Catholic Settlement of Río Arriba

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brett Hendrickson
Keyword(s):  
New Mexico ◽  
Early History ◽  
Native Peoples ◽  
Spanish Conquest ◽  
Pueblo Revolt ◽  
History Of ◽  
Popular Catholicism ◽  
Franciscan Order

This chapter tells the story of Spanish conquest and evangelization of the region known today as New Mexico. The focus is on the Franciscan order and its changing strategies to plant churches and make converts out of the native peoples. Popular Catholicism that grew up and around Pueblo and Spanish villages is also covered. The Pueblo Revolt is covered, along with the early history of New Mexico’s famous Penitentes.

The Franciscans in New Mexico, 1692-1754: Toward a New Assessment

1994 ◽  
Vol 51 (2) ◽  
pp. 151-171
Author(s):  
Jim Norris
Keyword(s):  
New Mexico ◽  
Local Population ◽  
The Other ◽  
Spanish Colonial ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Pueblo Revolt ◽  
Franciscan Order ◽  
High Degree ◽  
Civil Government

Scholars who have studied the Franciscan effort in New Mexico during the Spanish colonial epoch have generally posited that the watershed event in the missionary program was the Pueblo Revolt of 1680. Thus, the periodization for the Order's evangelical effort has been structured in two parts: pre-1680 and post-reconquest (1692-1821). One need only compare Fray Alonso de Benavides's glowing description of his brethren's work in the region in 1630 with that of Fray Silvestre Vélez de Escalante's harsh rebuke to the friars in 1777 to realize fundamental changes had occurred in the missionization process. Benavides's Franciscans are ardent, ascetic, and capable missionary priests. Consequently, prior to 1680, the Franciscan Order, in what the Spanish called the Kingdom of New Mexico, was able to maintain a high degree of authority, power, and prestige especially in regard to its relations with the local population and civil government. On the other hand, the missionaries condemned by Escalante are complacent, contentious idlers. While there are a dearth of studies on the post-1692 Franciscans, historians who have ventured into the era suggest a significant erosion in the quality and dedication of the later missionaries. The conclusion, then, is that these less committed friars were at least partially responsible for the decline of the Order's position within the Kingdom.

Spanish Missions, Cultural Conflict and the Pueblo Revolt of 1680

1975 ◽  
Vol 44 (2) ◽  
pp. 217-228 ◽  
Author(s):  
Henry Warner Bowden
Keyword(s):  
Seventeenth Century ◽  
New Mexico ◽  
White Men ◽  
Cultural Conflict ◽  
Aboriginal Populations ◽  
Spanish Missions ◽  
Pueblo Revolt ◽  
History Of

Historians who try to understand encounters between red men and white men in the seventeenth century are immediately confronted with a problem: Indians were not literate, and they left no records of the sort we are accustomed to studying. For centuries the only information about aboriginal populations in the Americas was derived from European narratives, conditioned by viewpoints that harbored an outsider's values. Archaeology added some indigenous references, but the evidence has usually been too meager for adequate generalization. Historians have pursued the goal of avoiding white men's biases and viewing Indian cultures as having an integrity all their own, but that goal has remained an ideal, causing more despair than hope of eventual success. As far as the history of early New Mexico is concerned, the situation is worsened by the fact that most church and government archives were burned during the fighting of 1680–1696.

Archaeological Remains, Supposedly Navaho, from Chaco Canyon, New Mexico

1939 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 4-20 ◽  
Author(s):  
Roy L. Malcolm
Keyword(s):  
New Mexico ◽  
Material Culture ◽  
Early History ◽  
Archaeological Sites ◽  
Chaco Canyon ◽  
Archaeological Remains ◽  
History Of ◽  
Made In

Until recently there has been little attempt to trace the early history of the Navaho in the Southwest through their archaeological remains. While some investigators were studying Pueblo archaeology, they did record certain discoveries which tend to throw some light here and there on the earlier history of the Navaho. In the summer of 1937 a reconnaisance of archaeological sites, putatively Navaho, was made in Chaco Canyon, New Mexico. The sites were mainly on, or at the base of western Chacra Mesa, some eight miles east of Pueblo Bonito. Interesting information was gathered, particularly in regard to house types, pottery, burials, textiles, and certain other items of material culture which may be correlated with ethnological data on the Navaho.

The Plum'd Serpent: Antonio Borgese and Roger Sessions's ‘Montezuma”

Tempo ◽  
1985 ◽  
pp. 13-22
Author(s):  
Andrea Olmstead
Keyword(s):  
English Language ◽  
Early History ◽  
Smith College ◽  
Mexican History ◽  
Spanish Conquest ◽  
Home Town ◽  
American Subject ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Conquest Of Mexico

The Spanish Conquest of Mexico provides stirring drama for an epic opera on an American subject It has been set by some 30 composers; the earliest is Graun's Montezuma (1755), and the best-known Spontini's Fernand Cortez, ou la Conquête de Mexique (1809). Antonio Borgese, a Sicilian who ‘fell in love with the English language’, retold the epic story to music by Roger Sessions.How did such an unlikely alliance—a Sicilian poet, an American composer, and Mexican history—come about? Sessions first met Antonio Borgese in 1934 in his home town of Hadley, Massachusetts, when Borgese was teaching at Smith College. In 1935 Borgese made a trip to Mexico, where he was overwhelmed by the early history of that country; on his return, he proposed collaborating on an opera on the subject, although he had never written a libretto. Sessions knew nothing of Mexico's history, but did possess a first edition of Prescott's Conquest of Mexico given to his grandfather, possibly by Prescott himself. Sessions read the Prescott and Bernal Diaz's account, and he too became enthralled. Borgese wisely advised against Sessions's proposed title, Tenochtitlan, arguing, ‘The opera is written for titans; we don't need a title for titans, too’. Instead, he suggested the title Montezuma.

Our Debt to the Franciscan Missionaries of New Mexico

1944 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 79-87
Author(s):  
J. Manuel Espinosa
Keyword(s):  
New Mexico ◽  
New Spain ◽  
Special Care ◽  
The Other ◽  
Literary Style ◽  
Official History ◽  
History Of ◽  
Franciscan Order ◽  
The Many

It is especially fitting that the Academy of American Franciscan History is being formally inaugurated this month, for in this same month of April, three hundred and thirty-five years ago, the Franciscan Commissary General of the Indies, by authority of the General of the Franciscan Order, instructed Fray Juan de Torquemada to prepare an official history of the Franciscan province of New Spain, the first to be published, in words that may well be repeated here. He wrote: “Considering how just and desirable it is that the memory of saintly men, who by their heroic deeds honored our Holy Religion, … be preserved for all time … :We are of the opinion that in our own times it is desirable to prepare chronicles that make known these deeds … And having investigated with special care the persons in this province of ours of talent, learning, virtue, and the other qualifications necessary for such an important and arduous undertaking, we have agreed that your reverence, who has all of these qualifications, be entrusted and charged … with bringing to light the many unknown facts of importance that are worthy of being recorded and known by everyone. And thus, by these presents, we request, and if necessary so order, that your reverence undertake to gather all of the reports and writings … that may be found, for the preparation of new chronicles of all the provinces, verifying anew the facts in each case, and inquiring into, or tracing and checking, the specific and general matters of importance … which in that and the other provinces of New Spain may be verified and written up, your reverence preparing all in good literary style and in historical form…

Some early history of replica techniques for electron microscopy

1992 ◽  
Vol 50 (2) ◽  
pp. 1076-1077
Author(s):  
Robert M. Fisher
Keyword(s):  
Thin Film ◽  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Optical Microscope ◽  
Early History ◽  
Bulk Materials ◽  
Thin Sections ◽  
Transmission Electron ◽  
Reflected Light ◽  
History Of ◽  
Electron Microscopes

By 1940, a half dozen or so commercial or home-built transmission electron microscopes were in use for studies of the ultrastructure of matter. These operated at 30-60 kV and most pioneering microscopists were preoccupied with their search for electron transparent substrates to support dispersions of particulates or bacteria for TEM examination and did not contemplate studies of bulk materials. Metallurgist H. Mahl and other physical scientists, accustomed to examining etched, deformed or machined specimens by reflected light in the optical microscope, were also highly motivated to capitalize on the superior resolution of the electron microscope. Mahl originated several methods of preparing thin oxide or lacquer impressions of surfaces that were transparent in his 50 kV TEM. The utility of replication was recognized immediately and many variations on the theme, including two-step negative-positive replicas, soon appeared. Intense development of replica techniques slowed after 1955 but important advances still occur. The availability of 100 kV instruments, advent of thin film methods for metals and ceramics and microtoming of thin sections for biological specimens largely eliminated any need to resort to replicas.

The early history of tuberous sclerosis

1979 ◽  
Vol 115 (11) ◽  
pp. 1317-1319 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. E. Morgan
Keyword(s):  
Tuberous Sclerosis ◽  
Early History ◽  
History Of
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