scholarly journals Inappropriate Use of Risk Assessment in Addressing Health Hazards Posed by Civil Aircraft Cabin Air

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (5) ◽  
Author(s):  
Howard CV
Keyword(s):  
Risk Assessment ◽  
Airline Industry ◽  
Scientific Literature ◽  
Complex Mixture ◽  
Aircraft Engine ◽  
High Dose ◽  
Aircraft Cabins ◽  
Inappropriate Use ◽  
Civil Aircraft ◽  
Toxicological Risk Assessment

Toxicological reviews of data on Aerotoxic Syndrome that have been widely referenced by the airline industry tend to use a toxicological endpoint, Organo-Phosphate Induced Neuropathy (OPIDN), that is acknowledged to be the result of a very high dose of organophosphate exposure. Additionally, the reviews tend to only address one chemical, Tri-Ortho Cresyl Phosphate (TOCP), ignoring the presence of other toxic compounds in a complex mixture. In using this to justify the safety of the continued use of unfiltered engine bleed air to ventilate civil aircraft cabins, this represents a misuse of toxicological risk assessment. The approach totally ignores the scientific literature on repeated low-dose exposure to OPs over extended periods, the constant presence of a complex mixture of OPs in engine bleed air and their overall toxicity and the variable susceptibility of individuals to toxicological damage. This paper lists the above-mentioned studies and reviews a sub-set. We present the scientific literature that should be considered to make a realistic risk assessment of the hazards of aircraft engine bleed air.

scholarly journals Inappropriate Use of Risk Assessment in Addressing Health Hazards Posed by Civil Aircraft Cabin Air

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Howard C V
Keyword(s):  
Risk Assessment ◽  
Airline Industry ◽  
Scientific Literature ◽  
Inhalation Exposure ◽  
Complex Mixture ◽  
Subsequent Development ◽  
Engine Oil ◽  
High Dose ◽  
Military Aircraft ◽  
Specific Chemical

Over decades, the airline industry has published considerable documentation on the potential for inhalation exposure to organophosphates and other toxins sourced to engine oil fumes supplied by “bleed air” systems, which are used on most commercial and military aircraft. Case studies on the subsequent development of neurological and other symptoms reported by crewmembers have also been widely documented. However, airline industry reviews tend to define toxicity of engine oil fumes according to a single toxicological endpoint - Organo Phosphate Induced Delayed Neuropathy (OPIDN) – which is acknowledged to be the result of a very high dose of exposure to a specific chemical, Tri-Ortho Cresyl Phosphate (TOCP). Industry reviews typically argue that the low levels of TOCP in aviation engine oils justifies the safety of continuing to use unfiltered engine bleed air to ventilate civil and military aircraft cabins. In fact, this approach ignores the routine presence and toxicity of a complex mixture of OPs in oil fumes supplied by engine bleed air systems and ignores the type of neurological symptoms that crews report (i.e., not OPIDN). The industry approach also ignores the scientific literature on repeated low-dose exposure to OPs over extended periods (particularly relevant for airline crewmembers) and the variable susceptibility of individuals to toxicological damage. This paper reviews the above-mentioned studies and presents the scientific literature that should be considered to make a realistic risk assessment of the hazards of aircraft engine bleed air.

Toxicological risk assessment of Aristolochia species

Planta Medica ◽  
2011 ◽  
Vol 77 (12) ◽  
Author(s):  
J Michl ◽  
M Simmonds ◽  
M Ingrouille ◽  
M Heinrich
Keyword(s):  
Risk Assessment ◽  
Toxicological Risk ◽  
Toxicological Risk Assessment ◽  
Aristolochia Species

Aristolochia species: Toxicological risk assessment using a metabolomic approach

Planta Medica ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 79 (13) ◽  
Author(s):  
J Michl ◽  
G Kite ◽  
M Simmonds ◽  
M Ingrouille ◽  
M Heinrich
Keyword(s):  
Risk Assessment ◽  
Toxicological Risk ◽  
Toxicological Risk Assessment ◽  
Aristolochia Species ◽  
Metabolomic Approach

Risk assessment and forest pest management

1991 ◽  
Vol 67 (5) ◽  
pp. 486-492
Author(s):  
Frank N. Dost
Keyword(s):  
Risk Assessment ◽  
High Dose ◽  
Forest Pest ◽  
Potential Harm ◽  
Dose Rates ◽  
Human Risk ◽  
Forest Pest Management ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Management Method ◽  
Normal Background

Prediction of potential harm, or risk assessment, is essential to planning for any vegetation management method, but the concepts and process are often not understood. This discussion is a highly simplistic description of the basic elements of toxicology and estimation of risk in excess of the high normal background. All chemical risk is directly related to the dose acquired by the subject or population. In the case of cancer, added human risk that may be associated with very low doses is expressed as a probability that is estimated by extrapolation from observations at high dose rates. Reasons for such an indirect approach and weaknesses of the present process are described.

scholarly journals Using Heinrich’s (Bird’s) Pyramid of Adverse Events to Assess the Level of Safety in an Airline

2021 ◽  
Vol 0 (0) ◽  
Author(s):  
Juris Maklakovs ◽  
Aleksandrs Bitins ◽  
Ruta Bogdane ◽  
Vladimir Shestakov
Keyword(s):  
Risk Assessment ◽  
Adverse Events ◽  
Causal Relationship ◽  
Scientific Literature ◽  
Emergency Situation ◽  
Flight Safety ◽  
Key Concepts ◽  
Risk Matrices

Abstract One of the key concepts in matters of flight safety is that of special (abnormal) situations, with airworthiness regulation and certification of aviation equipment being based on this concept. At the same time, one is forced to admit that today there is no explicit interpretation of the standardized traits of special situations, nor are they not fully elucidated in the scientific literature. In this article we propose a pyramid-based approach to interpreting special (abnormal) in-flight situations, which allows for risk assessment not using risk matrices, but instead relying only on the probabilistic characteristics of the occurrence of events. Using the presence of a causal relationship between the layers of the pyramid, we propose an algorithm for the transition of varying degrees of danger of special situations. This algorithm can be used to develop an on-board device that informs the pilot about the dynamics of transitions from one situation to another, representing each emergency situation in a certain color.

scholarly journals Toxicological risk assessment of Acetylsalicylic acid (ASA) in pigeons (columba levia)

2019 ◽  
Vol 6 (5) ◽  
pp. 139-145
Author(s):  
Waqar Khan ◽  
Fayaz Ali ◽  
Murad Ali ◽  
Hanif Khan ◽  
Ayaz Ali Khan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Assessment ◽  
Acetylsalicylic Acid ◽  
Toxicological Risk ◽  
Toxicological Risk Assessment
Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document