Soldiers' children as a special social institution in the Russian Empire in the second half of the 19th century

2019 ◽  
pp. 164-172
Author(s):  
Evgeniy Nevzorov ◽  
Svetlana Bukalova ◽  
Sergey Simonov
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Legal Status ◽  
Social Institution ◽  
Legal Regulation ◽  
Russian Empire ◽  
Family Status ◽  
The Social ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
The Russian Empire ◽  
The 19Th Century

We consider the social and legal status, family status and class transformations of soldiers’ offspring in the second half of the 19th century. The great reforms of the 60–70s of the 19th century did not actually affect the regulation of children of lower ranks and reserve soldiers. In this context, it is clear that there has been very little change in the situation of such children compared to the recruitment period. Soldiers’ children in the 19th century continued to fill up the lumpenized population groups of the Russian Empire, and their situation remained shaky, unstable and uncertain. We reveal the historical and legal dynamics aspects of the social and class status of children of representatives of the “military class”: soldiers’ children, reserve soldiers’ children, recruits’ children. We ascertain features of the charity and welfare organization for the families with called up soldiers during the Crimean War of 1853–1856 and the Russo-Turkish War of 1877–1878. Attracting a wide range of archival sources and published materials allowed quite successfully to reconstruct existing social and legal regulation and the practice of charity “military offspring” of lower ranks soldiers. We reveal features of the “reflection” of soldiers’ position in primary archival documents and legislative acts, including social and legal conflicts and trends that determined the life and fate of “military children”. We give a historiographic assessment of the study of legal status of soldiers’ children and their everyday life in the war and peace years of the second half of the 19th century. We identify research gaps in the works of domestic and foreign historians on the stated issues. We draw conclusions about the prospects of studying the post-reform ethnic and social, social and cultural, class and legal features of the soldier’s offspring, which is still “in the shadow” of research interest in the history community. We prove that “soldiers’ children” were and remained a special social institution in the Russian Empire in the second half of the 19th century. We reveal the peculiarities of studying this category of “military class” in pre-reform and post-reform Russia.

Soldiers’ children as a successful project of the Russian army recruitment reserve formation in the first half of the 19th century

2019 ◽  
pp. 133-141
Author(s):  
Evgeniy Nevzorov
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Armed Forces ◽  
Legal Regulation ◽  
Russian Empire ◽  
Russian Society ◽  
Russian Army ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
The Russian Empire ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
The Military

We describe the features of the reserve replenishment formation of the Russian army at the expense of soldiers’ children in the 19th century. We reveal the historical and legal aspects of the social and class status of the “military class” representatives descendants: soldiers’ children, recruits of soldiers’ children. Born in the recruits families and lower ranks during the service period in the Russian army, either retired, soldiers on indefinite leave and disabled veterans, the soldiers’ children had a special social and legal position in the class structure of Russian society, which are specifically regulated, as the legislative and enforcement practices in the capitals and provinces in the Russian Empire in the 19th century. The involvement of a fairly wide range of archival sources and published materials allowed to conduct the reconstruction of both the existing legal regulation and the actual social parameters of the “military offspring” in the armed forces. We also reveal the aspects of education of military cantonists in special military educational insti-tutions and similar military units (military orphan units, training battalions and companies, carabinieri regiments) reflected in the primary archival documents and legislative acts, social and legal, class and everyday conflicts and trends that determined the life and fate of “military chil-dren”. We clarify statistical errors in the calculation of the military class representatives – soldiers’ children – in the Russian province. We give a detailed historiographical study assessment of the legal status of cantonists and recruits of soldiers’ children, as well as identifying research gaps in the works of domestic and foreign historians. We made conclusions about the prospects of the sci-entific problems study by domestic historians, as well as the presence of primary archival docu-ments that need to be introduced into scientific circulation. It is proved that the category of “sol-diers’ children” was the most important component of the Russian armed forces combat capability formation, allowing to prepare a significant reserve. We also show the prospects of the cantonists transformation into professional soldiers, as well as their role in the military history of the Russian Empire in the considered chronological period.

scholarly journals The regional policy of the Russian Empire in the first half of the 19th century: The Kingdom of Poland (1815–1830)

2020 ◽  
pp. 83-105
Author(s):  
Boris V. Nosov ◽  
Lyudmila P. Marney
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Political Development ◽  
Regional Policy ◽  
Legal Status ◽  
Russian Empire ◽  
The State ◽  
International Treaties ◽  
Russian Government ◽  
The Russian Empire ◽  
The 19Th Century

The article is devoted to the problems of the regional policy of the Russian Empire at the beginning of the 19th century discussed in the latest Russian historiography, to the peculiarities of the state-legal status and administrative practice of the Kingdom of Poland. It was the time when basic principles and a special structure of management at the outlying regions of the empire were developed, and when special (historical, national, and cultural) regions were formed on the periphery of the Empire. The policy of the Russian government in relation to the Kingdom of Poland depended both on the fundamental trends in the international relations in Central and Eastern Europe (as reflected in international treaties), as well as on the internal political development of the empire, and the peculiarities of political, legal, social, economic, cultural processes in the Kingdom and on Polish lands in Austria and Prussia. All these aspects have an impact on the debate that historians and legal experts are conducting on the state and legal status of parts of the lands of the former Principality of Warsaw that were included in the Russian Empire in 1815 by the decision of the Congress of Vienna. The fundamental political principles of the Russian Empire in the Kingdom of Poland in the first half of the 19th century were a combination of autocracy (with individual elements of enlightened absolutism), based on centralized bureaucratic control, and relatively decentralized political, administrative and estate structures, which assumed the presence of local self-government.

Soldiers’ children in legislation and law enforcement practice in Russian Empire of 18th–19th centuries

2019 ◽  
pp. 131-142
Author(s):  
Evgeniy Nevzorov
Keyword(s):  
Law Enforcement ◽  
Social History ◽  
Legal Status ◽  
Legal Regulation ◽  
Legal Aspects ◽  
Russian Empire ◽  
Social Characteristics ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Archival Documents ◽  
The Russian Empire

We consider historical and legal aspects of social and class status of minor members of “military class”: soldiers’ children, recruit’s children, soldiers’ daughters. These children had special status in legislation and law enforcement practice in Russian Empire in 18th–19th century as they were born in the families of recruits, lower ranks soldiers during their service in Russian army, retired soldiers, soldiers on indefinite leave and service-disabled veterans. On the basis of wide range of archival and published materials we reconstructed the legal regulation and social characteristics of “military offspring” in military forces and civil society. We also reveal recorded in primary archival documents and legal acts social and legal, class and household collisions and trends, which determined life and destiny of “military children”. We clarify statistical uncertainties, which occurred during estimation members of military class – soldiers’ children – in Russian province. We also give detailed historiographic assessment of studying legal status of cantonists and soldiers’ daughters. We conclude about the prospects of studying this scientific problem by domestic historians, as well as the presence of primary archival documents, which are waiting for the introduction into scientific circulation. It is proved that the category of “soldiers’ children” was not only a subject, but was often the object of Russian legislation, this category also made it possible to successfully defend their rights. We reveal features of transformation of the former cantonists into professional soldiers, and also their role in military and social history of the Russian Empire of the considered chronological period.

scholarly journals Polish Jews, Russian Jews and the Transfer of the Social Imagery: the Polish Kingdom and Russia in the 19th Century

2020 ◽  
pp. 77-96
Author(s):  
Artur Markowski ◽  
◽  
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Opposite Direction ◽  
Russian Empire ◽  
Social Image ◽  
Russian Jews ◽  
The Social ◽  
Polish Jews ◽  
The Russian Empire ◽  
The 19Th Century

The article analyzes the process of making and the evolution of the terms „Polish Jew” and “Russian Jew”in the 19th century in the Polish Kingdom and the Russian Empire. The article shows how social imageries were transferred from the Polish Kingdom to Russia and in the opposite direction and how they were mutually influencing the defining of new Jewish identities created in relation to the countries in which the Jews lived. Finally, the article shows, on the bases of few biographical cases, how practically the transfers of social image ries we retaking place.

Medical and police committee in the structure of the Moscow general police in the middle and second half of the 19th century

2021 ◽  
pp. 57-67
Author(s):  
Alexander Y. Tumin
Keyword(s):  
Law Enforcement ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Russian Empire ◽  
Central State ◽  
The Public ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
The Russian Empire ◽  
Almost All ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
Empirical Material

Fundamentally the Moscow police was created as a body with a wide range of responsibilities and numerous powers cover almost all spheres of life of the population. The Moscow police, by virtue of their status as a capital, was a kind of testing ground where various transformations in the police sphere were tested, which then spread to other cities of the Russian Empire. The middle of the 19th century became an important milestone in the development of the Moscow general police and the expansion of its competence. During this period of time, specialized divisions began to form in its structure, aimed at solving specific issues. The work discusses the experience of organizing, the legal and organizational foundations of the medical and police committee in the second most important city of the Russian Empire Moscow. The development of the Moscow general pre-revolutionary police and its individual units in the domestic historical and legal science has not been sufficiently studied, which is due to the lack of the necessary empirical material in the public domain. Based on the analysis of documents and statistical data of the Central State Archive of Moscow, first introduced into scientific circulation, explores the reasons for the formation, structure, basic powers of the Moscow Medical and Police Committee and the results of its activities. On the eve of the three hundredth anniversary of the formation of the Moscow police, the study of the experience of the Moscow police contributes to the growth of historical and legal knowledge about the activities of pre-revolutionary law enforcement bodies.

scholarly journals Ethnological-legal and technical-legal aspects of intercultural communication in Russia of the Imperial period: the experience of theoretical and methodological structuring on the example of the formation of the institutions of lamaism among the Volga kalmyks of the second half of the 19th century. Part 1

2021 ◽  
Vol 4 ◽  
pp. 3-10
Author(s):  
I. A. Arzumanov ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Intercultural Communication ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Legal Regulation ◽  
Legal Aspects ◽  
Russian Empire ◽  
The State ◽  
Customary Law ◽  
Legal Communication ◽  
The Russian Empire ◽  
The 19Th Century

Federation On the example of the formation of the institutions of Lamaism among the Volga Kalmyks II. floor. XIX century. the historical-legal and socio-cultural aspects of intercultural communication in Russia are considered. The methodological correlation of the processes of intercultural communication in the context of the polyphonic nature of the legal culture of the Russian Empire is analyzed. The universalism of the sociological (integral) discourse of jurisprudence determines not only the civilizational specifics of legal communications as one of the forms of intercultural communication, but also the methodological body of research based on the cultural-anthropological approach and ethnological-legal conditioning. The interdisciplinary nature of the study is due to the specificity of the ethno-confessional specifics of the processes under consideration and involves an appeal to theoretical and legal, state, socio-cultural, and religious discourses. Based on the analysis of the provisions of the primary sources of normative legal acts concerning the state and legal regulation of the ethno-confessional sphere among the Volga Kalmyks and in the Russian Empire as a whole in the first half of the 19th century, a comparative analysis of the processes of consolidating the institution of the majour in the Volga Kalmyks and Buryat clans of the East Siberian region is carried out. An example of cultural and legal communication between such subjects as the state and ethno-confessional communities are the results of the analysis of archival documents, for the first time introduced into scientific circulation, concerning the activities of the imperial administration in the sphere of systematizing the norms of customary law of the Volga Kalmyks and streamlining the processes of forming regional institutions of Lamaism. Some aspects of the socio-cultural determinants of the processes of increasing the number of Lamaist clergy among the Volga Kalmyks and the problems of its legal regulation are considered. Conclusions are made about the intercivilizational nature of legal communication, implicitly aimed at assimilating the customary legal system of Kalmyks in order to include them in the general system of legalizations of the empire.

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