Soldiers’ children in legislation and law enforcement practice in Russian Empire of 18th–19th centuries

2019 ◽  
pp. 131-142
Author(s):  
Evgeniy Nevzorov
Keyword(s):  
Law Enforcement ◽  
Social History ◽  
Legal Status ◽  
Legal Regulation ◽  
Legal Aspects ◽  
Russian Empire ◽  
Social Characteristics ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Archival Documents ◽  
The Russian Empire

We consider historical and legal aspects of social and class status of minor members of “military class”: soldiers’ children, recruit’s children, soldiers’ daughters. These children had special status in legislation and law enforcement practice in Russian Empire in 18th–19th century as they were born in the families of recruits, lower ranks soldiers during their service in Russian army, retired soldiers, soldiers on indefinite leave and service-disabled veterans. On the basis of wide range of archival and published materials we reconstructed the legal regulation and social characteristics of “military offspring” in military forces and civil society. We also reveal recorded in primary archival documents and legal acts social and legal, class and household collisions and trends, which determined life and destiny of “military children”. We clarify statistical uncertainties, which occurred during estimation members of military class – soldiers’ children – in Russian province. We also give detailed historiographic assessment of studying legal status of cantonists and soldiers’ daughters. We conclude about the prospects of studying this scientific problem by domestic historians, as well as the presence of primary archival documents, which are waiting for the introduction into scientific circulation. It is proved that the category of “soldiers’ children” was not only a subject, but was often the object of Russian legislation, this category also made it possible to successfully defend their rights. We reveal features of transformation of the former cantonists into professional soldiers, and also their role in military and social history of the Russian Empire of the considered chronological period.

Soldiers' children as a special social institution in the Russian Empire in the second half of the 19th century

2019 ◽  
pp. 164-172
Author(s):  
Evgeniy Nevzorov ◽  
Svetlana Bukalova ◽  
Sergey Simonov
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Legal Status ◽  
Social Institution ◽  
Legal Regulation ◽  
Russian Empire ◽  
Family Status ◽  
The Social ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
The Russian Empire ◽  
The 19Th Century

We consider the social and legal status, family status and class transformations of soldiers’ offspring in the second half of the 19th century. The great reforms of the 60–70s of the 19th century did not actually affect the regulation of children of lower ranks and reserve soldiers. In this context, it is clear that there has been very little change in the situation of such children compared to the recruitment period. Soldiers’ children in the 19th century continued to fill up the lumpenized population groups of the Russian Empire, and their situation remained shaky, unstable and uncertain. We reveal the historical and legal dynamics aspects of the social and class status of children of representatives of the “military class”: soldiers’ children, reserve soldiers’ children, recruits’ children. We ascertain features of the charity and welfare organization for the families with called up soldiers during the Crimean War of 1853–1856 and the Russo-Turkish War of 1877–1878. Attracting a wide range of archival sources and published materials allowed quite successfully to reconstruct existing social and legal regulation and the practice of charity “military offspring” of lower ranks soldiers. We reveal features of the “reflection” of soldiers’ position in primary archival documents and legislative acts, including social and legal conflicts and trends that determined the life and fate of “military children”. We give a historiographic assessment of the study of legal status of soldiers’ children and their everyday life in the war and peace years of the second half of the 19th century. We identify research gaps in the works of domestic and foreign historians on the stated issues. We draw conclusions about the prospects of studying the post-reform ethnic and social, social and cultural, class and legal features of the soldier’s offspring, which is still “in the shadow” of research interest in the history community. We prove that “soldiers’ children” were and remained a special social institution in the Russian Empire in the second half of the 19th century. We reveal the peculiarities of studying this category of “military class” in pre-reform and post-reform Russia.

scholarly journals Evolution of legal regulation of activity forms of members of representative bodies of local self-government in the Ukrainian lands within Austria-Hungary and pre-revolutionary Russia

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (4) ◽  
pp. 110-118
Author(s):  
Ivan Omelko
Keyword(s):  
Local Government ◽  
Legal Status ◽  
Legal Regulation ◽  
Legal Aspects ◽  
Liberal Democratic ◽  
Regulation Of Activity ◽  
Local Representative ◽  
The Russian Empire ◽  
Xix Century ◽  
Rule Making

The article deals with historical and legal aspects of the normative regulation of the forms of activity of the representative bodies of local self-government and their members on the Ukrainian lands, which were part of Austria-Hungary and pre-revolutionary Russia. It is shown that during the 60-90s of the XIX century, there was an accumulation of experience in the normative consolidation of the legal status and organization of the work of local representative bodies, the formation of the main forms of their activity. Attention is drawn to the fact that in both empires the adoption of liberal legislation on local self-government led to the activation of local rule-making. The content of national and local acts regulating the forms of activity of representative bodies of the late XIX – early XX centuries is analyzed. In its modern form, local government developed in the nineteenth century. as a result of the victory of liberal-democratic reforms in the world's leading states. Therefore, consideration of the evolution of legal regulation of the forms of activity of deputies of domestic local representative bodies should begin in the 1860s, when in Austria-Hungary and the Russian Empire, which at that time included Ukrainian lands, local government began almost simultaneously. The period of functioning of representative bodies of local self-government in the Ukrainian lands as a part of Austria-Hungary and pre-revolutionary Russia (1862-1917) should be considered as the first stage of evolution of forms of activity of deputies of local councils in modern Ukraine. This was the stage of initiating the normative consolidation and practice of implementing the forms of activity of the deputy corps of domestic representative bodies of local self-government.

On the issue of legal status of spiritual Christians Molokans in the Russian Empire

2020 ◽  
pp. 129-135
Author(s):  
Dmitriy I. Frolov
Keyword(s):  
Public Relations ◽  
Research Methods ◽  
Religious Education ◽  
Criminal Law ◽  
Legal Status ◽  
Legal Regulation ◽  
Russian Empire ◽  
The State ◽  
The Russian Empire ◽  
The Individual

The purpose of this work is to give a brief analysis of the legal status of spiritual Christians Molokans in the Russian Empire, following the dynamics of state legal regulation. The problem of the individual sectarian groups status remains little studied in both domestic and foreign literature, which determines its relevance. We use the following research methods: chronological, problem and analytical. We analyze the norms of administrative and criminal law in force in the 19th - early 20th centuries in the Russian Empire, which regulate the rights and obligations of subjects assigned to the Molokan sect. The analysis showed that the legal impact of the state on the Molokans was repressive and causal throughout most of the studied period. Only the reign of Alexander I was marked by a loyal attitude towards sectarians. After the revolutionary events of 1905, a number of civil and religious freedoms were granted to the Molokans, however, one cannot speak of the religious equality of all subjects during this period. After 1905, specialized acts were passed regulating the procedure for registering communities, holding conventions, organizing religious education, and other areas of public relations.

scholarly journals Unia polsko-rosyjska z 1815 r. na tle unii lubelskiej i projektów unii Rzeczypospolitej i Rosji z XVI i XVII w.

2019 ◽  
pp. 123-141
Author(s):  
Jakub Wojas
Keyword(s):  
Legal Status ◽  
Objective Assessment ◽  
Legal Aspects ◽  
Russian Empire ◽  
Economic Prosperity ◽  
The Russian Empire ◽  
Grand Duchy Of Lithuania ◽  
The One ◽  
Grand Duchy

The lifetime of the Kingdom of Poland – a state connected with the Russian Empire by a union – has not been unequivocally assessed in Polish historiography. On the one hand, the Kingdom had its own army, administration and a very liberal constitution, and had quickly achieved economic prosperity. On the other hand, within a few years of its creation, there occurred the fi rst violations of the Constitution and the persecutions of those who opposed these infringements. A significant event was the revolt of the Cadets of 29 November 1830, which turned into a uprising, today referred to as the November Uprising. This article is the analysis of the legal aspects of the Polish-Russian union created in 1815. It is then compared with the Union of Lublin and the drafts of planned unions between the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth and the Tsardom of Russia in the 16th and 17th centuries. The circumstances which led to the creation of the Kingdom of Poland and its union with the Russian Empire, as well as the earlier attempts to create one state of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth and the Russian Empire, as well as the principles of a union of the Crown of the Kingdom of Poland and the Grand Duchy of Lithuania are presented. The principles upon which these unions were to be based are subsequently compared and analysed. A particular emphasis has been placed on the issues related to the international legal status of the Kingdom of Poland. In this context questions such as: the treaty-making power and jus legationis have also been asked. Another important issue discussed in the paper is also the role of the king in matters concerning foreign policy and a possible role of Russia in these matters. The results of this analysis allow to formulate a more objective assessment of the period of the Kingdom of Poland, focusing on its legal status and position, and in particular on the relation with the Russian Empire.

scholarly journals THE RUSSIAN DEPARTMENT’S CARVED STONE AT THE 1893 WORLD’S COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION: RECONSTRUCTION OF THE COLLECTION

2021 ◽  
Vol 71 (2) ◽  
pp. 17-24
Author(s):  
Ludmila A. Budrina ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Natural History ◽  
Russian Empire ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
World's Columbian Exposition ◽  
Archival Documents ◽  
Columbian Exposition ◽  
Stone Cutting ◽  
The Russian Empire ◽  
The 19Th Century

In the 19th century stone-cutting art has become one of the brightest elements in the representation of the Russian Empire. World’s fairs provided ample opportunities for this representation. The article examines the structure of the collections and the list of the exhibitors at one of the largest fairs — The World’s Columbian Exposition of 1893. The paper draws upon both published and archival documents, including those which have not yet been used for the examination of the representation of Russia’s stone art at this exhibition. It reconstructs mineralogical, technical and typological diversity of the exhibited items and the principle of reciprocal completing of the exhibitors. It also analyzes the items presented by the imperial Petergof, Ekaterinburg lapidary and Kolyvan grinding factories, by Carl Woerffel’s enterprise and a wide range of small Ural producers as well. Due to discovering of archival materials, a number of items, exhibited in Chicago, was identified in themuseum collections in Russia and abroad. Some attributional details for the exhibited Woerffel items are offered which made it possible to propose the authorship and dating for the items from Russian and foreign collections. The author is also the first to analyze the collection, purchased at the exhibition from the Russian stonecutters for The Field Museum of Natural History in Chicago. A conclusion is drawn about the role of the colored stones items and the importance of their presentation for the formation of the Russian Empire’s image as one of the most important world centers of the decorative stones development.

Medical and police committee in the structure of the Moscow general police in the middle and second half of the 19th century

2021 ◽  
pp. 57-67
Author(s):  
Alexander Y. Tumin
Keyword(s):  
Law Enforcement ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Russian Empire ◽  
Central State ◽  
The Public ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
The Russian Empire ◽  
Almost All ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
Empirical Material

Fundamentally the Moscow police was created as a body with a wide range of responsibilities and numerous powers cover almost all spheres of life of the population. The Moscow police, by virtue of their status as a capital, was a kind of testing ground where various transformations in the police sphere were tested, which then spread to other cities of the Russian Empire. The middle of the 19th century became an important milestone in the development of the Moscow general police and the expansion of its competence. During this period of time, specialized divisions began to form in its structure, aimed at solving specific issues. The work discusses the experience of organizing, the legal and organizational foundations of the medical and police committee in the second most important city of the Russian Empire Moscow. The development of the Moscow general pre-revolutionary police and its individual units in the domestic historical and legal science has not been sufficiently studied, which is due to the lack of the necessary empirical material in the public domain. Based on the analysis of documents and statistical data of the Central State Archive of Moscow, first introduced into scientific circulation, explores the reasons for the formation, structure, basic powers of the Moscow Medical and Police Committee and the results of its activities. On the eve of the three hundredth anniversary of the formation of the Moscow police, the study of the experience of the Moscow police contributes to the growth of historical and legal knowledge about the activities of pre-revolutionary law enforcement bodies.

State policy and public opinion on the formation of the institution of police village constables

2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 (2) ◽  
pp. 10-18
Author(s):  
Chingiz Ahmedov
Keyword(s):  
Law Enforcement ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
State Policy ◽  
Legal Regulation ◽  
Russian Empire ◽  
The State ◽  
Public Order ◽  
Historical Sources ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Russian Empire

The article is devoted to the history of the formation and legal regulation of the activities of the lower ranks of the county police of the Russian Empire from the first half of the XIX to the beginning of the XX century. The rea-sons for the introduction of police custody in the territory of Astrakhan, Baku, Kazan, Nizhny Novgorod, Perm, Samara provinces and the Kingdom of Poland are considered by the author. The position according to which in the second half of the XIX century the im-portance of protecting public order and public safety in rural areas was actualized in the state policy of the Russian Empire is substantiated by the author. The reasons for that were the reforms carried out at that time. The most important reform was the abolition of serfdom. The lack of a sufficient number of police officials in the coun-tryside, erforming law enforcement functions, was the reason for the introduction of the institution of police village constables. On the basis of archival and other historical sources, the article shows that the activities of police village constables from the state bodies and the liberal press were evaluated differently: state structures noted the positive results of the activities of police village constables to ensure public order and the safety of society and the state; in contrast, the liberal community absolutized the distrust of the activities of police village constables and the lack of their support from the population. The existing contradictions between society and the state were one of the reasons for the destruction of the law enforcement system and the collapse of the Russian Empire itself.

scholarly journals HISTORICAL AND LEGAL ASPECTS OF BODY STATE BODIES AS PARTICIPANTS IN CIVIL JUDICES

2019 ◽  
pp. 8-12
Author(s):  
K. R. Dobkina
Keyword(s):  
Legal Status ◽  
Complex Analysis ◽  
Legal Aspects ◽  
Public Prosecutor ◽  
Scientific Article ◽  
Civil Process ◽  
Stage Of Development ◽  
Civil Proceedings ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
The Russian Empire

The scientific article is devoted to the study of the historical and legal aspects of the formation of the prosecution bodies as participants in civil proceedings. Taking into account the complex analysis, it was determined that Peter I in the Russian Empire was the first state-created supervisory body that represented the prosecution bodies. It was the duty of the Fiscals to secretly report all crimes of non-compliance with bills, bribery, theft from treasury and, in general, all circumstances in national cases in which there is no petitioner. All fiscal reports could be made directly and directly even to the sovereign himself. Carrying out a comprehensive analysis of the subject matter of the study, the author proposed as the first stage of the development of the procedural status of the prosecutor in civil proceedings to allocate the time period from the formation of the prosecutor’s office in 1722 to the provincial reform of 1775. Because, that is when the Institute of Public Prosecutor Supervision emerges and becomes, both in its entirety and in some of its directions, including ensuring the participation of the prosecutor in the civil process. There were objective prerequisites for the appearance of the prosecutor’s office, since the activities of the fiscal service and other officials in the field of state oversight ceased to meet the requirements set by Peter I and ensure the fulfillment of the tasks set. At the same time, the basic principles of building the supervisory bodies that preceded the establishment of the prosecutor’s office, including state guarantees of independence, a wide range of powers, material incentives, were important and were used in the formation of the new supervisory body. As it is established, the duties of the prosecutor in the settlement of civil disputes by the time of the reign of Peter I were limited only to the observation of the activity of court places. The Prosecutor’s Office acted solely as a supervisory authority, mainly in the case management, which was not endowed with any independent procedural powers. However, in the future, the scope of civil prosecutorial powers of the prosecutor was expanded: he was able to attend court sessions, study civil cases, receive necessary documents for supervisory activity, respond to identified violations, including in the interests of rights and interest’s persons. The main areas of activity of the prosecutor in civil proceedings at the first stage of development of his legal status were identified and systematized. They received their legal support and expressed themselves in ensuring the legality and validity of court orders, as well as overseeing the proper and timely consideration of cases in the courts.

scholarly journals Lawyer Activity Legal Bases Formation in the Russian Empire During the Judicial Reform of 1864

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (3) ◽  
pp. 44-51
Author(s):  
K.A. Belov ◽  
◽  
N.V. Mikhaylova ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Legal Status ◽  
Legal Regulation ◽  
Russian Empire ◽  
Judicial Reform ◽  
Legal Institution ◽  
The Russian Empire

The evolution of the formation and development of the bar as a legal institution is considered. The results of organizational and legal regulation of advocacy in the Russian Empire are studied and the analysis of the legal status of the lawyer is drawn. Peculiarities of private attorneys’ activities are revealed.

scholarly journals Ethnological-legal and technical-legal aspects of intercultural communication in Russia of the Imperial period: the experience of theoretical and methodological structuring on the example of the formation of the institutions of lamaism among the Volga kalmyks of the second half of the 19th century. Part 1

2021 ◽  
Vol 4 ◽  
pp. 3-10
Author(s):  
I. A. Arzumanov ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Intercultural Communication ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Legal Regulation ◽  
Legal Aspects ◽  
Russian Empire ◽  
The State ◽  
Customary Law ◽  
Legal Communication ◽  
The Russian Empire ◽  
The 19Th Century

Federation On the example of the formation of the institutions of Lamaism among the Volga Kalmyks II. floor. XIX century. the historical-legal and socio-cultural aspects of intercultural communication in Russia are considered. The methodological correlation of the processes of intercultural communication in the context of the polyphonic nature of the legal culture of the Russian Empire is analyzed. The universalism of the sociological (integral) discourse of jurisprudence determines not only the civilizational specifics of legal communications as one of the forms of intercultural communication, but also the methodological body of research based on the cultural-anthropological approach and ethnological-legal conditioning. The interdisciplinary nature of the study is due to the specificity of the ethno-confessional specifics of the processes under consideration and involves an appeal to theoretical and legal, state, socio-cultural, and religious discourses. Based on the analysis of the provisions of the primary sources of normative legal acts concerning the state and legal regulation of the ethno-confessional sphere among the Volga Kalmyks and in the Russian Empire as a whole in the first half of the 19th century, a comparative analysis of the processes of consolidating the institution of the majour in the Volga Kalmyks and Buryat clans of the East Siberian region is carried out. An example of cultural and legal communication between such subjects as the state and ethno-confessional communities are the results of the analysis of archival documents, for the first time introduced into scientific circulation, concerning the activities of the imperial administration in the sphere of systematizing the norms of customary law of the Volga Kalmyks and streamlining the processes of forming regional institutions of Lamaism. Some aspects of the socio-cultural determinants of the processes of increasing the number of Lamaist clergy among the Volga Kalmyks and the problems of its legal regulation are considered. Conclusions are made about the intercivilizational nature of legal communication, implicitly aimed at assimilating the customary legal system of Kalmyks in order to include them in the general system of legalizations of the empire.

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