Comment on “Cutaneous viral infections in patients after kidney transplantation: risk factors”

COVID-19, a disease caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) betacoronavirus, affects children in a different way than it does in adults, with milder symptoms. However, several cases of neurological symptoms with neuroinflammatory syndromes, such as the multisystem inflammatory syndrome (MIS-C), following mild cases, have been reported. As with other viral infections, such as rubella, influenza, and cytomegalovirus, SARS-CoV-2 induces a surge of proinflammatory cytokines that affect microglial function, which can be harmful to brain development. Along with the viral induction of neuroinflammation, other noninfectious conditions may interact to produce additional inflammation, such as the nutritional imbalance of fatty acids and polyunsaturated fatty acids and alcohol consumption during pregnancy. Additionally, transient thyrotoxicosis induced by SARS-CoV-2 with secondary autoimmune hypothyroidism has been reported, which could go undetected during pregnancy. Together, those factors may pose additional risk factors for SARS-CoV-2 infection impacting mechanisms of neural development such as synaptic pruning and neural circuitry formation. The present review discusses those conditions in the perspective of the understanding of risk factors that should be considered and the possible emergence of neurodevelopmental disorders in COVID-19-infected children.

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Risk factors for delayed graft function and their impact on graft outcomes in live donor kidney transplantation

International Urology and Nephrology ◽

10.1007/s11255-020-02687-5 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Shivashankar Damodaran ◽

Brenna Bullock ◽

Obi Ekwenna ◽

Mehdi Nayebpour ◽

Naoru Koizumi ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Kidney Transplantation ◽

Graft Function ◽

Delayed Graft Function ◽

Live Donor ◽

Donor Kidney ◽

Live Donor Kidney Transplantation ◽

Live Donor Kidney ◽

Donor Kidney Transplantation

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Gene Expression Profile in Delay Graft Function: Inflammatory Markers Are Associated with Recipient and Donor Risk Factors

Mediators of Inflammation ◽

10.1155/2014/167361 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 2014 ◽

pp. 1-9 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Diego Guerrieri ◽

Luis Re ◽

Jorgelina Petroni ◽

Nella Ambrosi ◽

Roxana E. Pilotti ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Gene Expression ◽

Risk Factors ◽

Kidney Transplantation ◽

Inflammatory Markers ◽

Graft Function ◽

Deceased Donor ◽

Specific Pattern ◽

Inflammatory Gene Expression ◽

Inflammatory Gene ◽

Recipient Age

Background.Delayed graft function (DGF) remains an important problem after kidney transplantation and reduced long-term graft survival of the transplanted organ. The aim of the present study was to determine if the development of DGF was associated with a specific pattern of inflammatory gene expression in expanded criteria of deceased donor kidney transplantation. Also, we explored the presence of correlations between DGF risk factors and the profile that was found.Methods.Seven days after kidney transplant, a cDNA microarray was performed on biopsies of graft from patients with and without DGF. Data was confirmed by real-time PCR. Correlations were performed between inflammatory gene expression and clinical risk factors.Results.From a total of 84 genes analyzed, 58 genes were upregulated while only 1 gene was downregulated in patients with DGF compared with no DGF (P=0.01). The most relevant genes fold changes observed was IFNA1, IL-10, IL-1F7, IL-1R1, HMOX-1, and TGF-β. The results were confirmed for IFNA1, IL-1R1, HMOX-1 and TGF-β. A correlation was observed between TGF-β, donor age, and preablation creatinine, but not body mass index (BMI). Also, TGF-βshowed an association with recipient age, while IFNA1 correlated with recipient BMI. Furthermore, TGF-β, IFNA1 and HMOX-1 correlated with several posttransplant kidney function markers, such as diuresis, ultrasound Doppler, and glycemia.Conclusions.Overall, the present study shows that DGF is associated with inflammatory markers, which are correlated with donor and recipient DGF risk factors.

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