naming Latencies

2020 ◽  
Vol 32 (5) ◽  
pp. 747-761
Author(s):  
Suzanne R. Jongman ◽  
Ardi Roelofs ◽  
Ashley G. Lewis
Keyword(s):  
Language Production ◽  
Alpha Power ◽  
Attentional State ◽  
Inhibitory Function ◽  
Manual Responses ◽  
Picture Presentation ◽  
Single Speaker ◽  
Motor Cortical ◽  
Cortical Regions ◽  
Naming Latencies

There is a range of variability in the speed with which a single speaker will produce the same word from one instance to another. Individual differences studies have shown that the speed of production and the ability to maintain attention are related. This study investigated whether fluctuations in production latencies can be explained by spontaneous fluctuations in speakers' attention just prior to initiating speech planning. A relationship between individuals' incidental attentional state and response performance is well attested in visual perception, with lower prestimulus alpha power associated with faster manual responses. Alpha is thought to have an inhibitory function: Low alpha power suggests less inhibition of a specific brain region, whereas high alpha power suggests more inhibition. Does the same relationship hold for cognitively demanding tasks such as word production? In this study, participants named pictures while EEG was recorded, with alpha power taken to index an individual's momentary attentional state. Participants' level of alpha power just prior to picture presentation and just prior to speech onset predicted subsequent naming latencies. Specifically, higher alpha power in the motor system resulted in faster speech initiation. Our results suggest that one index of a lapse of attention during speaking is reduced inhibition of motor-cortical regions: Decreased motor-cortical alpha power indicates reduced inhibition of this area while early stages of production planning unfold, which leads to increased interference from motor-cortical signals and longer naming latencies. This study shows that the language production system is not impermeable to the influence of attention.

Emotion and Brain Oscillations: High Arousal is Associated with Decreases in Alpha- and Lower Beta-Band Power

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Schubring ◽  
Harald T Schupp
Keyword(s):  
Stimulus Onset ◽  
Emotional Stimulus ◽  
Brain Oscillations ◽  
Beta Band ◽  
Viewing Condition ◽  
Stimulus Processing ◽  
Beta Power ◽  
Picture Presentation ◽  
Alpha Beta ◽  
Task Conditions

Abstract The study of brain oscillations associated with emotional picture processing has revealed conflicting findings. Although many studies observed a decrease in power in the alpha- and lower beta band, some studies observed an increase. Accordingly, the main aim of the present research series was to further elucidate whether emotional stimulus processing is related to an increase or decrease in alpha/beta power. In Study 1, participants (N = 16) viewed briefly presented (150 ms) high-arousing erotic and low-arousing people pictures. Picture presentation included a passive viewing condition and an active picture categorization task. Study 2 (N = 16) replicated Study 1 with negative valence stimuli (mutilations). In Study 3 (N = 18), stimulus materials of Study 1 and 2 were used. The main finding is that high-arousing pictures (erotica and mutilations) are associated with a decrease of power in the alpha/beta band across studies and task conditions. The effect peaked in occipitoparietal sensors between 400 and 800 ms after stimulus onset. Furthermore, a late (>1000 ms) alpha/beta power increase to mutilation pictures was observed, possibly reflecting top–down inhibitory control processes. Overall, these findings suggest that brain oscillations in the alpha/beta-band may serve as a useful measure of emotional stimulus processing.

Material and presentation condition effects on sentence interpretation task performance: methodological examinations of the competition experiment

1997 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 66-91 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yoshinori Sasaki
Keyword(s):  
Task Performance ◽  
English Learners ◽  
Lexical Semantics ◽  
Native English Speakers ◽  
Competition Experiment ◽  
English Speakers ◽  
Native Japanese Speakers ◽  
Presentation Condition ◽  
Japanese Word ◽  
The Subject

Ten native English learners of Japanese, ten intermediate native English learners of Japanese and ten native Japanese speakers of English each were requested to report what they thought was the subject or actor of a series of English NVN word strings, in which case marking and lexical-semantics cues were systematically manipulated. These NVN strings were aurally presented first alone, and subsequently the same strings were presented for the second time together with noncanonical NNV and VNN strings. Similarly, their counterpart Japanese NNV strings were first presented alone, and secondly with noncanonical VNN and NVN strings. The results revealed that 1) a greater animacy effect (‘animacy noun as a subject’ bias) was detected when the sentence verb was see rather than eat(or each of their Japanese counterparts); 2) English accusative pronouns generally created greater case biases than nominative ones; and 3) native English speakers interpreting Japanese word strings responded differently under the two presentation conditions.

The Strategic Control of Gaze Direction in the Tower of London Task

2000 ◽  
Vol 12 (5) ◽  
pp. 894-907 ◽  
Author(s):  
Timothy L. Hodgson ◽  
Adnan Bajwa ◽  
Adrian M. Owen ◽  
Christopher Kennard
Keyword(s):  
Problem Solving ◽  
Initial Period ◽  
Visual Fields ◽  
Problem Solution ◽  
Tower Of London ◽  
Novel Approach ◽  
Picture Presentation ◽  
Movement Strategy ◽  
Minimum Number ◽  
The One

In this paper, we describe a novel approach to the study of problem solving involving the detailed analysis of natural scanning eye movements during the “one-touch” Tower-of-London (TOL) task. We showed subjects a series of pictures depicting two arrangements of colored balls in pockets within the uper and lower halves of a computer display. The task was to plan (but not to execute)the shortest movement sequence required to rearrange the balls in one half of the display (the workspace)to match the arrangement in the opposite half (the Goalspace)and indicate the minimum number of moves required for problem solution. We report that subjects are more likely to look towards the Goalspace in the initial period after picture presentation, but bias gaze towards the Workspace during the middle of trials. Towards the end of a trial, subjects are once again more likely to fixate the Goalspace. This pattern is found regardless of whether the subjects solve problems by rearranging the balls in the lower or uper visual fields, demonstrating that this strategy correlates with discreate phases in problem solving. A second experiment showed that efficient planners direct their gaze selectively towards the problem critical balls in the workspace. In contrast, Individuals who make errors spend more time looking at irrelevant items and are strongly influenced by the movement strategy needed to solve the preceding problem. We conclude that efficient solution of the TOL requires the capacity to generate and flexibly shift between control sets, including those underlying ocular scanning. The role of working memory and the prefrontal cerebral cortex in the task are discussed.

Cueing and List Organization in the Recall of Categorized Lists

1977 ◽  
Vol 41 (3_suppl) ◽  
pp. 1143-1146 ◽  
Author(s):  
Calvin D. Sowder
Keyword(s):  
Category Label ◽  
Factorial Experiment ◽  
List Presentation ◽  
Random Presentation ◽  
Presentation Condition ◽  
Random List ◽  
Sequential Organization ◽  
Category Item

A 2 × 2 × 2 factorial experiment examined the effects on recall of (a) blocked and random sequential organization during presentation of categorized lists, (b) presence or absence of category item cues at recall, and (c) presence or absence of category label cues at recall. 24 subjects in the blocked-presentation condition and 24 subjects in the random-presentation condition learned and recalled lists in all of the four conditions of cues at recall. Significant effects were noted for both category label and category item cues following blocked presentation, but only category label cues significantly affected recall following random presentation. More words per category were recalled for blocked than for random list presentation. The presence of item cues at recall suppressed the words per category recalled.

Effects of Bilingual and Monolingual Presentations and Time on Concept- and Language-Matching Tasks

2002 ◽  
Vol 91 (1) ◽  
pp. 17-27
Author(s):  
Ayşe Ayçiçeği ◽  
Zehra F. Peynircioğlu
Keyword(s):  
Trade Off ◽  
Language Identity ◽  
Presentation Condition ◽  
English Bilingual ◽  
Subliminal Processing ◽  
Speed Accuracy ◽  
Short Presentation

Balanced Turkish-English bilingual participants viewed word pairs, presented both monolingually (English-English or Turkish-Turkish) or bilingually (English-Turkish or Turkish-English) and both for short and long durations. They made decisions on whether the simultaneously presented words in a pair were in the same language or not, or whether they denoted the same concept or not. In the short presentation condition, we found no evidence for subliminal processing. In cases in which both words were consciously identified, participants were more accurate, although not faster in the long than in the short presentation condition for both language and concept decisions. In the long presentation condition, language decisions were more accurate than concept decisions, although not faster. In addition, language decisions were not affected by whether the words were synonyms (concept identity), and concept decisions were not affected by whether the presentation was monolingual or bilingual (language identity), although in the monolingual conditions, “same” decisions were faster but not more accurate, and in the bilingual conditions a speed-accuracy trade-off was observed in that “same” decisions were faster but “different” decisions were more accurate.

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