La brecha de ciberseguridad en América Latina frente al contexto global de ciberamenazas

2020 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 17-43
Author(s):  
Juan Manuel Aguilar Antonio
Keyword(s):  
Latin America ◽  
Cyber Security ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Cyber Threats ◽  
Latin America And Caribbean ◽  
The Caribbean ◽  
America Latina ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
The Individual

This research is based on the hypothesis that the governments of Latin America and the Caribbean are lagging behind in the construction of cyber defense capabilities to face the international context of cyber threats, with respect to the member countries of North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO), both in the organizational plan, as in the individual. To prove this statement, the text is divided into six sections. The first part presents the global environment of cyber threats, the economic losses suffered by governments and companies according to reports from information security firms such as Kaspersky, Microsoft, Verizon and International Business Machines Corporation (IBM). The second part presents the internet securitization process, the immersion of cybersecurity in national security studies, and the definition of cyber capabilities and the delimitation of threats to the Nation-State from cyberspace are addressed. The third part shows the trajectory of NATO as an organization in the development of cyber capabilities in the last twenty years. In the fourth part, a set of National Cybersecurity Strategies (ENCS) of NATO countries and allies is analyzed from the individual level, from which their main elements are extracted and their general anatomy is outlined. In the sixth part, an approach to different regional or global cybersecurity environments is presented based on measurements of the Global Cybersecurity Index (GCI), of the International Telecommunications Union (ITU), and the National Cyber Security Index (NSCI) of the Estonian E-Governance Academy. The fifth section presents the context of cybersecurity in Latin America and the Caribbean, according to studies made by the Inter-American Development Bank (IDB) and the Organization of American States (OAS), as well as private cybersecurity firms. In the sixth, two case studies of Mexico, from the 2019-2020, are briefly presented, which represent the lack of maturity of its ENCS and development of cyber capabilities, an aspect that it shares with most of the countries of Latin America and Caribbean. Finally, brief conclusions are presented on the aspects to be strengthened by the region.

The Development of Cybersecurity Policy and Legislative Landscape in Latin America and Caribbean States

2018 ◽  
pp. 286-308
Author(s):  
Indianna D. Minto-Coy ◽  
M. Georgia Gibson Henlin
Keyword(s):  
Latin America ◽  
Content Analysis ◽  
Cyber Security ◽  
Small Island ◽  
Negative Side ◽  
Cyber Threats ◽  
Major Development ◽  
The Us ◽  
Latin America And Caribbean ◽  
The Caribbean

The rise and evolution of telecommunications networks over the last few decades have brought immeasurable benefits. Attention to the negative side of these developments has been slow, particularly in the Small Island Developing States of the Caribbean where countries are slowly becoming aware of the developmental, social and economic challenges posed by cybercrimes. Attention has largely been on developed states. However, the experiences covered here add to the global picture on the state of cyber security, increasing understanding of alternative experiences and where they sit alongside the more popular ones such as the US. The chapter details some major development in cyber security in the Caribbean, examining the development of the legal, institutional and organizational landscape in response to growing internal and external cyber threats. Main players and efforts are identified. Information was gathered from interviews and content analysis and the authors' first-hand knowledge.

The Development of Cybersecurity Policy and Legislative Landscape in Latin America and Caribbean States

2017 ◽  
pp. 24-53
Author(s):  
Indianna D. Minto-Coy ◽  
M. Georgia Gibson Henlin
Keyword(s):  
Latin America ◽  
Content Analysis ◽  
Cyber Security ◽  
Small Island ◽  
Negative Side ◽  
Cyber Threats ◽  
Major Development ◽  
The Us ◽  
Latin America And Caribbean ◽  
The Caribbean

The rise and evolution of telecommunications networks over the last few decades have brought immeasurable benefits. Attention to the negative side of these developments has been slow, particularly in the Small Island Developing States of the Caribbean where countries are slowly becoming aware of the developmental, social and economic challenges posed by cybercrimes. Attention has largely been on developed states. However, the experiences covered here add to the global picture on the state of cyber security, increasing understanding of alternative experiences and where they sit alongside the more popular ones such as the US. The chapter details some major development in cyber security in the Caribbean, examining the development of the legal, institutional and organizational landscape in response to growing internal and external cyber threats. Main players and efforts are identified. Information was gathered from interviews and content analysis and the authors' first-hand knowledge.

scholarly journals Revisión bibliométrica de las Ciencias de la Información en América Latina y el Caribe

2018 ◽  
pp. 79
Author(s):  
Rubén Sánchez-Perdomo ◽  
Marinelsy Rosario-Sierra ◽  
Darlenis Herrera-Vallejera ◽  
Yaniris Rodríguez-Sánchez ◽  
Humberto Carrillo-Calvet
Keyword(s):  
Latin America ◽  
Latin American ◽  
Subject Area ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
The Social ◽  
Scientific Papers ◽  
The Subject ◽  
America Latina ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Information Sciences

La bibliometría se ha utilizado para la evaluación de las diferentes áreas del conocimiento, con el objetivo de definir políticas de evaluación a los investigadores, así como definir líneas de investigación. Las ciencias aplicadas generalmente han sido las más estudiadas, no obstante, se conoce que el caso de las ciencias sociales tiene un comportamiento diferente. Por ello esta investigación describe el comportamiento bibliométrico de la temática Ciencias de la Información en América Latina y el Caribe; teniendo en cuenta las dimensiones de la producción científica, el impacto, la colaboración y la evaluación bibliométrica a nivel individual. Se utilizó para el análisis bibliométrico de los artículos científicos elaborados en la base de datos Scopus; en el periodo 2008-2012 en relación con la materia de Ciencias de la Información. Para el procesamiento y visualización de los datos, se utilizaron los programas Ucinet y Bibexcel, respectivamente. Se determinó que los investigadores de América Latina tienen el hábito de publicar sus resultados de investigación en revistas regionales. Aunque la colaboración nacional es predominante, Europa es el continente que estableció una cooperación más estrecha con América Latina. Brasil se destacó en las dimensiones de la producción, el impacto y la colaboración. La mayor influencia en la comunidad científica se obtuvo con las revistas de alto factor de impacto. Se concluye que se debe fortalecer la cultura de la publicación por parte de los investigadores de la región en revistas internacionales.AbstractBibliometrics was used to evaluate the different areas of knowledge, with the aim of defining policies for evaluation researchers and define lines of research. The applied sciences have generally been the most studied, however it is known that the case of the social sciences have a different behavior. That is why this research describes the behavior of the subject bibliometric Information Sciences in Latin America and the Caribbean; taking into account the dimensions of scientific production, impact, collaboration and bibliometric assessment at the individual level. Bibliometric analysis from scientific papers processed in the Scopus database; in the period 2008 to 2012 related to the subject area of Information Sciences were used as techniques. For processing and displaying was used the Bibexcel and the Ucinet programs. It was determined that Latin American researchers have the habit of publishing their research results in regional magazines. Although national collaboration is predominantly, Europe is the continent which established closer cooperation with Latin America. Brazil stood out in the dimensions of production, impact and collaboration. The greatest influence on the scientific community was obtained with the journals of high impact factor. It is concluded that should strengthen the culture of publication by researchers from the region in international journals.

scholarly journals Importancia de la educación ambiental en la gestión del riesgo socio-natural en cinco países de América Latina y el Caribe

2017 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
pp. 1
Author(s):  
Martha Melizza Ordóñez-Díaz ◽  
Luisa María Montes-Arias ◽  
Giovanna Del Pilar Garzón-Cortes
Keyword(s):  
Latin America ◽  
Environmental Education ◽  
Communication Strategies ◽  
Natural Phenomena ◽  
Legislative Organization ◽  
Natural Risk ◽  
The Social ◽  
The Caribbean ◽  
America Latina ◽  
Post Disaster

Considering environmental education as a social tool allowing individuals to achieve a significant knowledge of the inhabited environment, to reduce the probability of occurrence of a disaster, and to respond to the presence of natural phenomena to which people are vulnerable, this article aims to generate a space for reflection on the importance of environmental education in the management of the social and natural risk in five countries of Latin America and the Caribbean. For this purpose, the paper presents a descriptive review of primary and secondary bibliographical sources referring to the performance of the management of social and natural risks related to environmental education in Colombia, Nicaragua, Mexico, Chile, and Jamaica between 1994 and 2015. In this period, a solid administrative and legislative organization of this management and environmental education is evident, but these two themes are clearly separated when implementing citizen projects: a situation that has generated shortcomings in the management of natural disasters, specifically under the principles of precaution and prevention. For this reason, this article offers a series of recommendations that include the dissemination of information, the creation of centers for the management of risk reduction, the strengthening of communication strategies, and the establishment of response plans and post-disaster recovery. 

scholarly journals Las diferencias en las calificaciones entre estudiantes primarios según la situación de pobreza de cada cual: Análisis de descomposición para 17 países de América Latina y del Caribe

2016 ◽  
Vol 24 ◽  
pp. 69
Author(s):  
Jorge Augusto Paz
Keyword(s):  
Latin America ◽  
Sixth Grade ◽  
Living Standards ◽  
Transfer Programs ◽  
Rights Of The Child ◽  
Poverty And Inequality ◽  
Relevant Variables ◽  
The Caribbean ◽  
America Latina ◽  
The Many

This paper describes one of the ways in which poverty and economic inequality is reproduced in Latin America. This study analyzed certain mechanisms of educational social exclusion among children attending the sixth grade of the primary education in 17 countries in Latin America and the Caribbean. The study shows the intergenerational transmission of poverty and inequality through education is one of the mechanisms that slow convergence towards decent living standards, while uncovering one of the many processes of the violation of rights of children contemplated in the Convention on the Rights of the Child. On the other hand, this study seeks to identify relevant variables to enumerate public policy actions, such as Conditional Transfer Programs aimed at breaking the cycle of–or reducing the intensity of–the reproduction of the poverty and the inequality. To this end, the conditioning opportunities are distinguished (called "endowments") from those that operate independently, so that identical opportunities generate different results.

scholarly journals Risk ratios for contagious outcomes

2018 ◽  
Vol 15 (138) ◽  
pp. 20170696 ◽  
Author(s):  
Olga Morozova ◽  
Ted Cohen ◽  
Forrest W. Crawford
Keyword(s):  
Small Groups ◽  
Risk Ratio ◽  
Disease Transmission ◽  
Infectious Disease Transmission ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Susceptibility To Infection ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
The Individual ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Risk Ratios

Epidemiologists commonly use the risk ratio to summarize the relationship between a binary covariate and outcome, even when outcomes may be dependent. Investigations of transmissible diseases in clusters—households, villages or small groups—often report risk ratios. Epidemiologists have warned that risk ratios may be misleading when outcomes are contagious, but the nature of this error is poorly understood. In this study, we assess the meaning of the risk ratio when outcomes are contagious. We provide a mathematical definition of infectious disease transmission within clusters, based on the canonical stochastic susceptible–infective model. From this characterization, we define the individual-level ratio of instantaneous infection risks as the inferential target, and evaluate the properties of the risk ratio as an approximation of this quantity. We exhibit analytically and by simulation the circumstances under which the risk ratio implies an effect whose direction is opposite that of the true effect of the covariate. In particular, the risk ratio can be greater than one even when the covariate reduces both individual-level susceptibility to infection, and transmissibility once infected. We explain these findings in the epidemiologic language of confounding and Simpson's paradox, underscoring the pitfalls of failing to account for transmission when outcomes are contagious.

Thinking Regional on Peace Missions in Latin America

2017 ◽  
Vol 21 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 177-196
Author(s):  
Monica Hirst
Keyword(s):  
Latin America ◽  
Latin American ◽  
The United States ◽  
Post Cold War ◽  
Peace Processes ◽  
Post Conflict ◽  
Open Case ◽  
Response Capacity ◽  
Latin America And Caribbean ◽  
The Caribbean

As is the case with other regions, in Latin America and the Caribbean, multilateral peace missions are subordinated to norms and expectations of specific mandates. Yet, post-Cold War peace missions in Latin America and the Caribbean share circumstances that are unique to this region. This article seeks to offer a sequenced overview of three scenarios – Central America, Haiti and Colombia – to show how these circumstances interplay as shaping factors in regional peace missions. Three circumstances are highlighted: i) the strategic irrelevance of the region; ii) the preeminence of the United States in Latin America and the Caribbean; iii) the response capacity of Latin American governments. These three are addressed as the core cast of determinants in post-conflict contexts in Latin America and Caribbean. This article explores how these circumstances have adapted in time producing reiterative dynamics attuned to international and regional changing landscapes. Even though the Colombian experience should be considered “an open case”, its inclusion contributes to enrich this argument. Final reflections raise the question if these circumstances explain as well the failures and reversed expectations of regional peace processes.

scholarly journals Attitudes Toward Intimate Partner Violence Against Women in Latin America and the Caribbean

SAGE Open ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 215824401987106
Author(s):  
Marisa Bucheli ◽  
Maximo Rossi
Keyword(s):  
Intimate Partner Violence ◽  
Latin America ◽  
Violence Against Women ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Partner Violence ◽  
Intimate Partner ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Country Level ◽  
The Caribbean ◽  
Partner Violence Against Women

We analyze individual and country factors that explain attitudes toward intimate partner violence against women (IPVAW) in Latin America and the Caribbean. Most patterns at individual level are similar to the international ones: for example, approval of IPVAW is higher among women and people in rural areas or in disadvantaged socio-economic situations. The most novel contribution of our work is the study of the variables at country level: approval of IPVAW increases with poverty, fertility rate, and equal gender outcomes. It decreases with Internet access and, less robustly, with the time elapsed since the enactment of women’s suffrage.

scholarly journals Social exclusion in primary healthcare settings: the time for measurement has come

2019 ◽  
Vol 29 (1) ◽  
pp. 10-13
Author(s):  
Patrick O’Donnell ◽  
Khalifa Elmusharaf
Keyword(s):  
Social Exclusion ◽  
Primary Healthcare ◽  
Knowledge Network ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Healthcare Settings ◽  
Published Evidence ◽  
Measurement Tools ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
The Individual

Social exclusion is a concept that has been discussed and debated in many disciplines in recent decades. In 2006 the WHO Social Exclusion Knowledge Network published a report detailing their work explaining the relevance of social exclusion to the domain of health. As part of that work, the authors formulated a complex definition of social exclusion that has proven difficult to adapt or operationalize in healthcare settings. We looked at this WHO work, and at other published evidence, and decided that social exclusion is a concept that is worth measuring at the individual level in healthcare settings. We suggest that the primary healthcare space, in particular, is an ideal setting in which to do that measurement. We have examined existing social exclusion measurement tools, and scrutinised the approaches taken by their authors, and the various domains they measured. We now propose to develop and validate such a tool for use in primary healthcare settings.

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