Causes of death in Brazil

Aim: In this study we described the causes of mortality in Brazil, its 5 geographic regions, and in the most populated cities of Sao Paulo State in order to contribute for development of prevention and intervention strategies. Methods: Data on causes of death and age distribution of the populations were collected from online public databases and then submitted to the 2001 World Health Organization age standardization of rates for better assessment. Results: Data showed that the main causes of death in Brazil and in all 5 geographic regions were diseases of the circulatory system. Neoplasms were the second most frequent cause of death in Brazil and in 3 regions (South, Southeast and Midwest). However, in the other 2 regions (North and Northeast) the second most common was associated to external causes, being neoplasms the third most often. Additionally, in the South and Southeast the third cause of deaths were from diseases of the respiratory system and from the external causes occupied the fourth position. Analyzing the most populated cities of Sao Paulo State it was observed that all of them have the same profile of the country. On the other hand, as speculated previously, in Piracicaba city, the most common cause of mortality was neoplasm. Conclusions: These findings showed that Brazil has a large spectrum of causes of death and methods to decrease the mortality rates should be implemented in a local scenario rather than a nation-wide approach, where each location has to focus on its most urging problem.

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Chemical Composition of Brazilian Propolis from Sao Paulo State

Zeitschrift für Naturforschung C ◽

10.1515/znc-1998-1-220 ◽

1998 ◽

Vol 53 (1-2) ◽

pp. 117-119 ◽

Cited By ~ 22

Author(s):

M. C. Marcucci ◽

Jose Rodriguez ◽

F. Ferreres ◽

V. Bankova ◽

Robson Groto ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Chemical Composition ◽

Sao Paulo ◽

The Other ◽

São Paulo ◽

Qualitative Composition ◽

Coumaric Acid ◽

Paulo State ◽

São Paulo State ◽

Brazilian Propolis

Abstract Two propolis samples from Sao Paulo State were investigated by GC/MS. 39 compounds were identified, 8 being new for propolis. Both samples showed some similarities in their qualitative composition. In one of them, coumaric acid and its prenylated derivatives predominated, while in the other one triterpenic alcolhols were the main constituents.

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Mathematical modeling of the transmission of SARS-CoV-2—Evaluating the impact of isolation in São Paulo State (Brazil) and lockdown in Spain associated with protective measures on the epidemic of CoViD-19

PLoS ONE ◽

10.1371/journal.pone.0252271 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 16 (6) ◽

pp. e0252271

Author(s):

Hyun Mo Yang ◽

Luis Pedro Lombardi Junior ◽

Fábio Fernandes Morato Castro ◽

Ariana Campos Yang

Keyword(s):

Face Mask ◽

Sao Paulo ◽

World Health ◽

Model Parameters ◽

São Paulo ◽

Protective Measures ◽

Paulo State ◽

São Paulo State ◽

Health Organization ◽

The Impact

Coronavirus disease 2019 (CoViD-19), with the fatality rate in elder (60 years old or more) being much higher than young (60 years old or less) patients, was declared a pandemic by the World Health Organization on March 11, 2020. A mathematical model considering young and elder subpopulations under different fatality rates was formulated based on the natural history of CoViD-19 to study the transmission of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). The model considered susceptible, exposed, asymptomatic, pre-symptomatic, mild CoViD-19, severe CoViD-19, and recovered compartments, besides compartments of isolated individuals and those who were caught by test. This model was applied to study the epidemiological scenario resulting from the adoption of quarantine (isolation or lockdown) in many countries to control the rapid propagation of CoViD-19. We chose as examples the isolation adopted in São Paulo State (Brazil) in the early phase but not at the beginning of the epidemic, and the lockdown implemented in Spain when the number of severe CoViD-19 cases was increasing rapidly. Based on the data collected from São Paulo State and Spain, the model parameters were evaluated, and we obtained a higher estimation for the basic reproduction number R0 (9.24 for São Paulo State, and 8 for Spain) compared to the currently accepted estimation of R0 around 2 using the SEIR (susceptible, exposed, infectious, and recovered compartments) model. In comparison with the lockdown in Spain, the relatively early adoption of the isolation in São Paulo State resulted in enlarging the period of the first wave of the epidemic and delaying its peak. The model allowed to explain the flattening of the epidemic curves by quarantine when associated with the protective measures (face mask, washing hands with alcohol and gel, and social distancing) adopted by the population. The description of the epidemic under quarantine and protections can be a background to foreseen the epidemiological scenarios from the release strategies, which can help guide public health policies by decision-makers.

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Mathematical modeling of the transmission of SARS-CoV-2 ″ Evaluating the impact of isolation in São Paulo State (Brazil) and lockdown in Spain associated with protective measures on the epidemic of covid-19

10.1101/2020.07.30.20165191 ◽

2020 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Hyun Mo Yang ◽

Luis Pedro Lombardi ◽

Fabio Fernandes Morato Castro ◽

Ariana Campos Yang

Keyword(s):

Mathematical Model ◽

Sao Paulo ◽

World Health ◽

Model Parameters ◽

São Paulo ◽

Fatality Rate ◽

Protective Measures ◽

Paulo State ◽

São Paulo State ◽

The Impact

Coronavirus disease 2019 (covid-19), with the fatality rate in elder (60 years old or more) being much higher than young (60 years old or less) patients, was declared a pandemic by the World Health Organization on March 11, 2020. Taking into account this age-dependent fatality rate, a mathematical model considering young and elder subpopulations was formulated based on the natural history of covid-19 to study the transmission of the SARS-CoV-2. This model can be applied to study the epidemiological scenario resulting from the adoption of isolation or lockdown in many countries to control the rapid propagation of covid-19. We chose as examples the isolation adopted in São Paulo State (Brazil) in the early phase but not at the beginning of the epidemic, and the lockdown implemented in Spain when the number of severe covid-19 cases was increasing rapidly. Based on the data collected from Sa ̃o Paulo State and Spain, the model parameters were evaluated and we obtained higher estimation for the basic reproduction number R0 (9.24 for São Paulo State, and 8 for Spain) compared to the currently accepted estimation of R0 around 3. The model allowed to explain the flattening of the epidemic curves by isolation in São Paulo State and lockdown in Spain when associated with the protective measures (face mask and social distancing) adopted by the population. However, a simplified mathematical model providing lower estimation for R0 did not explain the flattening of the epidemic curves. The implementation of the isolation in Sa ̃o Paulo State before the rapidly increasing phase of the epidemic enlarged the period of the first wave of the epidemic and delayed its peak, which are the desirable results of isolation to avoid the overloading in the health care system.

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Neea itanhaensis (Nyctaginaceae, Pisonieae), a new species from São Paulo State, Brazil

Phytotaxa ◽

10.11646/phytotaxa.415.4.7 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 415 (4) ◽

pp. 225-232

Author(s):

ELSON FELIPE SANDOLI ROSSETTO ◽

PATRÍCIA DE OLIVEIRA SANTOS ◽

DANIEL SILVA COSTA ◽

JOSÉ ROBERTO FERRAZ

Keyword(s):

New Species ◽

Conservation Status ◽

Sao Paulo ◽

The Other ◽

Habitat Conservation ◽

São Paulo ◽

Abaxial Surface ◽

Paulo State ◽

São Paulo State ◽

A New Species

A new species, Neea itanhaensis, is described from São Paulo State, Brazil. N. itanhaensis differs from the other Neea species by its inflorescences with verticillate branching and sessile or subsessile leaves with an acute or oblique base and prominent secondary veins on the abaxial surface that diverge at less than a 90º angle from each other. Illustrations and comments about the taxonomy, phenology, distribution, habitat, conservation status and etymology are provided for the new species.

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Rainfall and throughfall chemistry in the Atlantic Forest: a comparison between urban and natural areas (São Paulo State, Brazil)

Hydrology and Earth System Sciences ◽

10.5194/hess-9-570-2005 ◽

2005 ◽

Vol 9 (6) ◽

pp. 570-585 ◽

Cited By ~ 14

Author(s):

M. C. Forti ◽

D. C. Bicudo ◽

C. Bourotte ◽

V. de Cicco ◽

F. C. S. Arcova

Keyword(s):

Trace Metals ◽

Atlantic Forest ◽

Rural Areas ◽

Sao Paulo ◽

The Other ◽

São Paulo ◽

Human Occupation ◽

Paulo State ◽

Throughfall Chemistry ◽

São Paulo State

Abstract. Two areas in the Atlantic Forest (São Paulo State, Brazil), with contrasting environments in respect of human occupation, were monitored from 1999 to 2001. One area named PEFI (23°38'08''-23°40'18'' S and 46°36'48''-46°38'00'' W) at an altitude of 798 m a.s.l., 526.4 ha in area and about 50 km from the sea, lies in a State Park within the largest metropolis of South America - São Paulo. The other area, named CUNHA (between 23°13'18'' and 23°16'10'' S and 45°02'53'' and 45°05'15'' W) about 1050 m a.s.l. with an area of 2854 ha and about 15 km from the sea, is also within a State Park in the Atlantic Forest, but is surrounded by rural areas and small villages. For each area, the rainfall and throughfall chemistry were examined and pH and Na+, K+, Mg2+, Ca2+, NH4+, Cl-, NO3- and SO42- as well as trace metals were determined. Compared with PEFI, CUNHA is characterised by low chemical fluxes and the largest differences are for the ions such as Ca2+, H+, NO3- and SO42- which are mainly anthropogenic in origin. Differences in throughfall chemical fluxes are linked to the nutritional status of the trees.

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Analysis of genetic relatedness between populations of Aedes aegypti from different geographic regions of São Paulo state, Brazil

Revista do Instituto de Medicina Tropical de São Paulo ◽

10.1590/s0036-46652003000200009 ◽

2003 ◽

Vol 45 (2) ◽

pp. 99-101 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Veruska Marques dos Santos ◽

Maria de Lourdes da Graça Macoris ◽

Maria Teresa Macoris Andrighetti ◽

Priscilla Elisangela Avila ◽

Karin Kirchgatter

Keyword(s):

Aedes Aegypti ◽

Latin American ◽

Genetic Relationships ◽

Sao Paulo ◽

São Paulo ◽

Data Set ◽

Paulo State ◽

Coastal City ◽

São Paulo State ◽

Geographic Regions

RAPD markers have been used for the analysis of genetic differentiation of Aedes aegypti, because they allow the study of genetic relationships among populations. The aim of this study was to identify populations in different geographic regions of the São Paulo State in order to understand the infestation pattern of A. aegypti. The dendrogram constructed with the combined data set of the RAPD patterns showed that the mosquitoes were segregated into two major clusters. Mosquitoes from the Western region of the São Paulo State constituted one cluster and the other was composed of mosquitoes from a laboratory strain and from a coastal city, where the largest Latin American port is located. These data are in agreement with the report on the infestation in the São Paulo State. The genetic proximity was greater between mosquitoes whose geographic origin was closer. However, mosquitoes from the coastal city were genetically closer to laboratory-reared mosquitoes than to field-collected mosquitoes from the São Paulo State. The origin of the infestation in this place remains unclear, but certainly it is related to mosquitoes of origins different from those that infested the West and North region of the State in the 80's.

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