Outcome Discrepancies Among Racially/Ethnically Diverse Consumers of Vocational Rehabilitation Services: Summary and Critique of the Literature

2007 ◽  
Vol 38 (1) ◽  
pp. 3-11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sandra LeBlanc ◽  
Julie F. Smart
Keyword(s):  
Vocational Rehabilitation ◽  
Ethnic Minority ◽  
Hierarchical Linear Modeling ◽  
Minority Groups ◽  
Ethnically Diverse ◽  
Linear Modeling ◽  
Vocational Rehabilitation Services ◽  
Parametric Statistics ◽  
Rehabilitation Act ◽  
Racial Ethnic

This article summarizes 27 studies that sought to investigate the experiences of various racial/ethnic minority groups in the public vocational rehabilitation agency. Spanning the years since the 1992 Amendments to the Rehabilitation Act, this body of research has identified and defined a significant question: are the experiences and outcomes of consumers who identify as racial/ethnic minority members different from consumers of the majority culture? Did the amendments to the Rehabilitation Act affect a change in outcome discrepancies? A critique of the various methodologies is presented, including: the use of archival data; the use of univariate, non parametric statistics; and the lack of precision in defining/operationalizing the independent variable of race/ethnicity. The use of hierarchical linear modeling is advocated since many variables of interest can be studied simultaneously. A brief summary of the researchers' recommendation of ways in which to provide higher quality outcomes is presented.

School ethnic composition and bullying in Canadian schools

2016 ◽  
Vol 40 (5) ◽  
pp. 431-441 ◽  
Author(s):  
Irene Vitoroulis ◽  
Heather Brittain ◽  
Tracy Vaillancourt
Keyword(s):  
Ethnic Minority ◽  
Peer Victimization ◽  
Hierarchical Linear Modeling ◽  
Ethnically Diverse ◽  
Ethnic Composition ◽  
School Level ◽  
Linear Modeling ◽  
Bullying Perpetration ◽  
General Physical ◽  
School Ethnic Composition

Bullying in ethnically diverse schools varies as a function of the ethnic composition and degree of diversity in schools. Although Canada is highly multicultural, few researchers have focused on the role of context on ethnic majority and minority youths’ bullying involvement. In the present study, 11,649 European-Canadian/ethnic majority (77%) and non-European Canadian/ethnic minority (23%) students in Grade 4 to Grade 12 completed an online Safe Schools Survey on general, physical, verbal, social, and cyber bullying. Hierarchical Linear Modeling (HLM) analyses indicated significant interactions between the proportion of non-European Canadian children in a school (Level 2) and individual ethnicity (Level 1) across most types of bullying victimization. Non-European Canadian students experienced less peer victimization in schools with higher proportions of non-European Canadian students, but ethnic composition was not related to European Canadian students’ peer victimization. No differences in bullying perpetration were found as a function of school ethnic composition across groups. Our findings suggest that ethnic composition in Canadian schools may not be strongly associated with bullying perpetration and that a higher representation of other ethnic minority peers may act as a buffer against peer victimization.

scholarly journals Therapist Effects on Disparities Experienced by Minorities Receiving Services for Mental Illness

2011 ◽  
Vol 21 (6) ◽  
pp. 727-736 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christopher R. Larrison ◽  
Susan L. Schoppelrey
Keyword(s):  
Ethnic Minority ◽  
Treatment Outcomes ◽  
Hierarchical Linear Modeling ◽  
Minority Groups ◽  
Ethnic Minority Groups ◽  
Linear Modeling ◽  
Therapist Effects ◽  
Client Factors ◽  
Community Mental Health Agencies ◽  
Racial And Ethnic Minority

Objectives: The authors examine if some of the reason clients from racial and ethnic minority groups experience outcome disparities is explained by their therapists. Method: Data from 98 clients (19% minority) and 14 therapists at two community mental health agencies where clients from racial and ethnic minority groups were experiencing outcome disparities were analyzed using hierarchical linear modeling with treatment outcomes at Level 1, client factors at Level 2, and therapists at Level 3. Results: There were substantial therapist effects that moderated the relationship between clients' race and treatment outcomes (outcome disparities). Therapists accounted for 28.7% of the variability in outcome disparities. Conclusions: Therapists are linked to outcome disparities and appear to play a substantial role in why disparities occur.

Intersectionality, Quotas, and Minority Women's Political Representation Worldwide

2011 ◽  
Vol 105 (3) ◽  
pp. 604-620 ◽  
Author(s):  
MELANIE M. HUGHES
Keyword(s):  
Hierarchical Linear Modeling ◽  
Minority Groups ◽  
Political Representation ◽  
Minority Women ◽  
The Political ◽  
Religious Groups ◽  
Linear Modeling ◽  
Representation Of Women ◽  
National Legislatures ◽  
Racial Ethnic

The majority of the world's countries have implemented policies designed to advance the political representation of women and/or minority groups. Yet we do not yet understand how these disparate policies affect the election of minority women. In this article, I draw on theories of intersectionality to conduct the first worldwide analysis of the effects of gender and minority quotas on minority women's representation in national legislatures. Using hierarchical linear modeling, I analyze how quotas influence the election of women from more than 300 racial, ethnic, and religious groups across 81 countries. I find that policies designed to promote the political representation of women and minority groups interact to produce diverse but predictable outcomes for minority women. Although quotas are ostensibly designed to promote diversity and inclusiveness, the quota policies in effect today rarely challenge majority men's dominance of national legislatures.

scholarly journals Strengthening Strategies to Recruit Racial/Ethnic Minority Populations for Health Research Studies

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. 631-632
Author(s):  
Roy Thompson ◽  
Thomas Konrad ◽  
Hanzhang Xu
Keyword(s):  
Ethnic Minority ◽  
Minority Groups ◽  
Empirical Studies ◽  
Ethnically Diverse ◽  
Healthcare Research ◽  
Culturally Appropriate ◽  
Ethnic Minority Groups ◽  
The Us ◽  
Study Participants ◽  
Racial Ethnic

Abstract With the current spotlight on systemic racism and the need to address health inequities, it is critical to develop culturally appropriate strategies for recruiting research study participants from racial/ethnic minority groups. Empirical studies have highlighted that people from racial/ethnic minority groups have poorer health outcomes compared to non-Hispanic Caucasians. However, racial/ethnic minority groups remain underrepresented in healthcare research. Several factors may contribute to the lower participation of racial/ethnic minority groups. Sequelae of atrocities in healthcare research on African American/Black people in the US during slavery and Jim Crow eras were widespread and persistent. Discrimination against people of Hispanic descent and increased anti-Asian discrimination have also been documented. Fear and mistrust of the health system and researchers have been identified as critical barriers to participation in clinical research for these populations. Further, health research teams rarely reflect the racial/ethnic diversity of the US population, hindering diversity in recruiting study participants. Inadequate ethnic/racial minority groups participation in study populations not only weakens external validity of empirical studies, but research interventions and policies being implemented may not be culturally appropriate to all populations. Therefore, systemic strategies to improve recruitment of racial/ethnic minority groups should: 1) increase preferential funding to incentivize research teams becoming more racially/ethnically diverse; 2) increase recruitment of racial/ethnically diverse healthcare researchers; 3) use community-based participatory research designs to build trust among racial/ethnic minority populations; 4) provide training on culturally appropriate research study recruitment strategies to the academic communities; 5) apply a prism of intersectionality for representation throughout the research cycle.

scholarly journals Eradicating Racism: An Endocrine Society Policy Perspective

2022 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ruban Dhaliwal ◽  
Rocio I Pereira ◽  
Alicia M Diaz-Thomas ◽  
Camille E Powe ◽  
Licy L Yanes Cardozo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Health Disparities ◽  
Ethnic Minority ◽  
Healthcare System ◽  
Health Professionals ◽  
Minority Groups ◽  
Ethnic Minority Groups ◽  
Minority Communities ◽  
Endocrine Society ◽  
Policy Perspective ◽  
Racial Ethnic

Abstract The Endocrine Society recognizes racism as a root cause of the health disparities that affect racial/ethnic minority communities in the United States and throughout the world. In this policy perspective, we review the sources and impact of racism on endocrine health disparities and propose interventions aimed at promoting an equitable, diverse, and just healthcare system. Racism in the healthcare system perpetuates health disparities through unequal access and quality of health services, inadequate representation of health professionals from racial/ethnic minority groups, and the propagation of the erroneous belief that socially constructed racial/ethnic groups constitute genetically and biologically distinct populations. Unequal care, particularly for common endocrine diseases such as diabetes, obesity, osteoporosis, and thyroid disease, results in high morbidity and mortality for individuals from racial/ethnic minority groups, leading to a high socioeconomic burden on minority communities and all members of our society. As health professionals, researchers, educators, and leaders, we have a responsibility to take action to eradicate racism from the healthcare system. Achieving this goal would result in high-quality health care services that are accessible to all, diverse workforces that are representative of the communities we serve, inclusive and equitable workplaces and educational settings that foster collaborative teamwork, and research systems that ensure that scientific advancements benefit all members of our society. The Endocrine Society will continue to prioritize and invest resources in a multifaceted approach to eradicate racism, focused on educating and engaging current and future health professionals, teachers, researchers, policy makers, and leaders.

scholarly journals Trends in age and red blood cell donation habits among several racial/ethnic minority groups in the United States

Transfusion ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 57 (7) ◽  
pp. 1644-1655 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mark H. Yazer ◽  
Ralph Vassallo ◽  
Meghan Delaney ◽  
Marc Germain ◽  
Matthew S. Karafin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Blood Cell ◽  
Ethnic Minority ◽  
Red Blood Cell ◽  
Minority Groups ◽  
The United States ◽  
Ethnic Minority Groups ◽  
Racial Ethnic

Moving Toward More Conclusive Measures of Sociocultural Adaptation for Ethnically Diverse Adolescents in England

2017 ◽  
Vol 34 (1) ◽  
pp. 56-72 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anica G. Bowe
Keyword(s):  
Ethnic Minority ◽  
Minority Groups ◽  
Ethnically Diverse ◽  
Ethnic Minority Groups ◽  
Scale Level ◽  
Policy Makers ◽  
Immigrant Adolescents ◽  
Differential Functioning ◽  
Being Bullied ◽  
Ethnically Diverse Adolescents

This study is part of a larger initiative toward understanding the acculturation of immigrant adolescents using the Longitudinal Study of Young People in England 2004-2010 database. A necessary step in using a database for cross-ethnic comparisons is first to verify whether its items and scales are equivalent. I examined item- and scale-level differential functioning (DF; n = 4,663, six ethnic minority groups) on four of the database’s sociocultural scales: Feelings About School (11 items), Relational Family Efficacy (four items), Being Bullied (five items), and Perceived Teacher Discrimination (four items) using an item response theory (IRT)–based framework. Findings demonstrated no meaningful DF on items and, in most cases, scales as well. Second, distinct ethnic group patterns are present. Third, the Perceived Teacher Discrimination scale was not functioning for the majority of the ethnic minority groups which is of grave concern. Implications for future comparative studies and immigration policy makers are discussed.

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