tower of london
Recently Published Documents


TOTAL DOCUMENTS

454
(FIVE YEARS 39)

H-INDEX

37
(FIVE YEARS 2)

2022 ◽  

Edmund Campion (b. 1540–d. 1581) was born in London and educated there and at Oxford, as a member of the newly founded St John’s College, a pillar of Mary Tudor’s Catholic revival. By the time he graduated Mary had been succeeded by Elizabeth I and Catholicism by an episcopally led form of Protestantism. Campion remained in Oxford, as tutor, lecturer, and orator, and was ordained as a deacon of the Church of England in 1569, but retained strong Catholic sympathies. In 1570 Elizabeth was excommunicated by Pius V and Campion retreated to Ireland. The following year he made his way to Douai in the Spanish Netherlands, where he recanted his Protestantism, and, in 1573, proceeded to Rome, where he entered the Society of Jesus. His Jesuit novitiate was undertaken in Brno, after which he taught in Prague. In 1579 he was chosen to undertake a mission to England, supporting those of his fellow countrymen who had remained loyal to Rome and endeavoring to convert those who had not. Together with Robert Persons (or Parsons [b. 1546–d. 1610]) and Ralph Emerson, Campion left Rome in April 1580. Arriving in England, he issued a challenge to debate doctrinal matters with leading Protestants. This was his so-called Brag. It was followed by the lengthier Rationes decem. All the while, he ministered in secret to the Catholic minority, until he was arrested at Lyford Grange, Berkshire, on 17 July 1581. During his imprisonment in the Tower of London he was granted his wish to debate with Protestant divines, but the four events were rigged against him. In November he was tried and found guilty of treasonable conspiracy against the queen, and on 1 December hanged at Tyburn with two other priests, Ralph Sherwin and Alexander Briant. He was beatified by Leo XIII in 1886 and canonized (as one of the Forty Martyrs of England and Wales) by Paul VI in 1970. As this article confirms, Campion’s story is related in numerous Reference Works, expanded and/or placed in context in Overviews and examined in detail in Journals and Collections of Papers. For present purposes, his career is divided chronologically: up to 1570 under London and Oxford, 1570–1571 under History of Ireland, and the self-explanatory Mission to England, 1580–1581, which is subdivided into Primary Sources and Analysis. His afterlife is addressed under Legacy, first for the period 1581–1618, and then From Hagiography to Biography.


2021 ◽  
Vol 15 (4) ◽  
pp. 5-14
Author(s):  
Dmitry Yu. Lagoda ◽  
Larisa A. Dobrynina ◽  
Natalya A. Suponeva ◽  
Ilya S. Bakulin ◽  
Alexandra G. Poydasheva ◽  
...  

Introduction. Mild cognitive impairment (MCI) negatively affects patients quality of life and is a risk factor for dementia. One of the main causes of MCI is cerebral small vessel disease (CSVD). The previously established link between decreased activity in the supplementary motor area (SMA) and cognitive impairment in patients with CSVD makes it possible to consider repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) of the SMA with functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI)-assisted positioning as a promising method for treating MCI caused by CSVD. The aim of the study was to evaluate the efficacy and tolerability of fMRI-guided rTMS of the SMA in patients with MCI caused by CSVD. Materials and methods. Twenty patients were randomly assigned to the intervention (SMA stimulation; n = 10) and the control (vertex stimulation; n = 10) groups. All patients underwent 10 sessions of high-frequency rTMS. The MoCA scale, trail making test, Tower of London test, and copying and delayed recall in the ReyOsterrieth complex figure test were used to assess treatment effect. Testing was conducted before, immediately after and 3 months post rTMS. Results. The intervention group demonstrated a significant improvement in the MoCA, the Tower of London test and delayed recall in the ReyOsterrieth complex figure test immediately after rTMS. Statistically significant improvement in the MoCA and the Tower of London test results was maintained after 3 months. No statistically significant improvements were found in the control group. Groups were comparable in the incidence of headache during and in the 24-hour period after the stimulation session, and in unpleasant sensations during the session. Conclusion. fMRI-guided rTMS of the SMA is an effective and promising treatment method for MCI caused by CSVD, with effects lasting three or more months, and good tolerability.


Nutrients ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 1
Author(s):  
Joaquín García-Cordero ◽  
Alicia Pino ◽  
Constanza Cuevas ◽  
Verónica Puertas-Martín ◽  
Ricardo San Román ◽  
...  

In recent decades, the elderly population has increased at higher rates than any other population group, resulting in an increase in age-related diseases such as neurodegenerative and cognitive impairment. To address this global health problem, it is necessary to search for new dietary strategies that can prevent the main neurocognitive problems associated with the ageing process. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to analyze the effect of cocoa flavanols and red berry anthocyanins on brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and nerve growth factor receptor (NGF-R) and to stablish the possible improvement in cognitive performance by using a battery of neurocognitive tests that included the Verbal Learning Test Spain-Complutense, the Spatial Recall Test 10/36 BRB-N, the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale III and IV, the STROOP Task and the Tower of London Test. A randomized, double-blind, parallel-group study was performed in 60 healthy volunteers between 50 and 75 years old who consumed a cocoa powder, a red berries mixture or a combination of both for 12 weeks. After the intervention, we observed a reduction in the time needed to start (p = 0.031) and finish (p = 0.018) the neurocognitive test known as the Tower of London in all groups, but the decrease in time to finish the task was more pronounced in the intervention with the combination of cocoa-red berries group. We failed to show any significant difference in BDNF and NGF-R sera levels. However we found a negative correlation between BDNF and the number of movements required to finish the TOL in women (p = 0.044). In conclusion, our study showed an improvement in executive function, without any change in neurotrofin levels, for all intervention arms.


2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (11) ◽  
pp. 1420
Author(s):  
Ernest Tyburski ◽  
Magdalena Kerestey ◽  
Pavlo Kerestey ◽  
Stanisław Radoń ◽  
Shane T. Mueller

In two studies, we examine the test-retest reliability and factor structure of the computerized Tower of London (TOL) and Go/No Go (GNG). Before analyses, raw results of variables that were not normally distributed were transformed. Study 1 examined the reliability of a broad spectrum of indicators (Initial Time Thinking, ITT; Execution Time, ET; Full Time, FT; Extra Moves, EM; No Go Errors, NGE; Reaction Time for Go Responses, RTGR) across an eight-week delay in a sample of 20 young adults. After correction for multiple comparisons and correlations, our results demonstrate that the tasks have ambiguous test-retest reliability coefficients (non-significant r for all indicators, and interclass correlation (ICC) for TOL; significant ICC for GNG; show lack of reliable change over time for all indicators in both tasks); moreover, ITT exhibits strong practice effects. Study 2 investigated both tasks’ factor structure and conducted a more detailed analysis of indicators for each trial (ITT, ET, EM) in the TOL task in the group of 95 young adults. Results reveal a satisfactory 2-factor solution, with the first factor (planning inhibition) defined by ITT, NGE, and RTGR, and the second factor (move efficiency) defined by EM and ET. The detailed analysis identified a 6-factor solution with the first factor defined by ITT for more difficult trials and the remaining five factors defined by EM and ET for each trial, reflecting move efficiency for each trial separately.


2021 ◽  
Vol 33 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 62-78
Author(s):  
Linhan Gan

This article argues that Shakespeare’s George of Clarence is a war veteran traumatised by his wartime experience, and that he can be regarded as a prototype of the modern shell-shocked soldier. Seizing on Jonathan Shay’s study on war trauma, it explores how Clarence becomes traumatised through a trajectory of degradation of personality due to his commander’s breach of themis in 3Henry VI. Edward’s breach of honour triggers the destabilisation of Clarence’s character, which, the article argues, suffers a traumatic breakdown in consequence of the murdering of Prince Edward. Turning to Richard III, the article explores how Clarence is haunted by his war trauma by examining Clarence’s insulation in the Tower of London, which powerfully symbolises the medieval veteran’s postwar dilemma. The repetition of war trauma is further borne out by Clarence’s nightmare, which, the article suggests, is not unlike the compulsive dream that occurs to the Freudian veteran after the Great War.


2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (6) ◽  
pp. 277-283
Author(s):  
D. Safonov

Urgency. The cognitive symptoms of schizophrenia are recognized either as a part of a negative complex of symptomatic, where cognitive malfunction seem to be the secondary complication of emotional and motivational dysregulation; or as a separate group of schizophrenia manifestations that constitutes a massive part of a residual condition. Aim – to evaluate the cognitive functioning and analyze its violation levels in association with antipsychotic course experience in patients with residual schizophrenia. Results. The assessment of cognitive functions was established by direct testing in clinical setting. Education in years varied from 9 to 16, mean 11,27±2,12 in the population under study. The basic level of cognitive impairment was established: verbal memory test result was 31,6±11,6; digit sequencing test result was 13,4±5,7; token motor task test result was 40,1±18,3; verbal fluency test result was 41,2±10,7; symbol coding test result was 30,6±13,1; tower of london test result was 12,2±4,5. Some correlations were found: for chlorpromazine we can assume minor negative impact on token motor task (r= -0,22) and verbal fluency test (r= -0,27) results; for haloperidol we can assume more pronounced but still minor impact on token motor task (r= -0,22), verbal fluency test (r= -0,27), verbal memory test (r= -0,28) and tower of London test (r= -0,20) results; for trifluoperazine we can see minor negative impact on  verbal fluency test (r= -0,26); for clozapine we can’t find any representative correlations with cognitive tests; chlorprothixene as we can assume have minor negative impact on verbal memory test (r= -0,32) result, but minor positive – on tower of London test (r= 0,21) result; for risperidone also assume minor positive impact on sequence coding test (r= 0,25), but other tests in battery show no significant correlations; for zuclopenthixol we can assume minor negative impact on token motor task (r= -0,22) and verbal fluency test (r= -0,31) results. 


Minerals ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 345
Author(s):  
Martin Michette ◽  
Heather Viles ◽  
Constantina Vlachou ◽  
Ian Angus

The correct choice of pointing mortar is considered crucial to the conservation of historic masonry. A proliferation of cement and eminently hydraulic lime mortars since the late 19th century has accelerated the deterioration of built cultural heritage in many parts of the world. Whilst the use of softer, lime-based mortars in stone conservation is now common practice, their role in the overall conservation strategy of highly vulnerable building stones such as Reigate Stone requires assessment. In this paper non-destructive testing (NDT) is used across a two-year period to investigate the impact of different pointing mortar types in situ. NDT data on surface hardness and moisture are interpreted at different scales to assess moisture regulation of Reigate Stone masonry at the Wardrobe Tower, a ruined structure at the Tower of London, following repointing carried out in Spring 2017. Joints repointed using a hydraulic lime mortar (NHL3.5) are shown to regulate moisture in adjacent Reigate Stone blocks less well than those repointed using a lime putty mortar. However, despite an initially inappropriate recipe, older hydraulic lime mortars are in some instances shown to perform similarly to the lime putty mortar, suggesting that NHL can weather sympathetically. The results also indicate that, whilst pointing mortar type does play a role in the moisture regulation of individual stones, its effect is outweighed by both properties of the stone itself, such as strength and past decay, and by wider micro-contextual factors, such as exposure or adjacent topography. Findings from the Wardrobe Tower indicate that pointing mortar only plays a part in overall moisture regulation; to enable its effective functioning and minimise the need for repeated interventions, it may be necessary to take additional protective measures to mitigate moisture ingress, such as water run-off and channelling following heavy rainfall. The overall implication is that in vulnerable historic masonry such as Reigate Stone, sustainable conservation strategies must incorporate a broad appraisal of, and tailored response to, specific decay mechanisms. With careful calibration across repeated survey campaigns, data collected in situ using NDT can inform the role of pointing mortar within such strategies.


2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tim D. van Balkom ◽  
Henk W. Berendse ◽  
Ysbrand D. van der Werf ◽  
Jos W.R. Twisk ◽  
Carel F.W. Peeters ◽  
...  

AbstractBackgroundCognitive training (CT) has been proposed as a non-pharmacological treatment option for the frequent cognitive impairments occurring in PD.ObjectiveAssess the efficacy of CT on cognitive function in PD.MethodsIn this double-blind, randomized controlled trial we enrolled 140 PD patients with significant subjective cognitive complaints. In eight weeks, participants underwent 24 sessions of computerized multi-domain CT or an active control condition for 45 minutes each (n=70 vs. n=70). The primary outcome was the accuracy on a computerized Tower of London task; secondary outcomes included effects on other neuropsychological outcomes and subjective cognitive complaints. Outcomes were assessed before and after training and at six-months follow-up, and were analyzed with multivariate mixed-model analyses.ResultsThe intention-to-treat population consisted of 136 participants. Multivariate mixed-model analyses showed no group difference on the Tower of London accuracy corrected for baseline performance: B: −0.06, 95% CI: −0.27 to 0.15, p=0.562. Participants in the CT group were on average 0.30 SD (i.e., 1.5 seconds) faster on the Tower of London, difficulty load 4 (secondary outcome): 95% CI: −0.55 to −0.06, p=0.015. CT had similar positive effects on other processing speed-related executive function tasks, although these did not reach statistical significance. At follow-up, no group differences were present.ConclusionsThe results show tentative but consistent positive effects of CT on processing speed during executive functioning. Future studies should investigate booster sessions to increase durability, optimize training duration, and study different sub-groups of PD patients along the continuum of cognitive decline towards PD dementia.


Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document