scholarly journals Ipid bark beetle population assessment and threats to weaken pine stands in Central Russia

2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (6) ◽  
pp. 89-97
Author(s):  
A.A. Sobolev ◽  
◽  
U.S. Shipinskaya ◽  

The data on the ipid bark beetle population growth in pine plantations of Central Russia in 2020 was recorded. The formation of favorable weather conditions for the development of this depredator in some regions was recorded, which greatly influenced the successful development of the insect population in plantations, in particular in the Pskov, Vladimir, Moscow, Bryansk, Lipetsk, and Ryazan regions. In some areas, a medium and low spread of the bark beetle was revealed. The influence of meteorological conditions on the flight activity of the insect and the probability of the mass reproduction foci formation under the 2020 weather conditions were analyzed. The results of the study formed the basis for the forecast preparation of the sanitary and forest health state. It is recommended to use the materials of the article to determine the optimal period for carrying out measures to protect pine plantations from the ipid bark beetle.

Author(s):  
В.Л. Мешкова

Цель исследования обобщение опубликованных материалов и собственных данных об условиях возникновения очагов усыхания сосновых лесов и возможностях минимизации негативных последствий. Источники данных справочные материалы по структуре лесного фонда лесохозяйственных предприятий, состоянию лесов, характеристики погодных условий, результаты собственных полевых и лабораторных исследований (обследований насаждений, лабораторного выращивания короедов в отрезках ветвей, расчета популяционных показателей). За последние десятилетия изменились показатели тепла, влаги и континентальности, характеризующие лесоклиматические зоны, что влияет на состояние лесов и их восприимчивость к заселению короедами. Возрастание значения короедов рода Ips в комплексе стволовых вредителей сосновых лесов Украины связано с их поливольтинностью. Жуки отдельных поколений и фенологических групп вершинного короеда (Ips acuminatus) заселяют ослабленные деревья, ветровал и порубочные остатки в течение значительной части вегетационного периода. Доказана возможность развития трех поколений вершинного короеда в году в Харьковской области, однако быстрое высыхание порубочных остатков с повышением температуры может препятствовать завершению развития вредителя. Медленное высыхание заготовленной древесины и порубочных остатков в Полесье стало важной причиной интенсивного развития вспышек короедов в этом регионе. Предложено оценивать потенциальную площадь очагов усыхания в областях или природных зонах с учетом доли чистых сосновых насаждений и их возраста, а на уровне лесных массивов учитывать соседство выделов с вырубками. Отмечено несовершенство нормативной базы лесного хозяйства, препятствующее заготовке древесины в очагах короедного усыхания до того, как она превратится в дровяную. The goal of the research was integration of published and own data on the conditions for the occurrence of foci of pine forest decline and the prospects for mitigating this process. The data were obtained from reference materials on forest fund structure in forest enterprises, forest health, weather conditions, and the results of own field and laboratory research (forest inspections, laboratory rearing of the bark beetles in branches, and evaluation of population parameters). The main parameters of the forest climatic zones (heat, humidity, and continentality) have changed during the last decades. This affects forests health and their susceptibility to bark beetle colonization. The increase in the impact of Ips genus bark beetles in the complex of stem pests in pine forests of Ukraine is pertinent to their multivoltine development. Beetles of certain generations and phenological groups of pine engraver beetle (Ips acuminatus) colonize weakened and windthrown trees and logging residues during considerable part of vegetation period. A possibility of development of three generations per year has been proven for Ips acuminatus in Kharkov region (foreststeppe zone). However, quick drying of logging residues combined with increasing temperature may prevent the completion of pests development. Slow drying of harvested wood and logging residues in Polesie was an important reason for the intensive development of bark beetle outbreaks in the region. It was suggested to evaluate a potential area of drying forest in the regions or natural zones with consideration of the proportion of pure pine stands and their age. For certain forest stands, the proximity of every plot to clearcuts of the last two years must be taken into account. The flaws of forestry regulatory legislation are noted. These flaws prevent timely harvesting of timber in the bark beetles foci before this timber turns into firewood.


2006 ◽  
Vol 31 (6) ◽  
pp. 533-544 ◽  
Author(s):  
Emerson M. Del Ponte ◽  
Cláudia V. Godoy ◽  
Marcelo G. Canteri ◽  
Erlei M. Reis ◽  
X.B. Yang

Asian rust of soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merril] is one of the most important fungal diseases of this crop worldwide. The recent introduction of Phakopsora pachyrhizi Syd. & P. Syd in the Americas represents a major threat to soybean production in the main growing regions, and significant losses have already been reported. P. pachyrhizi is extremely aggressive under favorable weather conditions, causing rapid plant defoliation. Epidemiological studies, under both controlled and natural environmental conditions, have been done for several decades with the aim of elucidating factors that affect the disease cycle as a basis for disease modeling. The recent spread of Asian soybean rust to major production regions in the world has promoted new development, testing and application of mathematical models to assess the risk and predict the disease. These efforts have included the integration of new data, epidemiological knowledge, statistical methods, and advances in computer simulation to develop models and systems with different spatial and temporal scales, objectives and audience. In this review, we present a comprehensive discussion on the models and systems that have been tested to predict and assess the risk of Asian soybean rust. Limitations, uncertainties and challenges for modelers are also discussed.


Author(s):  
Peter H. W. Biedermann ◽  
Jean-Claude Grégoire ◽  
Axel Gruppe ◽  
Jonas Hagge ◽  
Almuth Hammerbacher ◽  
...  

Tree-killing bark beetles are the most economically important insects in conifer forests worldwide. Yet  despite >200 years of research, the drivers of population eruptions or crashes are still not fully understood, precluding reliable predictions of the effects of global change on beetle population dynamics and impacts on ecosystems and humans.  We critically analyze potential biotic and abiotic drivers of population dynamics of the European spruce bark beetle (Ips typographus) and present a novel ecological framework that integrates the multiple drivers governing this bark beetle system. We call for large-scale collaborative research efforts to improve our understanding of the population dynamics of this important pest; an approach that might serve as a blueprint for other eruptive forest insects.


Author(s):  
V. F. Petrychenko ◽  
L. K. Antypova ◽  
N. V. Tsurkan

The purpose is to determine the productivity of perennial legume and cereal grasses under conditions of natural moisture supply in South Steppe of Ukraine. Method. The studies were conducted during 2016—2018 using conventional methods, and the output of feed units, digestible protein per unit of area was determined by reference books. Results. On average over three years of research, the highest yield of leaf-stem mass of cereals was formed by Bromus inermis and Elytrigia medium tender – 11.6 and 11.2 t/ha, respectively. The lowest yield was formed by Agropyrum pectiniforme – 7.6 t/ha. Among the all legume grasses, Melilotus albus prevailed (14.8 t/ha). Medicago sativa and Onobrychis arenaria were able to form a similar yield (14.5 and 13.5 t/ha, respectively) under the arid conditions of South Steppe of Ukraine. Insufficient rainfall in 2017 caused a decrease in the productivity of the studied crops. Thus, in 2017 the average yield of green mass in the experiment was 10.3 t/ha, while in 2016 under more favorable weather conditions this figure was 13.2 t/ha or 28.2 % more. The highest output of feed and protein units (FPU) per unit of area under cereal grasses was provided by Bromus inermis (2.35 t/ha). The lowest one was recorded in Agropyrum pectiniforme (1.60 t/ha). FPU output per unit of area under legume grasses increased respectively. Lotus corniculatus provides less green mass and therefore dry matter and forage and protein units. Perennial cereals grasses do not prevail over legume grasses, so they do not spread in South Ukraine. Conclusions. The productivity of perennial grasses in the south of Ukraine significantly depends on the type of plants, weather (hydrothermal) conditions of the year. The most effective is the cultivation of perennial legumes, namely Melilotus albus, alfalfa, Onobrychis arenaria. Bromus inermis and Elytrigia medium prevail among cereal grasses.


2016 ◽  
Vol 77 (4) ◽  
pp. 352-357
Author(s):  
Dominik Kulakowski

Abstract Forests in Europe and North America are being affected by large and severe outbreaks of bark beetles, which have caused widespread concern about forest health and have led to proposals for tree removal in affected or susceptible forests. Any such intervention, as well as broader decisions of whether any active interventions are appropriate, should be based on the best scientific data. This is true for all forests, including those whose purposes include timber production, watershed protection, biogeochemical function and recreation, and especially protected and conservation areas as the latter often provide particularly unique and important cultural, social, scientific and other ecosystem services. Here, I summarize peer-reviewed literature on the effects of bark beetle outbreaks and on silvicultural treatments aimed at mitigating beetle-induced tree mortality. From an objective scientific perspective, beetle outbreaks do not destroy forests. Instead, in many cases they play an important role in promoting wildlife, biodiversity and other ecological services. The best available data indicate that logging in conservation areas is unlikely to stop ongoing bark beetle outbreaks and instead may be more ecologically detrimental to the forests than the outbreaks themselves. If the purpose of a forest is timber production, then logging is desirable and can be planned based on appropriate analyses of timber yield and economic profit. However, in areas in which conservation is the determined goal, it is recommended that cutting trees be limited to removing hazards, such as trees that might fall in areas of high human activity in order to limit property damage and personal injury. Based on extensive research in Europe and North America, logging beetle-affected forests is inconsistent with most conservation goals.


Author(s):  
Bashar Dhahir ◽  
Yasser Hassan

Many studies have been conducted to develop models to predict speed and driver comfort thresholds on horizontal curves, and to evaluate design consistency. The approaches used to develop these models differ from one another in data collection, data processing, assumptions, and analysis. However, some issues might be associated with the data collection that can affect the reliability of collected data and developed models. In addition, analysis of speed behavior on the assumption that vehicles traverse horizontal curves at a constant speed is far from actual driving behavior. Using the Naturalistic Driving Study (NDS) database can help overcome problems associated with data collection. This paper aimed at using NDS data to investigate driving behavior on horizontal curves in terms of speed, longitudinal acceleration, and comfort threshold. The NDS data were valuable in providing clear insight on drivers’ behavior during daytime and favorable weather conditions. A methodology was developed to evaluate driver behavior and was coded in Matlab. Sensitivity analysis was performed to recommend values for the parameters that can affect the output. Analysis of the drivers’ speed behavior and comfort threshold highlighted several issues that describe how drivers traverse horizontal curves that need to be considered in horizontal curve design and consistency evaluation.


2021 ◽  
pp. 1-13
Author(s):  
Omer Ahmed Qureshi ◽  
Peter R. Armstrong

Abstract Efficient plant operation can be achieved by properly loading and sequencing available chillers to charge and discharge a thermal energy storage (TES) reservoir at optimal rates and times. TES charging sequences are often determined by heuristic rules that typically aim to reduce utility costs under time of use rates. However, such rules of thumb may result in significantly sub optimal performance on somedays. Rigorous optimization, on the other hand, is computationally expensive and can be unreliable as well if not carefully implemented. Receding Horizon Control (RHC) using the novel finite search algorithm is reliable and can reach ~80% of achievable energy efficiency and/or peak shifting capacity has been our target. A novel algorithm is developed to reliably achieve near optimal control for charging the stratified sensible cool storage reservoir of a chiller plant. The algorithm provides a constant COP (or cost per ton-hour) for 24-hr dispatch plan under which chillers operate during most favorable weather conditions. Analysis of four hot climates, ranging from humid to dry, indicates 2.4~2.6% energy savings under a flat electricity rate relative to the same plant operating without TES. Annual cost savings from 6% to 9% was found for electricity billed under a simple (10am-10pm) time-of-use rate with no demand charge and no ratchet component.


2000 ◽  
Vol 15 (3) ◽  
pp. 122-128 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. J. Bentz ◽  
A. S. Munson

Abstract The spruce beetle is a widely dispersed, native bark beetle that attacks and kills North American spruces. We describe a project that was initiated to suppress an endemic spruce beetle population in an isolated 1000 ac area of spruce in northeastern Utah. Techniques used included baited pheromone traps, selective harvesting and burning of infested trees, and trap trees. Over the 3 yr period of monitoring, the number of standing, currently infested spruce trees was reduced 91%. Field surveys and data trends, in comparison with a nearby spruce beetle population that continued to increase, indicate that the treatments played a major role in decreasing the trend of spruce beetle-infested trees during the study period. This combination of suppression techniques was successful due to the isolated nature of the spruce stands, early detection of the beetle population, accessibility of the stands, and coordinated efforts of local, state, and federal agencies. West. J. Appl. For. 15(3):122-128.


2003 ◽  
Vol 79 (5) ◽  
pp. 892-897 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alex J Woods

Forest management in the Interior Cedar Hemlock (ICH) zone of the Kispiox TSA in northwest British Columbia has focused on two tree species. Interior spruce (Picea engelmanni Parry ex Engelm. × Picea glauca (Moench) Voss) and lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta var. latifolia Dougl. ex Loud.) have dominated plantations, while historically, western hemlock (Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg.), true firs (Abies lasiocarpa (Hook.) Nutt. and (Abies amabilis (Dougl. ex Loud.) Dougl. ex Forbes) and western redcedar (Thuja plicata Donn ex D. Don), have dominated the landscape. Tomentosus root disease (Inonotus tomentosus (Fr.) Teng) and Dothistroma needle blight (Mycosphaerella pini Rostr. in Munk) are the principal diseases affecting interior spruce and lodgepole pine plantations, respectively. Tomentosus root disease was found in 92% of spruce-dominated stands 100 years and older in the study area. The annual recruitment of dead interior spruce and lodgepole pine tree volume due to the disease in those stands is 4.29 m3/ha or 51 990 m3. The incidence of Tomentosus root disease in ten randomly selected spruce leading plantations aged 25–30 years ranged from 0.6% to 10.4% and averaged 5.9% of the host trees. Dothistroma needle blight was the most prevalent pest in a survey of 100 randomly selected lodgepole pine plantations and has caused considerable crop tree mortality. The disease has even caused mortality in 55-year-old lodgepole pine trees. Maintaining species diversity is essential to long-term forest health. Intensive planting of interior spruce and lodge-pole pine in this study area appears to have exacerbated disease problems. Key words: forest health, species diversity, interior spruce, lodgepole pine, Tomentosus root disease, Dothistroma needle blight


Author(s):  
Todd N. Schoepflin ◽  
Daniel J. Dailey

A new algorithm is presented for estimating speed from roadside cameras in uncongested traffic, congested traffic, favorable weather conditions, and adverse weather conditions. Individual vehicle lanes are identified and horizontal vehicle features are emphasized by using a gradient operator. The features are projected into a one-dimensional subspace and transformed into a linear coordinate system by using a simple camera model. A correlation technique is used to summarize the movement of features through a group of images and estimate mean speed for each lane of vehicles.


Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document