Commercial Tobacco Production and Climate Change Adaptation in Mazowe, Zimbabwe

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrew Newsham ◽  
Toendepi Shonhe ◽  
Tsitsidzashe Bvute
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
South African ◽  
Poverty Reduction ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Climate Change Impacts ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Rapid Rise ◽  
The West ◽  
Fine Grained ◽  
Tobacco Production

There has been an increasingly well-documented, rapid rise in tobacco production over the last couple of decades in Mazowe, Zimbabwe, despite growing public health concerns about lung cancer and nicotine’s addictive capacities in the wealthier countries of the West – even affecting the South African market. This has been accompanied by a shift away from its production almost completely on large-scale farms towards predominantly small-scale farms. To date, less consideration has been given to the implications of climate change for tobacco production. Given the hopes that it can make a serious contribution to poverty reduction and food security, it is of increasing importance to understand these implications, to identify the most relevant and/or effective adaptation options and to assess the viability of their successful adoption. This paper presents a fine-grained, qualitative bottom-up analysis of the implications for commercial tobacco production of climate change impacts in Zimbabwe.

Agricultural Greenhouses in São Tomé and Príncipe

2022 ◽  
pp. 1-26
Author(s):  
Kiakisiki Quaresma Nascimento ◽  
Maria Raquel Raquel Lucas ◽  
Pedro Damião Henriques
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Rural Communities ◽  
Poverty Reduction ◽  
Climate Change Impacts ◽  
Current Situation ◽  
Viable Alternative ◽  
Greenhouse Production ◽  
Climate Change Effects ◽  
Sao Tome And Principe ◽  
Mitigate Climate Change

Since 2016, STP has been funding the implementation of greenhouses, viewed as a viable way to guarantee, increase, and diversify production; supply the market; improve farmers' incomes; and mitigate climate change impacts. The greenhouses in selected districts were based on farmers' experiences in horticultural production, available agricultural area, and capacity of rural communities to organize themselves into small farmers' cooperatives. There are also private greenhouse initiatives. This chapter analyzed the current situation of the STP greenhouse project and its socioeconomic contribution to rural communities, proposing actions for its improvement, addressing climate changes and poverty reduction. Despite several weaknesses, mainly linked to lack of knowledge and mastery of technology, greenhouse production represents a viable alternative for horticulture development. Greenhouses, properly exploited, are a mechanism to mitigate climate change effects and ensure an increase in income and consequently reduce poverty and improve individual and collective living conditions.

scholarly journals Experimental insights into consolidation rates during one-dimensional loading with special reference to excess pore water pressure

2020 ◽  
Vol 15 (12) ◽  
pp. 3571-3591
Author(s):  
Bartłomiej Szczepan Olek
Keyword(s):  
Pore Water ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Pore Water Pressure ◽  
Water Pressure ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Coefficient Of Consolidation ◽  
Consolidation Process ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Fine Grained ◽  
Fine Grained Soil

AbstractConsolidation rate has significant influence on the settlement of structures founded on soft fine-grained soil. This paper presents the results of a series of small-scale and large-scale Rowe cell consolidation tests with pore water pressure measurements to investigate the factors affecting the consolidation process. Permeability and creep/resistance structure factors were considered as the governing factors. Intact and reconstituted marine clay from the Polish Carpathian Foredeep basin as well as clay–sand mixtures was examined in the present study. The fundamental relationship correlating consolidation degrees based on compression and pore water pressure was assessed to indicate the nonlinear soil behaviour. It was observed that the instantaneous consolidation parameters vary as the process progresses. The instantaneous coefficient of consolidation first drastically increases or decreases with increase in the degree of consolidation and stabilises in the middle stage of the consolidation; it then decreases significantly due to viscoplastic effects occurring in the soil structure. Based on the characteristics of the relationship between coefficient of consolidation and degree of dissipation at the base, the consolidation range that complies with theoretical assumptions was established. Furthermore, the influence of coarser fraction in clay–sand mixtures in controlling the consolidation rates is discussed.

‘Burn it down!’: Materialising intersectional solidarities in the architecture of the South African Embassy during the London Poll Tax Riot, March 1990

2019 ◽  
Vol 38 (2) ◽  
pp. 233-250 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gavin Brown
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
Working Class ◽  
South African ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
The South ◽  
The West ◽  
England And Wales ◽  
Metropolitan Police ◽  
Trafalgar Square ◽  
Poll Tax

This paper offers a new way of conceptualising how intersectional solidarities are actualised. It recounts and theorises an outbreak of radical internationalism, when working class struggles in Britain and South Africa were unexpectedly linked. It examines how intersectional solidarity was materialised through a process of coming together against the architectural fabric of the South African Embassy and considers the interwoven temporalities that enabled this action to occur. On 31 March 1990, nearly a quarter of a million people demonstrated in London against the Poll Tax that was due to take effect in England and Wales the following day. On the day, the Metropolitan Police lost control of an already enraged crowd and provoked a large scale riot that engulfed the West End of London for several hours. In the midst of the riot, during a short retreat by the police, protesters took the opportunity to attack the South African Embassy in Trafalgar Square – many windows were broken and an attempt was made to set the building alight. Drawing on interviews with former anti-apartheid protesters who were present on that day (and who had concluded a four-year long Non-Stop Picket of the embassy a month earlier), this paper explores and analyses their memories of that unexpected moment when their previously symbolic call to ‘burn it down’ was (almost) materialised. In doing so, it contributes new ways of conceptualising the spatiality and temporality of intersectional solidarity.

scholarly journals Agricultural groundwater management in the Upper Bhima Basin, India: current status and future scenarios

2013 ◽  
Vol 17 (2) ◽  
pp. 507-517 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. Surinaidu ◽  
C. G. D. Bacon ◽  
P. Pavelic
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Water Use ◽  
Water Discharge ◽  
Climate Change Impacts ◽  
Current Status ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Groundwater Levels ◽  
Groundwater Overdraft ◽  
Use Efficiency ◽  
Increasing Demand

Abstract. The basaltic aquifers of the Upper Bhima River basin in southern India are heavily utilized for small-scale agriculture but face increasing demand-related pressures along with uncertainty associated with climate change impacts. To evaluate likely groundwater resource impacts over the coming decades, a regional groundwater flow model for the basin was developed. Model predictions associated with different climate change and abstraction scenarios indicate that the continuation of current rates of abstraction would lead to significant groundwater overdraft, with groundwater elevations predicted to fall by −6 m over the next three decades. Groundwater elevations can however be stabilized, but would require 20–30% of the mean surface water discharge from the basin to be recharged to groundwater, along with reductions in pumping (5–10%) brought about by improved water efficiency practices and/or shifts towards lower-water use crops. Modest reductions in pumping alone cannot stabilize groundwater levels; targeted conjunctive use and improved water use efficiency are also needed.

scholarly journals Analyses of Land Cover Change Trajectories Leading to Tropical Forest Loss: Illustrated for the West Kutai and Mahakam Ulu Districts, East Kalimantan, Indonesia

Land ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 7 (3) ◽  
pp. 108 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carina van der Laan ◽  
Arif Budiman ◽  
Judith Verstegen ◽  
Stefan Dekker ◽  
Wiwin Effendy ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Land Cover ◽  
Land Cover Change ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Expert Knowledge ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Forest Loss ◽  
The West ◽  
East Kalimantan ◽  
Open Forest ◽  
Over Time

In Indonesia, land cover change for agriculture and mining is threatening tropical forests, biodiversity and ecosystem services. However, land cover change is highly dynamic and complex and varies over time and space. In this study, we combined Landsat-based land cover (change) mapping, pixel-to-pixel cross tabulations and expert knowledge to analyze land cover change and forest loss in the West Kutai and Mahakam Ulu districts in East Kalimantan from 1990–2009. We found that about one-third of the study area changed in 1990–2009 and that the different types of land cover changes in the study area increased and involved more diverse and characteristic trajectories in 2000–2009, compared to 1990–2000. Degradation to more open forest types was dominant, and forest was mostly lost due to trajectories that involved deforestation to grasslands and shrubs (~17%), and to a lesser extent due to trajectories from forest to mining and agriculture (11%). Trajectories from forest to small-scale mixed cropland and smallholder rubber occurred more frequently than trajectories to large-scale oil palm or pulpwood plantations; however, the latter increased over time. About 11% of total land cover change involved multiple-step trajectories and thus “intermediate” land cover types. The combined trajectory analysis in this paper thus contributes to a more comprehensive analysis of land cover change and the drivers of forest loss, which is essential to improve future land cover projections and to support spatial planning.

scholarly journals How Much Should Climate Model Output Be Smoothed in Space?

2011 ◽  
Vol 24 (3) ◽  
pp. 867-880 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jouni Räisänen ◽  
Jussi S. Ylhäisi
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Climate Model ◽  
Future Climate Change ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Model Output ◽  
Climate Change Projections ◽  
Local Conditions ◽  
Climate Model Output ◽  
Mean Climate

Abstract The general decrease in the quality of climate model output with decreasing scale suggests a need for spatial smoothing to suppress the most unreliable small-scale features. However, even if correctly simulated, a large-scale average retained by the smoothing may not be representative of the local conditions, which are of primary interest in many impact studies. Here, the authors study this trade-off using simulations of temperature and precipitation by 24 climate models within the Third Coupled Model Intercomparison Project, to find the scale of smoothing at which the mean-square difference between smoothed model output and gridbox-scale reality is minimized. This is done for present-day time mean climate, recent temperature trends, and projections of future climate change, using cross validation between the models for the latter. The optimal scale depends strongly on the number of models used, being much smaller for multimodel means than for individual model simulations. It also depends on the variable considered and, in the case of climate change projections, the time horizon. For multimodel-mean climate change projections for the late twenty-first century, only very slight smoothing appears to be beneficial, and the resulting potential improvement is negligible for practical purposes. The use of smoothing as a means to improve the sampling for probabilistic climate change projections is also briefly explored.

scholarly journals Evidence for changes in historic and future groundwater levels in the UK

2015 ◽  
Vol 39 (1) ◽  
pp. 49-67 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christopher R. Jackson ◽  
John P. Bloomfield ◽  
Jonathan D. Mackay
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Climate Change Impacts ◽  
Future Climate ◽  
Future Climate Change ◽  
Climate Indices ◽  
Groundwater Levels ◽  
Groundwater Drought ◽  
The One ◽  
The Uk

We examine the evidence for climate-change impacts on groundwater levels provided by studies of the historical observational record, and future climate-change impact modelling. To date no evidence has been found for systematic changes in groundwater drought frequency or intensity in the UK, but some evidence of multi-annual to decadal coherence of groundwater levels and large-scale climate indices has been found, which should be considered when trying to identify any trends. We analyse trends in long groundwater level time-series monitored in seven observation boreholes in the Chalk aquifer, and identify statistically significant declines at four of these sites, but do not attempt to attribute these to a change in a stimulus. The evidence for the impacts of future climate change on UK groundwater recharge and levels is limited. The number of studies that have been undertaken is small and different approaches have been adopted to quantify impacts. Furthermore, these studies have generally focused on relatively small regions and reported local findings. Consequently, it has been difficult to compare them between locations. We undertake some additional analysis of the probabilistic outputs of the one recent impact study that has produced coherent multi-site projections of changes in groundwater levels. These results suggest reductions in annual and average summer levels, and increases in average winter levels, by the 2050s under a high greenhouse gas emissions scenario, at most of the sites modelled, when expressed by the median of the ensemble of simulations. It is concluded, however, that local hydrogeological conditions can be an important control on the simulated response to a future climate projection.

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