Investigation of foot-and mouth disease outbreak in a pig farm at Kollam district of Kerala, India

The present paper describes the investigation of foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) outbreak in a private pig farm at Kotty in Kollam district of Kerala during October 2013. During the clinical phase, severe vesicular lesions on snout and skin around the coronary bands were observed in pigs. A total of 48 serum samples and 12 clinical samples (ruptured snout epithelia) were collected. All serum samples were subjected to indirect 3AB nonstructural protein (NSP) ELISA and liquid phase blocking (LPB) ELISA. In 3AB NSP ELISA, all serum samples were found positive for NSP antibodies indicating infection. In LPB ELISA, 42 of 48 (87.5%) pigs were found to have protective log10 antibody titre of ³1.8 against FMD virus serotypes O, A and Asia 1. All the clinical materials were found positive for serotype O in antigen detection ELISA as well as in multiplex reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (mRT-PCR). In VP1 region-based phylogenetic analysis, the serotype O isolates causing the outbreak were found to conglomerate within Ind2001 lineage. Pigs infected with FMD may pose rigorous threat to other susceptible domestic livestock as they exhale enormous quantity of virus. As a consequence, they should be included under prophylactic vaccination and surveillance programmes ongoing in the country.

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Use of Slaughterhouses as Sentinel Points for Genomic Surveillance of Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus in Southern Vietnam

Viruses ◽

10.3390/v13112203 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 13 (11) ◽

pp. 2203

Author(s):

Umanga Gunasekara ◽

Miranda R. Bertram ◽

Do H. Dung ◽

Bui H. Hoang ◽

Nguyen T. Phuong ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Disease Virus ◽

Foot And Mouth Disease ◽

Principal Component ◽

Mouth Disease ◽

Serum Samples ◽

Southern Vietnam ◽

Serotype O ◽

Healthy Cattle ◽

Mouth Disease Virus ◽

Foot And Mouth

The genetic diversity of foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) poses a challenge to the successful control of the disease, and it is important to identify the emergence of different strains in endemic settings. The objective of this study was to evaluate the sampling of clinically healthy livestock at slaughterhouses as a strategy for genomic FMDV surveillance. Serum samples (n = 11,875) and oropharyngeal fluid (OPF) samples (n = 5045) were collected from clinically healthy cattle and buffalo on farms in eight provinces in southern and northern Vietnam (2015–2019) to characterize viral diversity. Outbreak sequences were collected between 2009 and 2019. In two slaughterhouses in southern Vietnam, 1200 serum and OPF samples were collected from clinically healthy cattle and buffalo (2017 to 2019) as a pilot study on the use of slaughterhouses as sentinel points in surveillance. FMDV VP1 sequences were analyzed using discriminant principal component analysis and time-scaled phylodynamic trees. Six of seven serotype-O and -A clusters circulating in southern Vietnam between 2017–2019 were detected at least once in slaughterhouses, sometimes pre-dating outbreak sequences associated with the same cluster by 4–6 months. Routine sampling at slaughterhouses may provide a timely and efficient strategy for genomic surveillance to identify circulating and emerging FMDV strains.

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Molecular characterization of foot-and-mouth disease viruses collected from Northern and Central Ethiopia during the 2018 outbreak

Veterinary World ◽

10.14202/vetworld.2020.542-548 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 13 (3) ◽

pp. 542-548

Author(s):

Yeneneh Tesfaye ◽

Fazlurrahman Khan ◽

Esayas Gelaye

Keyword(s):

Gene Sequencing ◽

Foot And Mouth Disease ◽

Mouth Disease ◽

Clinical Samples ◽

Rt Pcr ◽

Serotype A ◽

Serotype O ◽

Fmdv Serotypes ◽

Virus Serotype ◽

Foot And Mouth

Background and Aim: Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) is endemic in several developing countries and affects poor farmers through loss of production, death of diseased animals, and loss of animal byproducts. Forty-three samples were collected from 12 sites of five geographical located areas from suspected FMD virus (FMDV)-infected cattle during 2018. This study aimed to isolate and characterize the FMDVs using reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and gene sequencing. Materials and Methods: Forty-three FMDV-suspected clinical samples cultured on BHK-21 cell were examined, followed by virus serotype identification using RT-PCR and gene sequencing. Results: Twenty-nine (67.44%) samples were cultured on BHK-21 cell, of which 14 (32.56%) were not isolated; the 43 samples were analyzed using FMDV screening primers and serotype-specific primers. The contribution of the disease-causing serotype was serotype O of 8 (18.60%) samples, serotype A of 20 (46.51%) samples, and mixed infection (O and A) of 1 (2.33%) sample. Serotypes O and A were further characterized by phylogenetic analysis, which grouped them under East Africa 3 and Africa topotypes of genotype IV, respectively. Interestingly, serotype A was isolated for the 1st time from Keyet sub-woreda and Mulo woreda of Ethiopia, and mixed serotypes (O and A) were identified from the purchased animal. Conclusion: Molecular test result, sequencing, and phylogenetic tree reconstruction analysis revealed that the 2018 FMD outbreak in Ethiopia was caused by FMDV serotypes O and A. FMDV serotype A was the predominant strain circulating in most study areas of the country. Infections in one sample with mixed serotypes of O and A were also reported. The authors recommend a vaccine matching study of those field isolated viruses with the vaccine strain.

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Seroprevalence of foot-and-mouth disease in large ruminants in periurban dairy farms near Islamabad, Pakistan

Asian Biomedicine ◽

10.5372/1905-7415.1002.472 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 10 (2) ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Umer Farooq ◽

Aman Ullah ◽

Hamid Irshad ◽

Asma Latif ◽

Khalid Naeem ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Bos Taurus ◽

Nonstructural Protein ◽

Foot And Mouth Disease ◽

Dairy Farms ◽

Viral Disease ◽

Mouth Disease ◽

Serum Samples ◽

Fmd Virus ◽

Bos Taurus Indicus ◽

Foot And Mouth

AbstractBackgroundFoot-and-mouth disease (FMD) is an enzootic viral disease affecting livestock in Pakistan.ObjectivesTo determine the seroprevalence of FMD in large ruminants in periurban dairy farms near Islamabad.MethodsSerum samples were collected from 636 large ruminants during 2011 to 2012; 584 (92%) were buffaloes (Bos bubalis bubalis) and 52 (18%) were cattle (Bos taurus indicus). The population sampled was mainly adult (n = 514) and female (n = 596). Sera were assayed for antibodies against a nonstructural protein of the FMD virus using a Chekit FMD-3ABC bo-ov enzyme immunoassay Kit (Idexx Laboratories). Data were analyzed using a χResultsThe seroprevalence of FMD in the ruminants was 46% (n = 293, 95% confidence interval (CI); 42.18- 49.95) and was significantly higher in buffaloes (285, 97%; χConclusionsLarge ruminants in periurban dairy farms near Islamabad have a high FMD virus seroprevalence and play a potential role in the persistence and transmission of FMD in Pakistan.

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Phylogenetic characterization of foot-and-mouth disease virus recovered from mithuns and yaks in India

Indian Journal of Animal Research ◽

10.18805/ijar.v0iof.9176 ◽

2017 ◽

Author(s):

M. Rout ◽

S Subramaniam ◽

J. K. Mohapatra ◽

A. Sanyal ◽

B. B. Dash ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Foot And Mouth Disease ◽

Antigen Detection ◽

Mouth Disease ◽

Effective Control ◽

Clinical Samples ◽

Phylogenetic Characterization ◽

Serotype O ◽

Mouth Disease Virus ◽

Foot And Mouth ◽

Domestic Livestock

The yak and mithun husbandry in India is confronted with several challenges including the prevalence of foot-and-mouth disease (FMD). The present study was initiated to investigate FMD outbreaks in semi-domesticated mithun and yak population in various parts of India. A total of 64 clinical samples (vesicle/tongue/foot epithelium/fluid) from mithun and 6 from yak were collected from suspected FMD outbreaks during 2008-2013. Supernatants of the homogenized clinical samples were tested in a serotype discriminating antigen detection ELISA and ELISA-negative samples were further subjected to multiplex reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (mRT-PCR). A total of 45 mithun samples and only 1 yak sample were found positive for serotype O in antigen detection ELISA. A total of 12 ELISA-negative samples from mithun and 4 from yak were later on found positive for serotype O in mRT-PCR. The phylogenetic analysis based on VP1 genome indicated the involvement of both O/ME-SA/PanAsia and O/ME-SA/Ind2001 lineages of serotype O in those outbreaks. These viruses were genetically similar to those contemporary virus isolates responsible for FMD in domestic livestock indicating a situation of virus sharing among different species of domestic and semi-domestic animals. Thus, mithuns and yaks should be synchronously considered and targeted along with cattle for the effective control of the disease in the country.

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Spatial and temporal distribution of foot-and-mouth disease virus in the lake zone of Tanzania

Onderstepoort Journal of Veterinary Research ◽

10.4102/ojvr.v81i2.724 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 81 (2) ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Joseph M. Genchwere ◽

Christopher J. Kasanga

Keyword(s):

Nonstructural Protein ◽

Specific Antigen ◽

Foot And Mouth Disease ◽

Antigen Detection ◽

Mouth Disease ◽

Serotype O ◽

Lake Zone ◽

Fmdv Serotypes ◽

Mouth Disease Virus ◽

Foot And Mouth

This study was conducted to determine the spatiotemporal distribution of foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) virus (FMDV) serotypes and evaluate the awareness of livestock keepers about FMD in Tanzania. An observational prospective study involving serological analysis, FMDV antigen detection and questionnaire survey was carried out in the lake zone of Tanzania. Seroprevalence of antibodies to the nonstructural protein 3ABC of FMDV and serotype-specific antigen detection were investigated by using SVANOVIR® FMDV 3ABC-Ab ELISA and indirect-sandwich ELISA (sELISA), respectively, whilst a structured questionnaire was used to evaluate the awareness of livestock keepers about FMD. During the period of 2010–2011, both serum and tissue (foot-and-mouth epithelia) samples were collected from cattle suspected of FMD in 13 districts of the four regions of the lake zone. A total of 107 (80.5%) out of 133 tested serum samples were seropositive to nonstructural protein 3ABC, with at least one sample being positive from all 10 districts screened. Fifteen (53.6%) out of 28 tissue epithelial samples collected from FMD cases in eight districts during the course of this study were positive to serotype O FMDV antigen. Of these eight districts, serotype O FMDV antigens were detected from seven districts and no other serotypes were recovered from animal samples screened. Questionnaire surveys in six districts indicated that livestock keepers in the lake zone were aware of the clinical manifestations (26/29 = 90.0%) and economic impact (23/29 = 79.0%) of FMD in the region. The questionnaire data showed that FMD outbreaks often occurred after rainy seasons (22/29 = 75.9%), with the highest peaks predominantly occurring just after the long rains in May and June, and at the end of the short rains in November and December of each year. The spatial distribution of the FMD cases suggested that serotype O virus exposure was the only widespread cause of the 2010–2011 outbreaks in the lake zone.

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Genetic Determinants of Altered Virulence of Taiwanese Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus

Journal of Virology ◽

10.1128/jvi.74.2.987-991.2000 ◽

2000 ◽

Vol 74 (2) ◽

pp. 987-991 ◽

Cited By ~ 119

Author(s):

Clayton W. Beard ◽

Peter W. Mason

Keyword(s):

Nonstructural Protein ◽

Foot And Mouth Disease ◽

Genetically Engineered ◽

Mouth Disease ◽

High Morbidity ◽

Serotype O ◽

Mouth Disease Virus ◽

Foot And Mouth

ABSTRACT In 1997, a devastating outbreak of foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) in Taiwan was caused by a serotype O virus (referred to here as OTai) with atypical virulence. It produced high morbidity and mortality in swine but did not affect cattle. We have defined the genetic basis of the species specificity of OTai by evaluating the properties of genetically engineered chimeric viruses created from OTai and a bovine-virulent FMD virus. These studies have shown that an altered nonstructural protein, 3A, is a primary determinant of restricted growth on bovine cells in vitro and significantly contributes to bovine attenuation of OTai in vivo.

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Comparative evaluation of two ELISA kits for detecting antibodies to a nonstructural protein of foot-and-mouth disease virus using serum samples collected from naturally and experimentally infected cows

Journal of Veterinary Medical Science ◽

10.1292/jvms.17-0662 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 80 (10) ◽

pp. 1624-1630

Author(s):

Katsuhiko FUKAI ◽

Tatsuya NISHI ◽

Nobuaki SHIMADA ◽

Kazuki MORIOKA ◽

Manabu YAMADA ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Disease Virus ◽

Comparative Evaluation ◽

Nonstructural Protein ◽

Foot And Mouth Disease ◽

Mouth Disease ◽

Serum Samples ◽

Mouth Disease Virus ◽

Foot And Mouth

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Antiviral potential of ivermectin against foot-and-mouth disease virus, serotype O, A and Asia-1

Microbial Pathogenesis ◽

10.1016/j.micpath.2021.104914 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 104914

Author(s):

Zahra Naeem ◽

Sohail Raza ◽

Saba Afzal ◽

Ali Ahmad Sheikh ◽

Muhammad Muddassir Ali ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Disease Virus ◽

Foot And Mouth Disease ◽

Mouth Disease ◽

Serotype O ◽

Mouth Disease Virus ◽

Virus Serotype ◽

Foot And Mouth

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Use of a Standardized Bovine Serum Panel To Evaluate a Multiplexed Nonstructural Protein Antibody Assay for Serological Surveillance of Foot-and-Mouth Disease

Clinical and Vaccine Immunology ◽

10.1128/cvi.00227-07 ◽

2007 ◽

Vol 14 (11) ◽

pp. 1472-1482 ◽

Cited By ~ 11

Author(s):

Julie Perkins ◽

Satya Parida ◽

Alfonso Clavijo

Keyword(s):

Nonstructural Protein ◽

Foot And Mouth Disease ◽

Mouth Disease ◽

Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽

Reference Laboratory ◽

Additional Information ◽

Mouth Disease Virus ◽

Foot And Mouth ◽

Antibody Assays ◽

Serological Surveillance

ABSTRACT Liquid array technology has previously been used to show proof of principle of a multiplexed nonstructural protein serological assay to differentiate foot-and-mouth disease virus-infected and vaccinated animals. The current multiplexed assay consists of synthetically produced peptide signatures 3A, 3B, and 3D and the recombinant protein signature 3ABC in combination with four controls. To determine the diagnostic specificity of each signature in the multiplex, the assay was evaluated against a naive population (n = 104) and a vaccinated population (n = 94). Subsequently, the multiplexed assay was assessed by using a panel of bovine sera generated by the World Reference Laboratory for foot-and-mouth disease in Pirbright, United Kingdom. This serum panel has been used to assess the performance of other singleplex enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA)-based nonstructural protein antibody assays. The 3ABC signature in the multiplexed assay showed performance comparable to that of a commercially available nonstructural protein 3ABC ELISA (Cedi test), and additional information pertaining to the relative diagnostic sensitivity of each signature in the multiplex was acquired in one experiment. The encouraging results of the evaluation of the multiplexed assay against a panel of diagnostically relevant samples promote further assay development and optimization to generate an assay for routine use in foot-and-mouth disease serological surveillance.

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