Infant powdered milk formula and milk powder as a potential risk for developing children in terms of Aflatoxin M1

A longitudinal one-year study was conducted to determine aflatoxin M1 levels in different types of milk marketed in Pakistan. Processed and raw liquid milk from 21 sources, two milk powder and six tea whitener brands were sampled on monthly basis from Islamabad. The aflatoxin M1 levels in liquid milk were lower (p < 0.05) in summer (April to July) compared with the levels in winter (January, November and December). The mean aflatoxin M1 levels were 254.9, 939.5, and 1535.0 ng/L in UHT, pasteurized, and raw milk, respectively (differing at p < 0.001). The mean toxin level in powdered milk after reconstitution was 522.1 ng/L. Overall, 12.9, 41.0, 91.9 and 50.0% of the UHT, pasteurized, raw and powdered milk samples, respectively, exceeded the Codex maximum tolerable limit of 500 ng of aflatoxin M1/L. It was estimated that consumers of raw and processed milk were exposed to 11.9 and 4.5 ng aflatoxin M1, respectively, per kg of body weight daily. The study indicates potential aflatoxin M1 exposure risks for the consumers of raw milk in the country. The levels of the toxin though comparatively lower in milk powder, requires attention as this type of milk is consumed by infants.

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Pyosalpinx due to Cronobacter sakazakii in an elderly woman

BMC Women s Health ◽

10.1186/s12905-021-01283-8 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 21 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Satoshi Ohira ◽

Eri Ikeda ◽

Kyosuke Kamijo ◽

Tomokuni Nagai ◽

Koji Tsunemi ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Abdominal Cavity ◽

Lower Abdominal Pain ◽

The Elderly ◽

Pathological Examination ◽

Milk Formula ◽

Adult Women ◽

Cronobacter Sakazakii ◽

Left Edge ◽

Powdered Milk ◽

First Case

Abstract Background Cronobacter sakazakii (C. sakazakii) is a bacterium known to cause severe neonatal infections in premature infants with the consumption of contaminated powdered milk formula. Adult infections are rare, and there have been no reports of pyosalpinx due to C. sakazakii to date. Case presentation We report a case of left pyosalpinx due to C. sakazakii in a sexually inactive postmenopausal woman. A 70-year-old woman presented to our hospital with left lower abdominal pain and fever. Abdominal computed tomography disclosed a cystic mass continuous with the left edge of the uterus. Urgent laparotomy revealed a ruptured left pyosalpinx with pus-like content. Left salpingo-oophorectomy, resection of the right tube, and washing of the abdominal cavity with saline were performed. Pathological examination of the left adnexa showed tubal tissue with acute inflammation and inflammatory exudate, which were compatible with pyosalpinx, and pus culture yielded C. sakazakii. Conclusions This is the first case report of pyosalpinx due to C. sakazakii. Cronobacter sakazakii infections in adult women might occur in the elderly, whose immunity has weakened. Further accumulation of cases of C. sakazakii infection is needed to clarify the etiology and behavior of C. sakazakii in adults.

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Quantum bead-based fluorescence-linked immunosorbent assay for ultrasensitive detection of aflatoxin M1 in pasteurized milk, yogurt, and milk powder

Journal of Dairy Science ◽

10.3168/jds.2018-16109 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 102 (5) ◽

pp. 3985-3993 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Yaofeng Zhou ◽

Sicheng Xiong ◽

KangKang Zhang ◽

Lin Feng ◽

Xuelan Chen ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Immunosorbent Assay ◽

Milk Powder ◽

Aflatoxin M1 ◽

Ultrasensitive Detection ◽

Pasteurized Milk

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Incidence and Level of Aflatoxin M1 in Liquid and Imported Powdered Milk in Jordan with Special Reference to Aflatoxin B1 in Corresponding Feeds

Chemistry for the Protection of the Environment ◽

10.1007/978-1-4615-3282-8_16 ◽

1991 ◽

pp. 205-216

Author(s):

R. M. Natour ◽

J. A. Rabba ◽

M. S. Nowar ◽

A. Salhab ◽

A. Mahasneh

Keyword(s):

Special Reference ◽

Aflatoxin B1 ◽

Aflatoxin M1 ◽

Powdered Milk

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Milk and milk powder - Determination of aflatoxin M1 content - Clean-up by immunoaffinity chromatography and determination by high-performance liquid chromatography

10.3403/30404345 ◽

2021 ◽

Keyword(s):

High Performance Liquid Chromatography ◽

Liquid Chromatography ◽

High Performance ◽

Milk Powder ◽

Immunoaffinity Chromatography ◽

Aflatoxin M1

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Determination and Confirmation of Identity of Aflatoxin M1 in Dairy Products: Collaborative Study

Journal of AOAC INTERNATIONAL ◽

10.1093/jaoac/63.4.907 ◽

1980 ◽

Vol 63 (4) ◽

pp. 907-921

Author(s):

Robert D Stubblefield ◽

Hans P Van Egmond ◽

Walter E Paulsch ◽

Pieter L Schuller ◽

◽

...

Keyword(s):

Dairy Products ◽

Rapid Determination ◽

Collaborative Study ◽

Test Methods ◽

Aflatoxin M1 ◽

Powdered Milk ◽

Limit Of Determination ◽

Sample Extraction ◽

Study Results ◽

Derivatives Of

Abstract An international collaborative study involving 23 collaborators was conducted to test methods, improved over previous methods with respect to speed and solvent use, for the rapid determination and thin layer chromatographic (TLC) confirmation of aflatoxin M1 identity in dairy products. For the quantitative method, collaborators assayed samples of Couda and cheddar cheeses, powdered milk, and butter containing levels of M1 near the anticipated limit of determination. Statistical analysis of the study results indicated that the lower limit of determination and precision of this method were comparable to these parameters of methods previously approved for analysis for aflatoxin M1. A few collaborators found that M1 eluted early from cleanup columns with cheese and butter samples and that emulsions formed during powdered milk sample extraction. The reasons for these problems have been determined and remedies are provided. For the TLC confirmation of identity method, collaborators prepared trifluoroacetic acid derivatives of M1 on the plates after 2-dimensional development. Concentrations as low as 0.3 ng/g cheese and 1.0 ng/g powdered milk were determined in this study. As a result of this study, both methods have been adopted as official first action methods by the AOAC and as reference methods by IUPAC.

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Rapid Thin Layer Chromatographic Determination of Aflatoxin M1 in Powdered Milk

Journal of AOAC INTERNATIONAL ◽

10.1093/jaoac/68.5.952 ◽

1985 ◽

Vol 68 (5) ◽

pp. 952-954

Author(s):

Maria Luisa Serralheiro ◽

Maria Lurdes Quinta

Keyword(s):

Aqueous Solution ◽

Carbon Tetrachloride ◽

Thin Layer ◽

Limit Of Detection ◽

Chromatographic Determination ◽

Methanol Solution ◽

Aflatoxin M1 ◽

Powdered Milk ◽

Layer Chromatography

Abstract A method has been developed for the detection of aflatoxin Mi in milk. The toxin is extracted with chloroform, the extract is evaporated, and the residue is partitioned between carbon tetrachloride and an aqueous saline-methanol solution. The toxin is once again extracted with chloroform from the methanol solution and analyzed by thin layer chromatography. The limit of detection of Mi in powdered milk is 0.5 μg/ kg; recoveries of added Mj are about 83%. The limit of detection can be improved to 0.3 μg/kg if the plate is sprayed with an aqueous solution of H2S04 after development.

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