Adjetivos stage-level e individual-level em construções depictivas

Cadernos de Estudos Lingüísticos ◽

10.20396/cel.v62i0.8657999 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 62 ◽

pp. e020006

Author(s):

Elisabete Ferreira

Keyword(s):

Small Clause ◽

Individual Level

Neste trabalho, revejo a proposta de análise apresentada em Ferreira (2017) para construções de predicação secundária depictiva, como O João leu a carta cansado. Mais especificamente, rejeito a hipótese de Ferreira (2017) de que, em tais sentenças, nas quais ocorreria adjunção de uma small clause aspectual à oração matriz, uma categoria funcional Asp atribuiria a propriedade stage-level a um adjetivo como cansado. Neste artigo, defendo que a relação entre Asp e o adjetivo não seja de atribuição de propriedade, mas de compatibilidade de traços semânticos na seleção, e que o adjetivo entraria na derivação carregando a informação de que veicula uma propriedade transitória ou permanente. Nesse sentido, suponho que essas construções de predicação secundária possam apresentar um dos dois tipos de Asp: um que entra na derivação com um subconjunto de traços semânticos [+pers], que denota persistência temporal e seleciona adjetivos individual-level, ou um que entra na derivação com o subconjunto [–pers], que denota eventualidade temporária e seleciona adjetivos stage-level. Em minha argumentação, recorro a McNally (1993) e a Cinque (2010): a primeira, para tratar de predicações secundárias com predicados individual-level e da influência da pragmática nesses contextos; o último, para tratar brevemente de adjetivos stage-level e individual-level no âmbito do DP.

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Verbless predicative structures across Romance

Journal of Linguistics ◽

10.1017/s0022226715000201 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 52 (3) ◽

pp. 609-637

Author(s):

NICOLA MUNARO

Keyword(s):

Small Clause ◽

Individual Level ◽

Functional Head ◽

Phase Extension ◽

The Subject ◽

Small Clauses ◽

Apparent Similarity

This article develops an analysis of a verbless predicative structure attested throughout Romance: in this type of reduced clause the predicate linearly precedes the subject and is separated from it by a clear intonational break, while the missing verb is interpreted as a silent copula. I argue that this structure should be viewed as the result of three movement steps: the first step is to be identified with predicate inversion, that is, extraction of the predicate from the complement position of the predicative small clause to a higher specifier position thanks to phase extension, followed by raising of the predicate to the specifier of SubjP to check the EPP feature, and finally to the specifier of the left-peripheral projection FocusP in order to check a focus feature. The present analysis is based on the crucial, and independently motivated assumption, that the process of phase extension, produced by raising of the small clause internal relator R° to a higher functional head F°, is limited to small clauses associated with individual-level predicates. The verbless predicative structure is then compared to an analogous construction in which the preposed predicate is preceded by awh-item, arguing that, despite their apparent similarity, the two structures should be clearly distinguished.

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syntactic structure of predicatives: clues from the omission of the copula in child English

ZAS Papers in Linguistics ◽

10.21248/zaspil.22.2001.100 ◽

2001 ◽

Vol 22 ◽

pp. 25-42

Author(s):

Misha Becker

Keyword(s):

Syntactic Structure ◽

Main Clause ◽

Small Clause ◽

Individual Level ◽

Stage Of Development

This paper explores the syntax of main clause predicatives from the perspective of trying to account for an asymmetry in copular constructions in certain languages. One of the languages in which we find such an asymmetry is child English (around age 2). Specifically, new results show that children acquiring English tend to use an overt (and inflected) copula in individual-level predicatives, but they tend to omit the copula in stage-level predicatives. The analysis adopted to account for this pattern draws on evidence from adult English, Russian, Spanish and Portuguese that stage-level predicates are Aspectual (they contain AspP) while individual-level predicates are not (they involve only a lexical Small Clause predicate). Children's omission of the copula in structures with AspP is linked to the fact that at this stage of development, children fail to require finiteness in main clauses. In particular, Asp0 is temporally anchored in child English, thereby obviating the need for a finite (temporally anchored) Infl, i.e. an inflected copula.

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What information structure tells us about individual/stage-level predicates

Borealis – An International Journal of Hispanic Linguistics ◽

10.7557/1.1.1.2293 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 1 (1) ◽

pp. 1 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Angel Jiménez-Fernández

Keyword(s):

Information Structure ◽

Syntactic Structure ◽

Small Clause ◽

Individual Stage ◽

Individual Level ◽

The Subject ◽

Small Clauses ◽

The Individual

The goal of this paper is to explore the lexical-syntactic structure of copulative constructions and argument small clauses within the framework proposed by Gallego & Uriagereka (2011) for the Individual-Level/Stage-Level distinction (Carlson 1988, Kratzer 1995) and implement their theory by claiming that there is a crucial correlation between IL/SL constructions and their information structure. I argue that IL subjects are topics (and hence this is a categorical construction, following Kuroda 1972, Milsark 1977 and Raposo & Uriagereka 1995), whereas in SL constructions the topic may either be the subject or a silent spatiotemporal argument (their construction being thetic). I show the topic nature of IL subjects in contexts of specificity and subextraction. I ultimately derive the IS of IL/SL constructions from their lexical-syntactic structure and identify the type of topic here as an Aboutness-Topic (in the sense of Frascarelli & Hinterhölzl 2007, Lambrecht 1994, Erteschik-Shir 1997). Keywords: individual-level/stage-level predicates, copulas, small clause, central-coincidence/terminal coincidence prepositions, topic, specificity, subextraction

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Proportion of Individuals With Past-Year Suicidal Ideation Who Attempted Suicide Over the Past 10 Years in the United States, and the Influence of Age and Sex

Crisis ◽

10.1027/0227-5910/a000690 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 1-5

Author(s):

Shannon Lange ◽

Courtney Bagge ◽

Charlotte Probst ◽

Jürgen Rehm

Keyword(s):

United States ◽

Suicidal Ideation ◽

Random Effects ◽

Attempted Suicide ◽

Suicide Attempts ◽

The United States ◽

Individual Level ◽

The Past ◽

Meta Analyses ◽

Age Category

Abstract. Background: In recent years, the rate of death by suicide has been increasing disproportionately among females and young adults in the United States. Presumably this trend has been mirrored by the proportion of individuals with suicidal ideation who attempted suicide. Aim: We aimed to investigate whether the proportion of individuals in the United States with suicidal ideation who attempted suicide differed by age and/or sex, and whether this proportion has increased over time. Method: Individual-level data from the National Survey on Drug Use and Health (NSDUH), 2008–2017, were used to estimate the year-, age category-, and sex-specific proportion of individuals with past-year suicidal ideation who attempted suicide. We then determined whether this proportion differed by age category, sex, and across years using random-effects meta-regression. Overall, age category- and sex-specific proportions across survey years were estimated using random-effects meta-analyses. Results: Although the proportion was found to be significantly higher among females and those aged 18–25 years, it had not significantly increased over the past 10 years. Limitations: Data were self-reported and restricted to past-year suicidal ideation and suicide attempts. Conclusion: The increase in the death by suicide rate in the United States over the past 10 years was not mirrored by the proportion of individuals with past-year suicidal ideation who attempted suicide during this period.

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Development and Validation of a German Language Unit-Level Organizational Citizenship Behavior (OCB) Scale

European Journal of Psychological Assessment ◽

10.1027/1015-5759/a000558 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 36 (5) ◽

pp. 852-863 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

George Gunnesch-Luca ◽

Klaus Moser

Keyword(s):

Factor Analysis ◽

Organizational Citizenship ◽

Organizational Citizenship Behavior ◽

Helping Behavior ◽

Citizenship Behavior ◽

German Language ◽

Individual Level ◽

Unit Level ◽

Confirmatory Factor ◽

Development And Validation

Abstract. The current paper presents the development and validation of a unit-level Organizational Citizenship Behavior (OCB) scale based on the Referent-Shift Consensus Model (RSCM). In Study 1, with 124 individuals measured twice, both an Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA) and a Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) established and confirmed a five-factor solution (helping behavior, sportsmanship, loyalty, civic virtue, and conscientiousness). Test–retest reliabilities at a 2-month interval were high (between .59 and .79 for the subscales, .83 for the total scale). In Study 2, unit-level OCB was analyzed in a sample of 129 work teams. Both Interrater Reliability (IRR) measures and Interrater Agreement (IRA) values provided support for RSCM requirements. Finally, unit-level OCB was associated with group task interdependence and was more predictable (by job satisfaction and integrity of the supervisor) than individual-level OCB in previous research.

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Differential Effects of Competence and Morality on Self-Esteem at the Individual and the Collective Level

Social Psychology ◽

10.1027/1864-9335/a000410 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 51 (3) ◽

pp. 183-198

Author(s):

Wiktor Soral ◽

Mirosław Kofta

Keyword(s):

Self Esteem ◽

Differential Effects ◽

Individual Level ◽

The Subject ◽

The Individual

Abstract. The importance of various trait dimensions explaining positive global self-esteem has been the subject of numerous studies. While some have provided support for the importance of agency, others have highlighted the importance of communion. This discrepancy can be explained, if one takes into account that people define and value their self both in individual and in collective terms. Two studies ( N = 367 and N = 263) examined the extent to which competence (an aspect of agency), morality, and sociability (the aspects of communion) promote high self-esteem at the individual and the collective level. In both studies, competence was the strongest predictor of self-esteem at the individual level, whereas morality was the strongest predictor of self-esteem at the collective level.

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