Drug resistance and susceptibility testing of Gram negative bacterial isolates from healthy cattle with different β – Lactam resistance Phenotypes from Shandong province China

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of common antibiotics against different microorganisms in apparently healthy cattle in Shandong province and its suburb. A total of 220 nasal swab samples were collected and cultured for bacteriological evaluation. All the bacteria isolates after preliminary identification were subjected to antibiogram studies following disc diffusion method. It was found in the study that E. coli is the most commonly associated isolate (21%), followed by Klebsiella spp. (18%), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (13%), Salmonella spp. (15%), Shigella spp (12%), and Proteus spp (11%). While the antibiogram studies reveled that highest number of bacterial isolates showed resistance to Ampicillin (95%), followed by Augmentin (91%), Cefuroxime (85%) and Tetracycline (95%) of (Escherichia coli and Klebsiella spp). In the case of pseudomonas spp. and Salmonella the highest resistance was showed by Ampicillin (90%) followed by Amoxicillin + Clavulanic Acid (80%), Cefixime (90%), and Erythromycin (80%). In Shigella spp and Salmonella spp highest resistance was showed by Amoxicillin, Ceftazidime, Augmentin (60%), and Amoxicillin + Clavulanic Acid (50%). It is concluded that in vitro antibiogram studies of bacterial isolates revealed higher resistance for Ampicillin, Augmentin, Cefuroxime, Cefixime, Tetracycline, Erythromycin, and Amoxicillin + Clavulanic Acid. The high multiple Antibiotics resistance indexes (MARI) observed in all the isolates in this study ranging from 0.6 to 0.9. MARI value of >0.2 is suggests multiple antibiotic resistant bacteria and indicate presence of highly resistant bacteria.

Detección de Pasteurella multocida, Mannhemia haemolytica, Histophilus somni y Mycoplasma bovis en pulmón de bovinos

In this study, it was aimed to determine of P. multocida, M. haemolytica, H. somni and M. bovis in macroscopically healthy cattle lungs by PCR. The study was carried out on 82 macroscopically healthy cattle lung. DNA extraction was performed to the lung samples. PCR was then performed using all specific primers. By molecular evaluation, positive results were achieved for P. multocida, M. haemolytica, H. somni and M. bovis in 4 (4.8 %), 4 (4.8 %), 6 (7.3 %) and 3 (3.6 %) of the samples, respectively. Mix infections were detected in five samples. Of the samples, two were positive for both P. multocida and M. haemolytica, two were positive for both M. haemolytica and H. somni and one was positive for both P. multocida and H. somni. However, a positive sample, which carried all of pathogens, was not detected. In conclusion, P. multocida, M. haemolytica, H. somni and M. bovis are the important opportunistic pathogens of respiratory tract in cattle and these pathogens have a major role during infections. But multifactorial nature of bovine respiratory disease and immune system affected the formation of the disease. Hence, firstly cattle’s immunity should be strengthened and other conditions should be kept under control.

Healthy Cattle Microbiome and Dysbiosis in Diseased Phenotypes

: Cattle farming is an ancient practice, with roots in the early Neolithic era that has retained its status in the food industry today, with global beef market revenue amounting to $385.7B, as of 2018. Hence, cattle maintenance is naturally essential to cater to nutritional requirements of modern civilization. This extensive review aims to provide a holistic overview of cattle microbiome, analysing the native microbial composition within respiratory tract, gastrointestinal tract, reproductive tract, and skin. The dysbiosis associated with various diseases such as bovine respiratory disease, bovine digital dermatitis, mastitis, Johne's disease, uterine diseases (metritis and endometritis) and metabolic disorders (ruminal acidosis and ketosis) has been discussed. Moreover, various non-antibiotic microbial therapies including phage therapy, prebiotics and probiotics have been examined as potential means to reduce disease-associated dysbiosis. In general, this review highlights the importance of the microbiome in maintenance of health in cattle and its potential in alleviating bovine diseases, with an aim to enhance cattle health and production.

Use of Slaughterhouses as Sentinel Points for Genomic Surveillance of Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus in Southern Vietnam

The genetic diversity of foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) poses a challenge to the successful control of the disease, and it is important to identify the emergence of different strains in endemic settings. The objective of this study was to evaluate the sampling of clinically healthy livestock at slaughterhouses as a strategy for genomic FMDV surveillance. Serum samples (n = 11,875) and oropharyngeal fluid (OPF) samples (n = 5045) were collected from clinically healthy cattle and buffalo on farms in eight provinces in southern and northern Vietnam (2015–2019) to characterize viral diversity. Outbreak sequences were collected between 2009 and 2019. In two slaughterhouses in southern Vietnam, 1200 serum and OPF samples were collected from clinically healthy cattle and buffalo (2017 to 2019) as a pilot study on the use of slaughterhouses as sentinel points in surveillance. FMDV VP1 sequences were analyzed using discriminant principal component analysis and time-scaled phylodynamic trees. Six of seven serotype-O and -A clusters circulating in southern Vietnam between 2017–2019 were detected at least once in slaughterhouses, sometimes pre-dating outbreak sequences associated with the same cluster by 4–6 months. Routine sampling at slaughterhouses may provide a timely and efficient strategy for genomic surveillance to identify circulating and emerging FMDV strains.

66 Blood MicroRNAomes Revealed Signatures of Lameness Phenotypes in Feedlot Cattle

Lameness is a significant health issue in Canadian feedlots resulting in substantial economic losses. However, the high frequency of misdiagnosis of lameness using traditional methods leads to ineffective treatment, suggesting a new diagnostic method is needed. Growing evidence indicates that microRNAs (miRNAs) can be used as biomarkers for identifying the animals’ physiological status and the diagnosis of certain diseases, but this approach has not been utilized in beef cattle. The objective of this study was to compare blood miRNA profiles between lame and healthy cattle to investigate the relationship between miRNA expression patterns and specific lameness phenotypes. Blood samples were collected from 156 feedlot cattle at 0, 1, 2 and 3 weeks after being diagnosed with either digital dermatitis (DD; n=62), toe tip necrosis syndrome (TTNS; n = 40), or footrot (FR; n = 40) and healthy controls (HC; n = 12) for miRNA libraries construction and sequencing. A total of 314 expressed miRNAs were identified in 89 blood samples collected at week 0 across all groups, with TTN having the largest number of expressed miRNAs (291, P < 0.01) compared to all other groups (HC=276, DD=281, FR=278). Although miRNA profiles did not differ among the lameness types, type-specific miRNAs were identified; 6 in DD, 10 in TTN, 5 in FR and 7 in HC cattle. In addition, 3, 6 and 7 DE miRNAs were detected in DD, TTNS and FR when compared with HC cattle. Most of the DE and group-specific miRNAs are related to inflammation and skin diseases. The DE miRNAs were different between week 0 and all other weeks, indicating miRNA profiles may differ over time and with disease progression and recovery. These findings provide an initial understanding of the relationship between the cattle blood miRNAome and lameness and suggest that miRNA expression holds promise in the discovery of novel biomarkers for identifying lameness.

Immunodiagnosis of cattle fascioliasis using a 27 kDa Fasciola gigantica antigen

Background and Aim: Diagnosis of fascioliasis depends on clinical symptoms and routine laboratory tests. Recently, antibodies and circulating antigens of Fasciola were used for detecting active infections. Therefore, this study aimed to identify Fasciola gigantica antigens in the sera of infected cattle using Western blotting and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for an accurate diagnosis of cattle infected with F. gigantica. Materials and Methods: Serum samples were obtained from 108, 23, and 19 cattle infected with Fasciola gigantica, Paramphistomum cervi, and Strongylids, respectively, including 57 non-infected cattle that were used as healthy cattle for the study. Western blotting and ELISA were then used to detect circulating Fasciola antigens at 27 kDa. Results: The target epitope was detected in an F. gigantica adult-worm antigen preparation, excretory/secretory products, and serum from cattle infected with F. gigantica. However, it was absent in sera from P. cervi, Strongylids, and healthy cattle. The purified 27 kDa F. gigantica (FPA-27) antigen was also detected in cattle serum using ELISA with high degrees of sensitivity and specificity (94% and 82%, respectively), and the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve was 0.89 with a highly significant correlation of p<0.0001. Conclusion: The FPA-27 is proposed to be a promising candidate for the serodiagnosis of fascioliasis in cattle.

Corynebacterium phoceense, resident member of the urogenital microbiota?

Corynebacterium phoceense is a Gram-positive species previously isolated from human urine. Although other species from the same genus have been associated with urinary tract infections, C. phoceense is currently believed to be a non-pathogenic member of the urogenital microbiota. Prior to our study, only two isolates were described in the literature, and very little is known about the species. Here, we describe C. phoceense UFMG-H7, the first strain of this species isolated from the urine of healthy cattle. The genome for this isolate was produced and compared to the two other publicly available C. phoceense as well as other Corynebacterium genome assemblies. Our in-depth genomic analysis identified four additional publicly available genome assemblies that are representatives of the species, also isolated from the human urogenital tract. Although none of the strains have been associated with symptoms or disease, numerous genes associated with virulence factors are encoded. In contrast to related Corynebacterium species and Corynebacterium species from the bovine vaginal tract, all C. phoceense strains examined code for the SpaD-type pili suggesting adherence is essential for its persistence within the urinary tract. As the other C. phoceense strains analysed were isolated from the human urogenital tract, our results suggest that this species may be specific to this niche.

Hydroponics Fodder Grow Chamber

India is a developing country, but rural areas do not seem to be developing much. Basically most of the public is farmers, most of the farmers have limited agricultural land and also lack of water resources. in many parts of India rain and is not enough for traditional way farming. To avoid these problems our proposed system is structured a helpful touch of fresh and raw feed for cattle food within affordable natural conditions. This hydroponic system does not require any soil to grow fodders and will absorb 80% less water as compared to the traditional method of farming. Greater topic for work to upgrade the Hydroponic Fodder Grow room for proper management of cattle fodder in any period during the year. This paper suggests a clever plan no human power or less human power is required for It performance. this is usually a completely automated system. In seven to for eight days the room provides fodder as a ready-to-feed product any cattle or grass-eating animals. This process is aided by a Moisture sensor to produce a certain amount of water. Forage seeds use H2O, or solutions that enrich the nutrients of the drug food within the absence of soil. The amount of water is additionally calculated by microcontroller atmega328p. Also, we visit the average temperature and humidity of our room. This heat and humidity are the same and is controlled by a cool cooler and UV/LED light inside the room. Adequate water management and nutrients within the hydroponic system, moisture, humidity pH, water level and temperature should be measurement Using a microcontroller all these functions do it automatically and display at the top of the guided screen. These hydroponics require less space, and this is true usually inside a room of aluminum or fiber. that the environment of the room is completely controlled. That's the fodder prepared for use within 8 days up to 1fit This healthy cattle fodder. Mainly more production we use maize as fodder. Performing remote monitoring of fodder extension procedure, prohibited by employees, thereby reducing the manual process.

Prevalence, Virulence Genes and Antimicrobial Profiles of Escherichia Coli O157:H7 Isolated from Healthy Cattle

Background: Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) O157:H7 is associated with intestinal infection in human and considered a main cause of food-borne diseases. It was isolated from animals, human and food. The aim of the study was to assess the incidence of E. coli O157:H7 in fecal samples of healthy cattle collected in slaughterhouses (n=160) and from farms (n=100).Methods: E. coli isolates were detected on MacConkey agar. A total of 236 E. coli isolates were recovered from fecal samples of healthy cattle. We used sorbitol MacConkey to detect non-sorbitol fermenting colonies that were examined for the presence of O157 antigen by latex agglutination, and positive bacteria were screened for the existence of stx1, stx2, eaeA and ehxA by PCR as well as rfbEO157 and fliCH7 genes specific for serotype O157. All isolates were examined for the susceptibility against 21antibiotics discs.Results: Of the 236 E. coli isolates, 4.2% (10/236) were positive for STEC O157:H7. Shiga toxin gene (stx2) was present in 70% of isolates, stx1 and ehxA were confirmed in 60% of the isolates, whereas eae was identified in two isolates. Other virulence factors screened (fimH, sfa/focDE, cdt3, traT, iutA and hly) were present among the 10 isolates. All E. coli O157:H7 isolates were sensitive to amoxicillin/clavulanic acid, cefotaxime, cefepime, aztreonam, colistin and sulfamethoxazole/trimethoprim. All isolates belong to the phylo-group E.Conclusion: This is the first study of the incidence of E. coli O157:H7 in cattle in Tunisia. Our finding proves the existence of STEC O157:H7 in healthy animals producing food for human consumption which could be a source of human contamination.