Monitoring and assessment of fire consequences in the Republic of Buryatia

The article aims to study statistical data on the consequences of fires in the Republic of Buryatia from 2009 to 2020 using the methods of social and mathematical statistics. The study is relevant due to the current situation with fires and integral fire risk indicators in the municipalities. Man-made fires have been a source of increased danger to health and lives of the population, causing great material damage. Fires are a direct threat to the demographic situation in the region since they cause premature mortality. For households, fires undermine social status, destroy social units, cause moral harm aggravating stress, which provokes illnesses. From the technical point of view, man-made fires create risks for dilapidated houses and facilities that do not meet the fire safety requirements. The Republic of Buryatia is a region with a weak degree of industrial development and a vast territory with a low distribution of settlements, i.e. considerable remoteness from the regional centers. The impact of fires (which make up 99% of all types of emergency situation) on the social well-being of the population is studied. Based on the methodology and calculations of fire risks by the number of fires, injured and killed, material damage and destroyed buildings, it was established that the level of protection of residents of Buryatia from fire risks is insufficient. The indicators should encourage the government to develop and implement effective safety measures.

Risk assessment for the industrial facility impact on the atmosphere

Environmental pollution creates problems for health of people living in residential areas near pollution sources. Studies aimed at developing methods for investigating the impact of industrial facilities on the air is of interest. The purpose of this work is to analyze the methodology for assessing the risk of exposure of a technosphere object to the atmosphere. It was assumed that the enterprise in emergency mode emits pollutants through the source of emissions at the maximum single concentration of the substance exceeding the maximum permissible concentration. To calculate the impact on a human, various scenarios of an emergency situation are taken into account. These are constructing failure trees and using well-known health risk assessment techniques. The calculation took into account the wind rose for a specific enterprise location and wind speed projections obeying the normal distribution law. These assumptions allowed us to develop a method for calculating the risk of exceeding the concentration of a pollutant at a given point (x, y) during the year. Isolines of surface concentrations were built. Three toxic substances were taken for analysis. The method for calculating the dispersion of emissions of harmful (polluting) substances in the atmospheric airwas used; maps of the dispersion of isolines of pollutants in residential areas were constructed. When solving the inverse problem, emergency emission intensities at which excess of permissible concentrations occurred were determined. In the range of multiplicities exceeding the maximum single maximum permissible concentration from 1 to 5, the dependence was well approximated by a straight line. This technique can be used to determine the risk of diseases caused by carcinogenic and noncarcinogenic substances and minimize the risk of exposure to harmful substances.

Provision of community pharmacy services during the first wave of COVID-19 pandemic in Estonia – experiences and future implications

The spread of COVID-19 outbreak in 2020 had significant impact on the functioning of the existing healthcare system and required fast adaption to new circumstances for continuing with daily practices. Community pharmacists shared responsibility of ensuring supply of medicines and medical devices, educating people on health related issues, providing pharmaceutical care etc. The aim of this study was to understand how the provision of community pharmacy services changed during the first wave of COVID-19 pandemic in spring of 2020 in Estonia. Qualitative in-depth semi-structured interviews were conducted. Recorded interviews with community pharmacists (n = 21) and experts (n =10) were transcribed verbatim and a systematic text condensation method for textual content analysis was performed. The findings indicated that a number of changes took place in provision of community pharmacy services to assure continuity in providing high-quality pharmacy services in crisis, including addressing difficulties in the supply of medicines; at the same time, to acquire new knowledge for counselling health related topics and personal protective equipment, and to provide psychological support to people in stress. Pandemic had an impact on the content and structure of traditional community pharmacy services in Estonia. The need for expanded professional role of pharmacists was clearly expressed in an emergency situation.

The FGLOCTweet Corpus: An English tweet-based corpus for fine-grained location-detection tasks

Location detection in social-media microtexts is an important natural language processing task for emergency-based contexts where locative references are identified in text data. Spatial information obtained from texts is essential to understand where an incident happened, where people are in need of help and/or which areas have been affected. This information contributes to raising emergency situation awareness, which is then passed on to emergency responders and competent authorities to act as quickly as possible. Annotated text data are necessary for building and evaluating location-detection systems. The problem is that available corpora of tweets for location-detection tasks are either lacking or, at best, annotated with coarse-grained location types (e.g. cities, towns, countries, some buildings, etc.). To bridge this gap, we present our semi-automatically annotated corpus, the Fine-Grained LOCation Tweet Corpus (FGLOCTweet Corpus), an English tweet-based corpus for fine-grained location-detection tasks, including fine-grained locative references (i.e. geopolitical entities, natural landforms, points of interest and traffic ways) together with their surrounding locative markers (i.e. direction, distance, movement or time). It includes annotated tweet data for training and evaluation purposes, which can be used to advance research in location detection, as well as in the study of the linguistic representation of place or of the microtext genre of social media.

A Comparative Study on Intranasal Versus Intravenous Lorazepam in the Management of Acute Seizure in Children

Introduction: The acute seizure in childhood is a medical emergency which is usually managed by benzodiazepines used as a first line of therapy. There are no strict guidelines of using intranasal lorazepam in India. Many paediatricians use it in an emergency situation as it is inexpensive, easy to administer and even treatment can be started at home. Very few studies are available to compare efficacy and safety of intravenous lorazepam with intranasal lorazepam in childhood seizure, though both routes have comparable pharmacokinetic profile. Intravenous lorazepam (0.1 mg/kg) is already recommended as a first-line treatment of acute childhood seizures in India. There are very few studies regarding the usefulness of intranasal lorazepam. With this background, we compared intranasal lorazepam with the more widely accepted intravenous lorazepam for control of acute seizure. Aim: To compare effectiveness and safety of intranasal and intravenous lorazepam in acute seizure in children aged 5-12 years. Materials and methods: This is an analytical observational cross-sectional study involving patients with acute seizure who received lorazepam via either the intravenous or intranasal route. Formulation and dosage of lorazepam were the same in both routes. Results: Distributions of patient groups according to sex, age, and weight were statistically not significant (p=0.42, p=0.391, and p=0.605, respectively). Time to control seizure within 10 min and persistent cessation of seizure activity were similar in both groups. Safety parameters showed no differences statistically. Conclusions: Though intravenous lorazepam is recommended as first-line treatment, intranasal lorazepam may be a good alternative choice in a convulsing child.

Polygamy from Quraish Shihab’s View in the Tafsir Al-Mishbah

This paper aims to find out the method used by Quraish and the factors that influenced his interpretation of polygamy in the Tafsir of Al-Mishbah. This research is a literature research using Arkoun's hermeneutic approach in analyzing the Quraish interpretation of Polygamy in his Tafsir. Data collection was carried out by citing and analyzing relevant literature on the issue discussed, then reviewing and concluding it. The results of this study indicate that polygamy is pictured as a small emergency exit that can only be conducted in emergency situation. The method used by Quraish Shihab in his interpretation of polygamy is the tahlili method, and the approach is more dominantly contextual. Likewise, the factores that influenced his interpretation include his social settings, schools of thought, and such figures such as Al-Biqai, Muh. Abduh, Tabataba'i, and Al-Farmawy.

Experimental and Numerical Study on the Plume Rising in Stairwell of Buildings

In recent years, it has been observed that when a fire occurs in a multi-use facility, a toxic fire smoke rapidly rises through the vertical shaft and spreads due to the chimney effect and hot buoyancy. Generally, the fire smoke spreads rapidly through a number of evacuation passages installed for safe evacuation, which adversely affects an emergency situation. Due to the lack of this knowledge among the occupants, the majority of the occupants are evacuated using the stairwells, getting suffocated by poisonous smoke and suffering serious injuries. The present study considered the fire smoke spreading vertically through the stairwell. For this purpose, the power of the heat source and the area of the ventilation windows connected to the stairwell were modified, and the movement and diffusion of the hot plume rising vertically in the stairwell were observed. For the experiment, a 1/20 scaled-down stairwell model was employed, and the temperature ‘T’ and the vertical velocity ‘w’ of the hot plume rising inside the stairwell were measured using a 60 W-180 W heat source power. Numerical analysis was performed using FDS under similar conditions, and the results were compared with the experimental results.

The Efficiency of Drones Usage for Safety and Rescue Operations in an Open Area: A Case from Poland

The use of unmanned aerial systems (UAS) is becoming increasingly frequent during search and rescue (SAR) operations conducted to find missing persons. These systems have proven to be particularly useful for operations executed in the wilderness, i.e., in open and mountainous areas. The successful implementation of those systems is possible thanks to the potential offered by unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs), which help achieve a considerable reduction in operational times and consequently allow a much quicker finding of lost persons. This is crucial to enhance their chances of survival in extreme conditions (withholding hydration, food and medicine, and hypothermia). The paper presents the results of a preliminary assessment of a search and rescue method conducted in an unknown terrain, where groups were coordinated with the use of UAVs and a ground control station (GCS) workstation. The conducted analysis was focused on assessing conditions that would help minimise the time of arrival of the rescue team to the target, which in real conditions could be a missing person identified on aerial images. The results of executed field tests have proven that the time necessary to reach injured persons can be substantially shortened if imaging recorded by UAV is deployed, as it considerably enhances the chance of survival in an emergency situation. The GCS workstation is also one of the crucial components in the search system, which assures image transmission from the UAV to participants of the search operation and radio signal amplification in a difficult terrain. The effectiveness of the search system was tested by comparing the arrival times of teams equipped with GPS and a compass and those not equipped with such equipment. The article also outlined the possibilities of extending the functionality of the search system with the SARUAV module, which was used to find a missing person in Poland.

The Views of Contemporer Mut'ah Marriage among Yogyakarta Shi’ite Leaders

This paper explicates the views of Shia leaders in Rausyan Fikr Foundation Yogyakarta on mut'ah marriage. There have been various views related to mut'ah marriage law by Rausyan Fikr leaders. On one side, Shi’ite school of thought is hitherto the only proponent to the mut'ah marriage. This research is descriptive-analytic study using normative approaches by examining the views of Yogyakarta Shi’ite leaders in justifying the marriage using Islamic law including the Qur'an, Hadith, and Fiqh principles or ushuliyyah. The study finds that there are three opinions among Shi’ite leaders in Yogyakarta; 1) Some leaders strictly prohibit due to the differences in places and conditions between Indonesia and Iran, 2)Some of them allow it with the condition that marriage must be conducted with fellow Shi’ite, 3) Some believe it is allowed according the Ja'fari school of thought without considering conditions and places. Despite the differences of views among Yogyakarta Shia leaders, these differences can be compromised by seeing that mut'ah marriage is unacceptable under normal circumstances, but in an emergency situation, it can certainly be justifiable by considering its maslahat (benefit) or mudarat (danger). Keywords: mut'ah marriage, Islamic law, Yogyakarta Shia leaders Tulisan ini membahas tentang nikah mut’ah dan penerapannya dalam pandangan tokoh Syiah di Yayasan Rausyan Fikr Yogyakarta. Diketahui bahwa terjadi perbedaan pandangan terkait hukum nikah mut’ah oleh para tokoh Rausyan Fikr. Di sisi lain, kita ketahui bahwa mazhab Syiah adalah satu-satunya mazhab yang konsisten dengan argumentasi bahwa nikah mut’ah tetap berlaku hingga akhir zaman. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian lapangan (field research) bersifat deskriptif-analitik dengan menggunakan pendekatan normatif dengan mengkaji pandangan para tokoh Syiah Yogyakarta menggunakan hukum Islam secara mayoritas meliputi al-Qur’an, Hadis dan kaidah-kaidah fiqhiyyah ataupun ushuliyyah. Hasil penelitian ini adalah terdapat tiga pendapat dari tokoh Syiah di Yogyakarta; yaitu 1) melarang secara mutlak dengan alasan perbedaan tempat dan kondisi antara Indonesia dan Iran, 2) membolehkan dengan syarat pernikahan harus dilakukan dengan sesama penganut Syiah, 3) membolehkan secara mutlak berlandasan pada fikih mazhab Syiah Ja’fari tanpa mempertimbangkan perbedaan kondisi dan tempat. Terlepas perbedaan pandangan di kalangan tokoh Syiah Yogyakarta, perbedaan tersebut dapat dikompromikan dengan melihat bahwa nikah mut'ah tidak dapat diterima dalam keadaan normal, namun dalam keadaan darurat tentu dapat dipertimbangkan dan dilihat mana lebih besar maslahat dan mudaratnya. Kata Kunci: nikah mut’ah, hukum Islam, tokoh Syiah Yogyakarta

Patients’ Perspective on Their Experience of Dental Treatments Covered by Public Health Insurance in Romania—A Pilot Study

Although the aims of any public health coverage are prevention, diagnosis, treatment, rehabilitation, and maintenance, dental services are hardly ever included in services. The goal of our pilot study is to assess the perspective of a group of adult patients on their covered dental treatments. The present cross-sectional study was conducted on 140 patients who reported their perception by filling in a questionnaire. All the collected data were statistically analyzed using IBM SPSS Statistics 25. Most of the subjects (40.7%, n = 57) were treatment oriented, visiting the dentist only in an emergency situation. A total of 40.7% (n = 57) of the participants stated that all the dental treatments had coverage and 22.8% (n = 13) had to split their treatment plan because of the insurance budget limit. The subjects who had chosen covered dental services because they considered it was a right they should benefit from (53.7%, n = 22) and those who had chosen covered dental services because of financial reasons (29.3%, n = 12) were more frequently unsatisfied with the types of covered dental services. The reduced level of satisfaction was associated mainly with the list of dental procedures accepted for coverage and also with younger and highly educated patients. For a more accurate description, the present study should be completed by future studies not only on a representative population at national level, but also by assessing the perspective of dental professionals.