scholarly journals Jurisdiction and applicable law to contracts for the sale of goods and the provision of services including the carriage of goods by sea and other means of transport in the European Union = Jurisdicción y derecho aplicable a los contratos de compraventa de mercaderías y de prestación de servicios incluyendo el transporte de mercancías por vía marítima y otros medios de transporte en la Unión Europea

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 58
Author(s):  
Jonatan Echebarría Fernández
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Legal Framework ◽  
The European Union ◽  
European Union Law ◽  
Applicable Law ◽  
Contractual Obligation ◽  
National Courts ◽  
Court Of Justice ◽  
Provision Of Services ◽  
Para Determinar

Abstract: The article analyses the jurisdiction and applicable law to contracts for the sale of godos and the provision of services in the European Union. It particularly focuses on contracts that subsume different categories of contracts, such as the carriage of goods by sea, in a contract for the sale of godos and the provision of services. The European Union law and the interpretation provided by the Court of Justice of the European Union shed light into the place of performance of the contract in order to set jurisdiction for national courts. This is explained through the current legal framework and the case law in order to ascertain where and under what legal regime the claimant may start proceedings for the breach of a contractual obligation or in case of a non-contractual claim.Keywords: provision of services, sale of goods, carriage of goods by sea and other means of transport, Court of Justice of the European Union, contractual actions, place of performance of the contractual obligation, non-contractual actions, applicable law, game theory, contractual efficiency.Resumen: El artículo analiza la jurisdicción y la ley aplicable a los contratos para la venta de bienes y la prestación de servicios en la Unión Europea. En particular, se centra en los contratos que subsumen diferentes categorías de contratos, tales como el transporte de mercancías por mar, en un contrato de venta de mercaderías o de prestación de servicios. El Derecho de la Unión Europea y la interpretación dada por el Tribunal de Justicia de la Unión Europea arrojan luz sobre el lugar de cumplimiento del contrato con el fin de establecer el tribunal nacional competente. Esto se explica a través del marco legal actual y casos para determinar dónde y bajo qué régimen legal el demandante puede interponer una demanda por incumplimiento de una obligación contractual o en caso de una reclamación extracontractual.Palabras clave: prestación de servicios, compraventa de mercaderías, transporte de mercancías por vía marítima y otros medios de transporte, Tribunal de Justicia de la Unión Europea, acciones contractuales, lugar de ejecución de la obligación contractual, acciones extracontractuales, derecho aplicable, teoría de juegos, eficiencia contractual.

scholarly journals The Court of Justice, the National Courts, and the Controversy over the ‘Ultimate Arbiter’ of the Constitutionality of Law in the European Union

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 9-41
Author(s):  
Roman Kwiecień
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Legal Status ◽  
Legal Reasoning ◽  
Eu Law ◽  
The European Union ◽  
European Union Law ◽  
National Courts ◽  
Court Of Justice ◽  
Legal Space ◽  
The One

The paper addresses the issue of a judicial forum entitled to resolve conflicts between European Union law and national constitutional rules. First and foremost, the issue is discussed under the old primacy/supremacy of EU law controversy. The author seeks to answer whether the national law, including constitutional rules, of a Member State can be ineffective owing to being contradictory to EU law. If so, by whom can national laws be held ineffective? In other words, which of the two judicial fora (national and European) have the last word in these conflicts or who is the ultimate arbiter of the constitutionality of law within the European legal space? The author argues that legal reasoning should reconcile, on the one hand, the specificity of the EU’s unique legal order and effective application of its provisions and, on the other hand, the international legal status of the Member States and their constitutions. This approach leads to the conclusion that there is no ultimate judicial arbiter within the European legal space.

scholarly journals Jurisdiction and applicable law to claims related to the payment of contributions to the budget of an association of property owners for the maintenance of the communal areas of a building. Comment on the judgment of the Court of Justice of the European Union of 8 May 2019, Brian Andrew Kerr v Pavlo Postnov and Natalia Postnova, C-25/18 = Jurisdicción y ley aplicable a las reclamaciones relacionadas con el pago de las contribuciones al presupuesto de una comunidad de propietarios para el mantenimiento de las zonas comunes de un edificio. Comentario a la sentencia del Tribunal de Justicia de la Unión Europea de 8 de mayo de 2019, Brian Andrew Kerr contra Pavlo Postnov y Natalia Postnova, C-25/18

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 583
Author(s):  
Jonatan Echebarría Fernández
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Maintenance Costs ◽  
Applicable Law ◽  
Court Of Justice ◽  
Property Owners ◽  
Provision Of Services ◽  
Communal Areas ◽  
Rome I

Abstract: This comment on the judgment C-25/18 analyses the characterisation of the outstanding amounts payable by the owners of an apartment to the manager of the association of owners of the building in concept of maintenance costs of communal areas. The Court of Justice of the European Union identifies the court having jurisdiction according to Article 7(1)(a) (matters related to contract) of the Brussels I Recast Regulation and the applicable law according to Articles 4(1)(b) (provision of services). However, Article 4(1)(c) (rights in rem in immovable property) of the Rome I Regulation is not applicable.Keywords: actions in contract, provision of services, rights in rem, Court of Justice of the European Union, jurisdiction, applicable law, Brussels I Recast Regulation, Rome I Regulation, Rome II Regulation.Resumen: Este comentario sobre la sentencia C-25/18 analiza la caracterización de las cantidades pendientes de pago por los propietarios de un apartamento al gerente de la asociación de propietarios del edificio en concepto de gastos de mantenimiento de las zonas comunes. El Tribunal de Justicia de la Unión Europea identifica al tribunal competente según el artículo 7(1)(a) (asuntos relacionados con el contrato) del Reglamento de Bruselas I y la legislación aplicable según el artículo 4(1)(b) (prestación de servicios). Sin embargo, el artículo 4(1)(c) (derechos reales sobre bienes inmuebles) del Reglamento Roma I no es aplicable.Palabras clave: acciones contractuales, prestación de servicios, derechos reales, Tribunal de Justicia de la Unión Europea, jurisdicción, legislación aplicable, Reglamento refundido de Bruselas I, Reglamento Roma I, Reglamento Roma II.

scholarly journals BREXIT AND THE IMPLICATIONS FOR TACIT CHOICE OF LAW IN THE UNITED KINGDOM

Obiter ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 39 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Garth Bouwers
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
United Kingdom ◽  
Legal Framework ◽  
Private International Law ◽  
The European Union ◽  
European Union Law ◽  
Choice Of Law ◽  
Applicable Law ◽  
The United Kingdom

The influence of European Union law on the United Kingdom is noteworthy. In the commercial arena, it has transformed the rules of private international law in the United Kingdom. The European Union has established a common framework for jurisdiction of national courts, the recognition and enforcement of judgments and the determination of the applicable law. The article highlights the implications of Brexit on the determination of the applicable law in the United Kingdom, more specifically, its impact on a tacit choice of law in international commercial contracts. The article examines the current legal position in the United Kingdom (i.e. the legal framework in a so-called “soft-Brexit” scenario). Secondly, the article analyses the effect of a complete withdrawal from the European Union (i.e. the legal framework in a “hard- Brexit” scenario).

Industrial Design and Artistic Expression

2020 ◽  
Vol 3 (2-3) ◽  
pp. 1-137
Author(s):  
Barbara Pasa
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Industrial Design ◽  
Legal Framework ◽  
Artistic Expression ◽  
Complex Nature ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Design Studies ◽  
National Courts ◽  
Court Of Justice ◽  
Starting Point

Abstract The complex nature of industrial design, which combines functional and aesthetic elements, allows for different modes of protection, with cumulative, separate or partially overlapping regimes applicable according to different legal systems. The legal framework is rapidly changing, especially in Europe where the principle of cumulation of a special sui generis regime for protecting industrial design with copyright rules has been established. Over the last decade, the national courts of some Member States construed the “cumulative regime” with a peculiar meaning, while other courts enforced design rights in line with the interpretation given by the Court of Justice of the European Union. The copyright/design interface is presented here to a wider, non-specialist audience, taking as a starting point the notion of industrial design derived from design studies, on the borderline between art and science. Other challenges which will need to be confronted urgently over the coming years are also raised.

Review by Constitutional Courts of the Obligation of National Courts of Last Instance to Refer a Preliminary Question to the Court of Justice of the EU

2015 ◽  
Vol 16 (6) ◽  
pp. 1663-1700 ◽  
Author(s):  
Clelia Lacchi
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Eu Law ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Constitutional Courts ◽  
Member States ◽  
Constitutional Review ◽  
National Courts ◽  
Court Of Justice ◽  
Judicial Remedy ◽  
The Eu

The Constitutional Courts of a number of Member States exert a constitutional review on the obligation of national courts of last instance to make a reference for a preliminary ruling to the Court of Justice of the European Union (CJEU).Pursuant to Article 267(3) TFEU, national courts of last instance, namely courts or tribunals against whose decisions there is no judicial remedy under national law, are required to refer to the CJEU for a preliminary question related to the interpretation of the Treaties or the validity and interpretation of acts of European Union (EU) institutions. The CJEU specified the exceptions to this obligation inCILFIT. Indeed, national courts of last instance have a crucial role according to the devolution to national judges of the task of ensuring, in collaboration with the CJEU, the full application of EU law in all Member States and the judicial protection of individuals’ rights under EU law. With preliminary references as the keystone of the EU judicial system, the cooperation of national judges with the CJEU forms part of the EU constitutional structure in accordance with Article 19(1) TEU.

scholarly journals Characteristics of Precedent: The Case Law of the European Court of Justice in Three Dimensions

2015 ◽  
Vol 16 (5) ◽  
pp. 1073-1098 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mattias Derlén ◽  
Johan Lindholm
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Case Law ◽  
Three Dimensions ◽  
Eu Law ◽  
The European Union ◽  
European Union Law ◽  
Court Of Justice ◽  
European Court ◽  
Number Of Factors ◽  
The One

AbstractThe case law of the Court of Justice of the European Union (CJEU) is one of the most important sources of European Union law. However, case law's role in EU law is not uniform. By empirically studying how the Court uses its own case law as a source of law, we explore the correlation between, on the one hand, the characteristics of a CJEU case—type of action, actors involved, and area of law—and, on the other hand, the judgment's “embeddedness” in previous case law and value as a precedent in subsequent cases. Using this approach, we test, confirm, and debunk existing scholarship concerning the role of CJEU case law as a source of EU law. We offer the following conclusions: that CJEU case law cannot be treated as a single entity; that only a limited number of factors reliably affect a judgment's persuasive or precedential power; that the Court's use of its own case law as a source of law is particularly limited in successful infringement proceedings; that case law is particularly important in preliminary references—especially those concerning fundamental freedoms and competition law; and that initiating Member State and the number of observations affects the behavior of the Court.

scholarly journals Determining the moment and form of concluding a passenger transport contract based on the judgment of the Court of Justice of the European Union in joined cases C-349/18 to C-351/18

2020 ◽  
pp. 23-26
Author(s):  
Karol Lange
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Case Law ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Passenger Transport ◽  
Railway Transport ◽  
European Union Law ◽  
Legal Norms ◽  
Railway Systems ◽  
Court Of Justice ◽  
The Moment

The article focuses on discussing the norms of Polish transport law and European Union regulations on the correctly defined of the moment and form of concluding a contract of passengers transport in railway systems. The article also describes the problem of discourse between the content of these legal norms and the jurisprudence practice and doctrine opinion. Moreover, was performed to present a comparative analysis of the relation of the Court of justice of the European Union judgment to the norms of Polish and European law and the case law. Commented on the practices of carriers in regulating the said matter. Internal law acts applicable to the means of transport of Polish railway companies were also analyzed. Keywords: Transport law; Contract of passenger transport; European Union law; Railway transport

scholarly journals Prawo właściwe dla zobowiązań deliktowych wynikających z naruszenia zasad ochrony danych osobowych przyjętych w RODO

2020 ◽  
pp. 39-59
Author(s):  
Marek Świerczyński
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
International Law ◽  
Personal Data ◽  
Civil Procedure ◽  
Private International Law ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Applicable Law ◽  
National Courts ◽  
International Data ◽  
Conflict Of Law

Disputes arising from international data breaches can be complex. Despite the introduction of new, unified EU regulation on the protection of personal data (GDPR), the European Union failed to amend the Rome II Regulation on the applicable law to non-contractual liability and to extend its scope to the infringements of privacy. GDPR only contains provisions on international civil procedure. However, there are no supplementing conflict-of-law rules. In order to determine the applicable law national courts have to apply divergent and dispersed national codifications of private international law. The aim of this study is to propose an optimal conflict-of-law model for determining the applicable law in case of infringement of the GDPR’s privacy regime.

scholarly journals Artificial intelligence, Digital Single Market and the proposal of a right to fair and reasonable inferences: a legal issue between ethics and techniques

2019 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 75-91
Author(s):  
Alexandre Veronese ◽  
Alessandra Silveira ◽  
Amanda Nunes Lopes Espiñeira Lemos
Keyword(s):  
Artificial Intelligence ◽  
European Union ◽  
Data Protection ◽  
Personal Data ◽  
Legal Framework ◽  
Single Market ◽  
Legal Issue ◽  
The European Union ◽  
European Union Law ◽  
General Data Protection Regulation

The article discusses the ethical and technical consequences of Artificial intelligence (hereinafter, A.I) applications and their usage of the European Union data protection legal framework to enable citizens to defend themselves against them. This goal is under the larger European Union Digital Single Market policy, which has concerns about how this subject correlates with personal data protection. The article has four sections. The first one introduces the main issue by describing the importance of AI applications in the contemporary world scenario. The second one describes some fundamental concepts about AI. The third section has an analysis of the ongoing policies for AI in the European Union and the Council of Europe proposal about ethics applicable to AI in the judicial systems. The fourth section is the conclusion, which debates the current legal mechanisms for citizens protection against fully automated decisions, based on European Union Law and in particular the General Data Protection Regulation. The conclusion will be that European Union Law is still under construction when it comes to providing effective protection to its citizens against automated inferences that are unfair or unreasonable.

scholarly journals The multilingual jurisprudence of the Court of Justice and the idea of uniformity in European Union Law

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 125-138
Author(s):  
Joana Sousa Domingues
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Mother Tongue ◽  
The European Union ◽  
European Union Law ◽  
Language Version ◽  
Judicial Decisions ◽  
Binding Force ◽  
Legal Translation ◽  
Court Of Justice ◽  
Official Languages

It is generally accepted that the development of a Union of law is largely due to the judicial decisions of the Court of Justice of the European Union (hereinafter, CJEU). With its judicial pronouncements, the CEJEU aims to achieve the same legal effects in every language version of its judgments and, through them, to ensure the uniform application and interpretation of European Union law. Nevertheless, such judicial pronouncements, with normative and binding force, are the result of collegial decisions and drafted by jurists in a language that is usually nottheir mother tongue. In addition, they are also the result of various permutations associated with the necessary legal translation from and to (and vice versa) the working language of the Court and the official languages of the European Union. The published judgments presented as authentic are, in most cases, translations. To understand the construction of decisions of the CJEU is to understand the construction of the European Union law, and by consequence, the European project itself.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document