Customising the requirement of fibrolytic enzymes to improve feeding value of sorghum stover, ragi straw and groundnut haulms

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. Valli ◽  
Yancy Mary Issac ◽  
R. Kavitha
Keyword(s):  
Crop Residues ◽  
The Other ◽  
Activity Assay ◽  
Enzyme Activity Assay ◽  
Sugar Release ◽  
The Third ◽  
Feeding Value ◽  
Inclusion Level ◽  
Single Enzyme

A study was carried out to determine fibre and non starch polysaccharide fractions of sorghum stover, ragi straw and groundnut haulms. Sorghum stover had the significantly highest fibre fractions (NDF, ADF, Cellulose, hemicelluloses and Lignin) and non starch polysaccharide fractions (Total, Soluble and Insoluble) compared to the other two crop residues. Enzyme activity assay of cellulase, hemicellulase, xylanase and pectinase revealed multiple activities in a single enzyme. In vitro trials were carried out to evolve substrate specific customized non - starch polysaccharidase mixture for sorghum stover, ragi straw and groundnut haulm. The first trial was conducted to locate the range of enzymes required for maximum sugar release, followed by another in vitro trial to precisely identify the enzymes needed for respective substrates and the third one was to identify the inclusion level of these enzymes in combination to sorghum stover or ragi straw or groundnut haulm. All these trials were conducted in duplicate in three runs. These experiments established that each gram of sorghum stover and ragi straw requires 1200 U of Cellulase, 120 U of Xylanase and 700 U of Pectinase for maximum hydrolysis and each gram of groundnut haulm requires 1600 U of Cellulase, 100 U of Xylanase and 600 U of Pectinase for maximum hydrolysis.

scholarly journals Feeding Value Assessment of Substituting Cassava (Manihot esculenta) Residue for Concentrate of Dairy Cows Using an In Vitro Gas Test

Animals ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 307
Author(s):  
Yuhui Zheng ◽  
Yanyan Zhao ◽  
Shenglin Xue ◽  
Wei Wang ◽  
Yajing Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Manihot Esculenta ◽  
Rumen Fluid ◽  
Gas Production ◽  
The Other ◽  
Holstein Cows ◽  
Value Assessment ◽  
Buffer Solution ◽  
Feeding Value ◽  
Cassava Residue

The feeding value of replacing concentrate with cassava (Manihot esculenta) residue in the feed of Holstein cows was confirmed using an in vitro gas test. The treatments consisted of 0% (control, CON), 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, and 30% inclusion of cassava residue in fermentation culture medium composed of buffer solution (50 mL) and filtrated rumen fluid (25 mL). The parameters analyzed included the kinetics of gas production and fermentation indexes. Forty-eight hours later, there were no significant differences on in vitro dry matter disappearance (IVDMD), pH, and microbial crude protein (MCP) content among treatments (p > 0.05). However, the “cumulative gas production at 48 h” (GP48), the “asymptotic gas production” (A), and the “maximum gas production rate” (RmaxG) all increased linearly or quadratically (p < 0.01). The GP48 was significantly higher in the 25% treatment compared to the other treatments, except for the 30% (p < 0.01). The A was significantly larger in the 25% treatment compared to the other treatments, except for the 20% and 30% (p < 0.01). The RmaxG was distinctly larger in the 25% treatment compared to other treatments (p < 0.01); moreover, the “time at which RmaxG is reached” (TRmaxG) and the “time at which the maximum rate of substrate degradation is reached” (TRmaxS) were significantly higher in the 25% treatment than the CON, 20%, and 30% treatments (p < 0.01). Additionally, the content of ammonia-N (NH3-N) in all treatments showed linearly and quadratically decreases (p < 0.01), whereas total volatile fatty acid (VFA), iso-butyrate, butyrate, and iso-valerate contents changed quadratically (p = 0.02, p = 0.05, p = 0.01, and p = 0.02, respectively); all of these values peaked in the 25% treatment. In summary, the 25% treatment was associated with more in vitro gas and VFA production, indicating that this cassava residue inclusion level may be used to replace concentrate in the feed of Holstein cows. However, these results need to be verified in vivo.

Digestibility of ozone-treated sorghum stover by ruminants

1984 ◽  
Vol 102 (3) ◽  
pp. 747-750 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. D. Bunting ◽  
C. R. Richardson ◽  
R. W. Tock
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Treatment ◽  
Crop Residues ◽  
Ammonium Hydroxide ◽  
Treatment Method ◽  
Ozone Treatment ◽  
Chemical Reagents ◽  
Chemical Treatments ◽  
Feeding Value

A variety of chemical reagents and treatment methods have been tested for their potential to enhance the digestibility of crop residues. The most universally used chemicals for animal experimentation in residue treatment are sodium or ammonium hydroxide (Chandra & Jackson, 1970; Koers, Prokop & Klopfenstein, 1972; Klopfenstein, 1978; Arndt & Richardson, 1982). These chemical treatments usually improve digestibility of roughages by solubilizing hemicellulose, and increasing the extent and rate of cellulose and hemicellulose digestion (Klopfenstein, 1978). Delignification is not usually considered to be an important aspect of chemical treatment (Klopfenstein et al. 1972), and increases in digestion are usually attributed primarily to breaking of bonds between lignin and carbohydrates rather than lignin removal. The aromatic nuclei of the lignin molecule are quite susceptible to oxidative attack (Sarkenen & Ludwig, 1971), and crop residues may be significantly delignified by oxidative chemical reagents (Sullivan & Hershberger, 1959; Sherrod et al. 1978; Ben-Ghedalia, Shefet & Miron, 1980). Ozonation is a chemical treatment method which is known to oxidize lignin and disrupt the lignocellulose complex. Several researchers have successfully applied the delignifying capability of ozone to improve the in vitro digestibility of roughages (Weakley & Owens, 1975; Ben-Ghedalia & Miron, 1981; Tock et al. 1982). Very little, however, is known of the actual in vivo feeding value of crop residues treated with ozone. These studies were conducted to determine the effect of ozone treatment on the feeding value of sorghum stover.

Improving the feeding value of straws with Pleurotus ostreatus

2015 ◽  
Vol 55 (2) ◽  
pp. 241 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. A. Khan ◽  
S. Hussain ◽  
N. Ahmad ◽  
S. Alam ◽  
M. Bezabhi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Solid State ◽  
Rice Straw ◽  
Pleurotus Ostreatus ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Lignin Degradation ◽  
Crop Residues ◽  
Equal Proportion ◽  
Maize Stover ◽  
Feeding Value

The high content of lignin in cell walls is the major limiting factor in the digestion and utilisation of cereal crop residues by ruminants. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of the white rot fungus, Pleurotus ostreatus (P. ostreatus), to degrade lignin and to enhance the rumen degradability of maize stover, rice straw, wheat straw and their mixture in equal proportion on a dry-matter (DM) basis. Four samples of each substrate were incubated aerobically in triplicate with P. ostreatus for 0 (Control), 21, 28 and 35 days under solid-state conditions (temperature, 24°C; humidity, 70 ± 5%). The changes in chemical composition, DM and nutrient losses, and rumen fermentation characteristics using in vitro DM digestibility (DMD) and the in vitro gas-production (GP) technique were measured. The results showed that incubation with P. ostreatus decreased (P < 0.001) the contents of neutral detergent fibre and lignin with a concomitant increase (P < 0.001) in the contents of ash and crude protein. The losses of nutrients differed (P < 0.001) among the straw types, with rice straw and maize stover showing the largest (P < 0.05) lignin degradation compared to wheat and mixed straws. The DMD and 72-h cumulative GP increased (P < 0.001) consistently with increasing fungal incubation period and for all substrates the highest values of DMD and GP were measured after 35 days of incubation with P. ostreatus. The lignin degradation was strongly associated with hemicellulose degradation (r = 0.71) across the various straws. Results of the present study demonstrated that incubation of low-quality crop residues with P. ostreatus under solid-state conditions upgrades their feeding value by reducing the content of lignin and increasing the content of crude protein and ruminal degradation.

scholarly journals The Alternative Route to Heme in the Methanogenic ArchaeonMethanosarcina barkeri

Archaea ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 2014 ◽  
pp. 1-13 ◽  
Author(s):  
Melanie Kühner ◽  
Kristin Haufschildt ◽  
Alexander Neumann ◽  
Sonja Storbeck ◽  
Judith Streif ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Enzyme Activity ◽  
Feedback Regulation ◽  
Methanosarcina Barkeri ◽  
Heme Biosynthesis ◽  
Alternative Route ◽  
Activity Assay ◽  
Enzyme Activity Assay ◽  
Living Organisms

In living organisms heme is formed from the common precursor uroporphyrinogen III by either one of two substantially different pathways. In contrast to eukaryotes and most bacteria which employ the so-called “classical” heme biosynthesis pathway, the archaea use an alternative route. In this pathway, heme is formed from uroporphyrinogen III via the intermediates precorrin-2, sirohydrochlorin, siroheme, 12,18-didecarboxysiroheme, and iron-coproporphyrin III. In this study the heme biosynthesis proteins AhbAB, AhbC, and AhbD fromMethanosarcina barkeriwere functionally characterized. Using anin vivoenzyme activity assay it was shown that AhbA and AhbB (Mbar_A1459 and Mbar_A1460) together catalyze the conversion of siroheme into 12,18-didecarboxysiroheme. The two proteins form a heterodimeric complex which might be subject to feedback regulation by the pathway end-product heme. Further, AhbC (Mbar_A1793) was shown to catalyze the formation of iron-coproporphyrin IIIin vivo. Finally, recombinant AhbD (Mbar_A1458) was produced inE. coliand purified indicating that this protein most likely contains two [4Fe-4S] clusters. Using anin vitroenzyme activity assay it was demonstrated that AhbD catalyzes the conversion of iron-coproporphyrin III into heme.

scholarly journals Mycotic Keratitis Due to Curvularia senegalensis and In Vitro Antifungal Susceptibilities ofCurvularia spp.

1999 ◽  
Vol 37 (12) ◽  
pp. 4170-4173 ◽  
Author(s):  
Josep Guarro ◽  
Tiyomi Akiti ◽  
Roberto Almada- Horta ◽  
L. A. Morizot Leite-Filho ◽  
Josepa Gené ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Amphotericin B ◽  
Rare Species ◽  
Antifungal Agents ◽  
The Other ◽  
Corneal Transplant ◽  
Mycotic Keratitis ◽  
The Third ◽  
Fungal Hyphae ◽  
Highly Effective

A case of mycotic keratitis due to Curvularia senegalensis is reported. This case represents the third known reported infection caused by this rare species. Fungal hyphae were detected in corneal scrapings, and repeated cultures were positive for this fungi. The patient was presumed cured after a corneal transplant and treatment with itraconazole, but the infection recurred and the patient is waiting for a keratoplasty. The in vitro antifungal susceptibilities of the case strain and another 24 strains belonging to seven species of Curvularia were tested for six antifungal agents. With the exception of flucytosine, and occasionally fluconazole, the other drugs assayed (amphotericin B, miconazole, itraconazole, and ketoconazole) were highly effective in vitro.

scholarly journals Lymphocyte-mediated lysis of antibody coated human red cells in the presence of human serum

Blood ◽  
1979 ◽  
Vol 53 (6) ◽  
pp. 1197-1202
Author(s):  
RJ Kurlander ◽  
WF Rosse
Keyword(s):  
Human Serum ◽  
Culture Medium ◽  
Human Albumin ◽  
Peripheral Blood Lymphocytes ◽  
Red Cells ◽  
The Other ◽  
High Concentration ◽  
The Third ◽  
Human Red Cells

When peripheral blood lymphocytes and human red cells coated with IgG were incubated in vitro in culture medium, antibody-dependent lymphocyte-mediated lysis was observed. This lysis was markedly inhibited by the addition of purified monoclonal IgG1 (1000 microgram/ml) to the culture medium. In contrast, lysis by lymphocytes of sensitized red cells in the presence of undiluted human serum was equal to or greater than lysis in medium alone, even in the presence of IgG1 at 1000 microgram/ml, despite the high concentration of IgG in human serum (6000--19,000 microgram/ml). Serum heated to 56 degrees C for 30 min also restored lysis in the presence of IgG1. When serum was separated into three fractions by passage through a Sephadex G-200 column, the third fraction, which contained proteins with a molecular weight of less than 100,000 d (but neither of the other two fractions nor purified human albumin), restored lymphocyte-mediated lysis in the presence of IgG1.

scholarly journals Lymphocyte-mediated lysis of antibody coated human red cells in the presence of human serum

Blood ◽  
1979 ◽  
Vol 53 (6) ◽  
pp. 1197-1202 ◽  
Author(s):  
RJ Kurlander ◽  
WF Rosse
Keyword(s):  
Human Serum ◽  
Culture Medium ◽  
Human Albumin ◽  
Peripheral Blood Lymphocytes ◽  
Red Cells ◽  
The Other ◽  
High Concentration ◽  
The Third ◽  
Human Red Cells

Abstract When peripheral blood lymphocytes and human red cells coated with IgG were incubated in vitro in culture medium, antibody-dependent lymphocyte-mediated lysis was observed. This lysis was markedly inhibited by the addition of purified monoclonal IgG1 (1000 microgram/ml) to the culture medium. In contrast, lysis by lymphocytes of sensitized red cells in the presence of undiluted human serum was equal to or greater than lysis in medium alone, even in the presence of IgG1 at 1000 microgram/ml, despite the high concentration of IgG in human serum (6000--19,000 microgram/ml). Serum heated to 56 degrees C for 30 min also restored lysis in the presence of IgG1. When serum was separated into three fractions by passage through a Sephadex G-200 column, the third fraction, which contained proteins with a molecular weight of less than 100,000 d (but neither of the other two fractions nor purified human albumin), restored lymphocyte-mediated lysis in the presence of IgG1.

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