Badania zastosowania chlorków poliglinu w procesie koagulacji zanieczyszczeń w wodach złożowych o szerokim zakresie pH

Nafta-Gaz ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 76 (11) ◽  
pp. 807-815
Author(s):  
Piotr Jakubowicz ◽  
Keyword(s):  
High Efficiency ◽  
Total Alkalinity ◽  
Degree Of Hydrolysis ◽  
Reservoir Water ◽  
Rapid Reduction ◽  
Coagulant Activity ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Oil And Natural Gas ◽  
High Degree

Reservoir waters extracted during exploitation of crude oil and natural gas are a serious threat to the environment. The reason is high content of dissolved salts, mainly chlorides, as well as toxic components, such as: petroleum substances with aromatic hydrocarbons, and various chemicals applied during hydrocarbons production, e.g. corrosion, hydrates and paraffin inhibitors, surfactants, methanol etc. For this reason, the extracted reservoir water should be managed in a way that is least harmful to the environment. One of the methods of management that meets this requirement is injection of reservoir water into the absorptive horizon. In order to provide failure-free injection, with maximum use of the capabilities of an absorptive horizon, it is necessary to prepare the water properly by removing the components (solids, deposits and suspensions) that cause damage of the injection well. One of the most effective methods of water treatment is coagulation. Aluminum(III) sulfate(VI), commonly used in coagulation, requires a neutral pH of water. Exceeding this level results in rapid reduction in coagulation efficiency, and even in increase in the content of suspended solids in purified water. Extracted reservoir waters drastically change their properties from strongly reducing to oxidizing, due to methane removal after pressure reduction and oxygenation in contact with air. Moreover, while changing the electrochemical potential to positive, presence of iron and manganese ions in the water causes precipitation of oxides and hydroxides in the form of suspensions and the pH decreases due to their hydrolysis. Due to the dynamic course of these processes, as well as the additional acidification of water by addition of the coagulant (aluminum(III) sulfate(VI)), adjustment of the pH to the level appropriate for effective coagulation is often a serious problem. The solution could be application of properly selected modern coagulants of much greater efficiency, enabling a decrease of the agent dose as well as reduction of volume and improvement of the structure of post-coagulation sediments. Additionally, they are highly efficient in a wide range of water reactions. The article describes laboratory tests on a selected coagulant (polyaluminium chloride), which allow for determination of the range of deposit water reaction in which this agent can be used. For the tests, Flokor 1ASW was selected due to its high degree of hydrolysis and slight acidity (pH ~3.5) compared with other polyaluminium chlorides, which means low consumption of total alkalinity of purified water. The results obtained show a wide range of water reaction (pH from 8.0 to 4.0), in which the effectiveness of coagulant activity ensures the correct level of purification. In addition, the use of Flokor 1ASW with effective Stabpol K flocculant allows for production of big and quickly settled flocs. Post-coagulation sediments have much smaller volume than when using aluminum(III) sulfate(VI). The results of industrial tests, carried out in order to prepare reservoir water for injection, without pH correction, have been presented in the article. They confirmed the high efficiency of the selected chemicals.

scholarly journals Large elastic deformations of isotropic materials. I. Fundamental concepts

1948 ◽  
Vol 240 (822) ◽  
pp. 459-490 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
The Body ◽  
Elastic Behaviour ◽  
Stress And Strain ◽  
Elastic Deformations ◽  
Hooke’S Law ◽  
Widespread Agreement ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Hooke's Law ◽  
High Degree

The mathematical theory of small elastic deformations has been developed to a high degree of sophistication on certain fundamental assumptions regarding the stress-strain relationships which are obeyed by the materials considered. The relationships taken are, in effect, a generalization of Hooke’s law— ut tensio, sic vis . The justification for these assumptions lies in the widespread agreement of experiment with the predictions of the theory and in the interpretation of the elastic behaviour of the materials in terms of their known structure. The same factors have contributed to our appreciation of the limitations of these assumptions. The principal problems, which the theory seeks to solve, are the determination of the deformation which a body undergoes and the distribution of stresses in it, when certain forces are applied to it, and when certain points of the body are subjected to specified displacements. These problems are always dealt with on the assumption that the generalization of Hooke’s law is obeyed by the material of the body and that the deformation is small, i.e. the change of length, in any linear element in the material, is small compared with the length of the element in the undeformed state. Apart from the fact that the generalization of Hooke’s law is obeyed accurately by a very wide range of materials, under a considerable variety of stress and strain conditions, it has the further advantage that it leads to a mathematically tractable theory.

scholarly journals EVALUATION OF THE INHIBITORY CAPACITY OF THE INHIBITOR BASED ON IMIDAZOLINE

2015 ◽  
pp. 74-78 ◽  
Author(s):  
I. F. Khafizov ◽  
F. Sh. Khafizov ◽  
A. S. Kilinbaeva ◽  
O. D. Khalikova
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Hydrogen Sulfide ◽  
Corrosion Inhibitor ◽  
Organic Compounds ◽  
Corrosion Inhibitors ◽  
Nonionic Surfactants ◽  
High Efficiency ◽  
Reservoir Water ◽  
Imidazoline Derivatives ◽  
High Degree

Of the corrosion inhibitors currently used of greatest interest are imidazoline derivatives due to their high efficiency and processability. It is shown that the composition based on nitrogen containing organic compounds such as alkylimidazolines, isotrate, nonionic surfactants and solvent exhibits a high inhibiting properties in the reservoir water containing hydrogen sulfide and carbon dioxide. However, mineralized reservoir water with a low content of hydrogen sulfide or in its entire absence possesses a high degree of aggressiveness. The studies have shown that the compound obtained is ineffective as a corrosion inhibitor in this environment.

scholarly journals A robust microbalance of high sensitivity. Suitable for weighing sorbed films

1929 ◽  
Vol 125 (799) ◽  
pp. 579-586 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Plane Surface ◽  
Horizontal Tube ◽  
High Sensitivity ◽  
Null Point ◽  
Monomolecular Film ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Beam Type ◽  
High Degree ◽  
Two Sides

The sorption balance of McBain and Baker may be made of high degree of sensitivity, but the total weight which it will then support is correspondingly diminished. For weighing a monomolecular film on a comparatively heavy plane surface it is necessary to use a balance of beam type. A balance sensitive to 4 x 10 -9 grams can be made sufficiently compact to be placed in a horizontal tube so that it may be used over a wide range of temperatures and pressures including the conditions necessary for freeing from sorbed material the surfaces to be weighed. such a balance may be so designed that the volumes of the two sides of the balance are equal and unaffected by buoyancy. If, likewise, there be placed upon the two sides of the balance equal volumes of the same substance but of different area of surface, the differential change of weight caused by adsorption will be measured directly. A final desideratum is that the balance should be of null point type and free from any bind of hysteresis. Steele and Grant described a microbalance made of fused quartz which was sensitive to 4 x 10 -9 grams and was capable of weighing 0.1 gram with an accuracy of 1 x 10 -7 gram, added improvements were described by Gray and Ramsay .Aston simplified the design of the beam and made a balance specially adapted to the determination of gas densities. Stock and Ritter made a further modification by replacing the fused charts bulks-edge with a pair of needle points. They also described a null-point balance in which a magnetised steel needle was sealed horizontally within the beam. The magnetic held from a bar magnet held vertically over the centre of the balance was used to compensate changes in level of the beam. The intensity of this controlling magnetic field was varied either by altering the distance between the bar magnet and the balance, or by increasing the held of the bar magnet electrically.

A high-performance wide-range beamline for elliptically polarized undulator source

1998 ◽  
Vol 5 (3) ◽  
pp. 551-553 ◽  
Author(s):  
S.-C. Chung ◽  
Y.-F. Song ◽  
P.-C. Tseng ◽  
C.-C. Chen ◽  
C. T. Chen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Circular Polarization ◽  
High Performance ◽  
High Efficiency ◽  
Polarization Degree ◽  
Entire Energy Range ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Entire Energy ◽  
High Degree ◽  
Elliptically Polarized ◽  
Polarized Photons

A high-performance wide-range beamline has been designed for monochromatizing circularly polarized photons with energies from 10 to 1400 eV. A grazing SGM-based beamline with two entrance slits has been employed to optimize the performance. The degree of the circular polarization affected by the beamline optics has been analysed. The horizontal and vertical refocusing mirrors have been specially arranged to improve greatly the polarization degree in the low-energy region. By connecting this beamline to a high-efficiency elliptically polarized undulator, this beamline should be able to provide, in the entire energy range, intensive and high-resolution photons of a high degree of circular polarization.

Feasibility of Molecular Structure Determination With a High Resolution Electron Microscope

1968 ◽  
Vol 26 ◽  
pp. 338-339
Author(s):  
T. A. Welton
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscope ◽  
Substrate Surface ◽  
Helical Axis ◽  
Base Plane ◽  
Resolution Electron ◽  
High Resolution Electron Microscope ◽  
High Degree ◽  
Degree Of Order ◽  
Purine Pyrimidine

An ultimate design goal for an improved electron microscope, aimed at biological applications, is the determination of the structure of complex bio-molecules. As a prototype of this class of problems, we propose to examine the possibility of reading DNA sequence by an imaginable instrument design. This problem ideally combines absolute importance and relative simplicity, in as much as the problem of enzyme structure seems to be a much more difficult one.The proposed technique involves the deposition on a thin graphite lamina of intact double helical DNA rods. If the structure can be maintained under vacuum conditions, we can then make use of the high degree of order to greatly reduce the work involved in discriminating between the four possible purine-pyrimidine arrangements in each base plane. The phosphorus atoms of the back bone form in projection (the helical axis being necessarily parallel to the substrate surface) two intertwined sinusoids. If these phosphorus atoms have been located up to a certain point on the molecule, we have available excellent information on the orientation of the base plane at that point, and can then locate in projection the key atoms for discrimination of the four alternatives.

Antithrombin-mediated Inhibition of Factor Vlla-Tissue Factor Complex by the Synthetic Pentasaccharide Representing the Heparin Binding Site to Antithrombin

1996 ◽  
Vol 76 (01) ◽  
pp. 005-008 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jean Claude Lormeau ◽  
Jean Pascal Herault ◽  
Jean Marc Herbert
Keyword(s):  
Binding Site ◽  
Tissue Factor ◽  
Residual Activity ◽  
Coagulation Factors ◽  
Heparin Binding ◽  
Experimental Conditions ◽  
First Order ◽  
Heparin Binding Site ◽  
Coagulant Activity

SummaryWe examined the effect of the synthetic pentasaccharide representing the minimal binding site of heparin to antithrombin on the antithrombin-mediated inactivation of factor Vila bound to tissue factor. This effect was compared to the effect of unfractionated heparin. Using purified recombinant human coagulation factors and either a clotting or an amidolytic assay for the determination of the residual activity of factor Vila, we showed that the pentasaccharide was an efficient antithrombin-dependent inhibitor of the coagulant activity of tissue factor-factor Vila complex. In our experimental conditions, assuming a mean MW of 14,000 for heparin, the molar pseudo-first order rate constants for ATIII-mediated FVIIa inhibition by ATIII-binding heparin and by the synthetic pentasaccharide were found to be similar with respective values of 104,000 ± 10,500 min-1 and 112,000 ± 12,000 min-1 (mean ± s.e.m., n = 3)

Understanding Conformational Entropy in Small Molecules

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lucian Chan ◽  
Garrett Morris ◽  
Geoffrey Hutchison
Keyword(s):  
Small Molecules ◽  
Degrees Of Freedom ◽  
Absolute Error ◽  
Low Energy ◽  
Standard Entropy ◽  
Free Energies ◽  
Conformational Entropy ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
High Degree ◽  
Empirical Corrections

The calculation of the entropy of flexible molecules can be challenging, since the number of possible conformers grows exponentially with molecule size and many low-energy conformers may be thermally accessible. Different methods have been proposed to approximate the contribution of conformational entropy to the molecular standard entropy, including performing thermochemistry calculations with all possible stable conformations, and developing empirical corrections from experimental data. We have performed conformer sampling on over 120,000 small molecules generating some 12 million conformers, to develop models to predict conformational entropy across a wide range of molecules. Using insight into the nature of conformational disorder, our cross-validated physically-motivated statistical model can outperform common machine learning and deep learning methods, with a mean absolute error ≈4.8 J/mol•K, or under 0.4 kcal/mol at 300 K. Beyond predicting molecular entropies and free energies, the model implies a high degree of correlation between torsions in most molecules, often as- sumed to be independent. While individual dihedral rotations may have low energetic barriers, the shape and chemical functionality of most molecules necessarily correlate their torsional degrees of freedom, and hence restrict the number of low-energy conformations immensely. Our simple models capture these correlations, and advance our understanding of small molecule conformational entropy.

Synthesis of Elaborate Benzofuran-2-Carboxamide Derivatives Through a Combination of 8-Aminoquinoline Directed C–H Arylations and Transamidations

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael Oschmann ◽  
Linus Johansson Holm ◽  
Oscar Verho
Keyword(s):  
Small Molecule ◽  
High Efficiency ◽  
Synthetic Strategy ◽  
Small Molecule Screening ◽  
Physiological Properties ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Directing Group ◽  
Synthetic Sequence

Benzofurans are everywhere in nature and they have been extensively studied by medicinal chemists over the years because of their chemotherapeutic and physiological properties. Herein, we describe a strategy that can be used to access elaborate benzo-2-carboxamide derivatives, which involves a synthetic sequence of 8-aminoquinoline directed C–H arylations followed by transamidations. For the directed C–H arylations, Pd catalysis was used to install a wide range of aryl and heteroaryl substituents at the C3 position of the benzofuran scaffold in high efficiency. Directing group cleavage and further diversification of the C3-arylated benzofuran products were then achieved in a single synthetic operation through the utilization of a two-step transamidation protocol. By bocylating the 8-aminoquinoline amide moiety of these products, it proved possible to activate them towards aminolysis with different amine nucleophiles. Interestingly, this aminolysis reaction was found to proceed efficiently without the need of any additional catalyst or additive. Given the high efficiency and modularity of this synthetic strategy, it constitute a very attractive approach for generating structurally-diverse collections of benzofuran derivatives for small molecule screening.

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