scholarly journals Leaf water potentials of sunlit and/or shaded grapevine leaves are sensitive alternatives to stem water potential

OENO One ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 46 (3) ◽  
pp. 207
Author(s):  
Larry E. Williams
Keyword(s):  
Stomatal Conductance ◽  
Solar Radiation ◽  
Water Potential ◽  
Water Status ◽  
Direct Solar Radiation ◽  
Cabernet Sauvignon ◽  
Direct Sunlight ◽  
Water Potentials ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Highly Correlated

<p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>Aims</strong>: Leaf (Ψ<sub>l</sub>) and stem (Ψ<sub>stem</sub>) water potentials were measured on grapevines to determine the effects of shoot location on both methods to assess vine water status.</p><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>Methods and results</strong>: Cabernet-Sauvignon and Merlot used in this study were grown at two locations in California. Measurements were taken at midday in July (Merlot) and at two times of the day (morning and afternoon), on two dates in August (Cabernet- Sauvignon). Measurements of Ψ<sub>l</sub> and Ψ<sub>stem</sub>, stomatal conductance and transpiration were taken on shoots entirely exposed to direct solar radiation or on shoots totally in the shade at the times of measurement. There were significant differences (<em>P</em> &lt; 0.05) between Ψ<sub>l</sub> and/or Ψ<sub>stem</sub> measured on shoots exposed to direct solar radiation and those in the shade. Both Ψ<sub>l</sub> and Ψ<sub>stem</sub> were significantly greater on the shoots exposed to direct sunlight compared to those in the shade. There was no significant difference between Ψ<sub>l</sub> measured on shaded leaves and Ψ<sub>stem</sub> determined on the fully exposed shoots.</p><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>Conclusions</strong>: Regardless of method used, water potentials were highly correlated with stomatal conductance measured on leaves in direct sunlight at the same time. All means of measuring grapevine water potential used in this study were highly correlated with one another.</p><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>Significance and impact of the study</strong>: The data indicate that any of the techniques used in this study would be a sensitive indicator of vine water status and that the Ψ of shaded leaves would be an alternative to the measurement of Ψ<sub>stem</sub>.</p>

Effect of Water Stress on Stomatal Conductance and Leaf Water Relations of Leaves Along Current-Year Branches of Peach

1989 ◽  
Vol 16 (6) ◽  
pp. 549 ◽  
Author(s):  
SL Steinberg ◽  
MJ Mcfarland ◽  
JC Miller
Keyword(s):  
Water Stress ◽  
Stomatal Conductance ◽  
Water Potential ◽  
Water Status ◽  
Stomatal Closure ◽  
Water Flux ◽  
Leaf Water ◽  
Leaf Water Status ◽  
Mature Leaves ◽  
Water Potentials

A gradation, that reflects the maturity of the leaves, exists in the leaf water, osmotic and turgor potential and stomatal conductance of leaves along current and 1-year-old branches of peach. Predawn leaf water potentials of immature folded leaves were approximately 0.24 MPa lower than mature leaves under both well-watered and dry conditions. During the daytime the leaf water potential of immature leaves reflected the water potential produced by water flux for transpiration. In well- watered trees, mature and immature unfolded leaves had a solute potential at least 0.5 MPa lower than immature folded leaves, resulting in a turgor potential that was approximately 0.8 MPa higher. The turgor requirement for growth appeared to be much less than that maintained in mature leaves. As water stress developed and leaf water potentials decreased, the osmotic potential of immature folded leaves declined to the level found in mature leaves, thus maintaining turgor. In contrast, mature leaves showed little evidence of turgor maintenance. Stomatal conductance was lower in immature leaves than in fully mature leaves. With the onset of water stress, conductance of mature leaves declined to a level near that of immature leaves. Loss of turgor in mature leaves may be a major factor in early stomatal closure. It was concluded that osmotic adjustment played a role in maintenance of a leaf water status favorable for some growth in water-stressed immature peach leaves.

scholarly journals Irrigation and Crop Load Influence Fruit Size and Water Relations in Field-grown `Spadona' Pear

2001 ◽  
Vol 126 (2) ◽  
pp. 252-255 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amos Naor
Keyword(s):  
Stomatal Conductance ◽  
Water Potential ◽  
Soil Water ◽  
Fruit Size ◽  
Leaf Water ◽  
Stem Water Potential ◽  
Crop Load ◽  
Water Potentials ◽  
Stem Water ◽  
Highly Correlated

Interrelations between water potential and fruit size, crop load, and stomatal conductance were studied in drip-irrigated `Spadona' pear (Pyrus communis L) grafted on quince C (Cydonia oblonga L.) rootstock and growing in a semi-arid zone. Five irrigation rates were applied in the main fruit growth phase: rates of 0.25, 0.40, 0.60, 0.80, and 1.00 of “Class A” pan evaporation rate. The crop in each irrigation treatment was adjusted to four levels (200 to 1200 fruit per tree) by hand thinning at the beginning of June 1999. The crop was harvested on 1 Aug. 1999, and fruit size was determined by means of a commercial sorting machine. Soil, stem, and leaf water potentials and stomatal conductance were measured during the season. Crop yield was highly correlated with stem and soil water potentials. The highest midday stem water potential was lower than values commonly reported for nonstressed trees, and was accompanied by high soil water potential, indicating that the maximal water absorption rate of the root system under those particular soil conditions was limited. Stomatal conductance was highly correlated with leaf water potential (r2 = 0.54), but a much better correlation was found with stem water potential (r2 = 0.80). Stomatal conductance decreased at stem water potentials less than -2.1 MPa. Both stem water potential and stomatal conductance were unaffected by crop load under a wide range of irrigation rates.

scholarly journals Stem Water Potential and Apple Size

1995 ◽  
Vol 120 (4) ◽  
pp. 577-582 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amos Naor ◽  
Isaac Klein ◽  
Israel Doron
Keyword(s):  
Water Stress ◽  
Stomatal Conductance ◽  
Water Potential ◽  
Fruit Size ◽  
Plant Water ◽  
Stem Water Potential ◽  
Plant Water Stress ◽  
Stem Water ◽  
Irrigation Treatments ◽  
Highly Correlated

The sensitivity of leaf (ψleaf) and stem (ψstem) water potential and stomatal conductance (gs) to soil moisture availability in apple (Malus domestics Borkh.) trees and their correlation with yield components were studied in a field experiment. Two drip irrigation treatments, 440 mm (H) and 210 mm (L), were applied to a `Golden Delicious' apple orchard during cell enlargement stage (55-173 days after full bloom). Data collected included ψstem, y leaf, gs, and soil water potential at 25 (ψsoil-25) and 50 cm (ψsoil-50). No differences in midday ψleaf's were found between irrigation treatments. Stem water potential was higher in the H treatment than in the L treatment in diurnal measurements, and at midday throughout the season. Stomatal conductance of the H treatment was higher than the L treatment throughout the day. Stomatal conductance between 0930 and 1530 hr were highly correlated with ψstem. The H treatment increased the percentage of fruit >65 mm, and increased the proportion of earlier harvested fruit reaching marketable size compared to the L treatment. Fruit size in the first harvest and the total yield were highly correlated with ψstem. The degree of correlation between plant water stress indicators and yield component decreased in the following order: ψstem>ψsoil-25,>ψsoil-50>ψleaf. The data suggest that midday ψstem may serve as a preferable plant water stress indicator with respect to fruit size.

Relationship Between Root/Soil Hydraulic Properties and Stomatal Behaviour in Sugarcane

1989 ◽  
Vol 16 (3) ◽  
pp. 241 ◽  
Author(s):  
NZ Saliendra ◽  
FC Meinzer
Keyword(s):  
Stomatal Conductance ◽  
Water Potential ◽  
Soil Water ◽  
Leaf Water Potential ◽  
Water Status ◽  
Hydraulic Conductance ◽  
Leaf Water ◽  
Soil Drying ◽  
Root Hydraulic Conductance ◽  
High Soil Moisture

Stomatal conductance, leaf and soil water status, transpiration, and apparent root hydraulic conductance were measured during soil drying cycles for three sugarcane cultivars growing in containers in a greenhouse. At high soil moisture, transpiration and apparent root hydraulic conductance differed considerably among cultivars and were positively correlated, whereas leaf water potential was similar among cultivars. In drying soil, stomatal and apparent root hydraulic conductance approached zero over a narrow (0.1 MPa) range of soil water suction. Leaf water potential remained nearly constant during soil drying because the vapor phase conductance of the leaves and the apparent liquid phase conductance of the root system declined in parallel. The decline in apparent root hydraulic conductance with soil drying was manifested as a large increase in the hydrostatic pressure gradient between the soil and the root xylem. These results suggested that control of stomatal conductance in sugarcane plants exposed to drying soil was exerted primarily at the root rather than at the leaf level.

Water Relations in Cowpea and Pearl Millet Under Soil Water Deficits. III. Extent of Predawn Equilibrium in Leaf Water Potential

1992 ◽  
Vol 19 (6) ◽  
pp. 601 ◽  
Author(s):  
CL Petrie ◽  
AE Hall
Keyword(s):  
Water Potential ◽  
Pearl Millet ◽  
Leaf Water Potential ◽  
Leaf Surface ◽  
Leaf Water ◽  
Soil Drying ◽  
Mannitol Solution ◽  
Water Potentials ◽  
Approximate Equilibrium ◽  
Significant Difference

Pearl millet [Penniseturn americanum (L.) Leeke] consistently develops lower predawn leaf water potentials than cowpea [Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp.] when plants are subjected to progressive soil drying, even when they are grown as intercrops in the same pot. Lack of equilibrium in water potential during the predawn, within the plants and between plants and soil, was studied as a possible explanation for this difference. Experiments were conducted in a glasshouse in pots containing an artificial rooting medium which had a high water-holding capacity and was easy to separate from roots. Leaf and root predawn xylem water potentials were measured with a pressure chamber. In cowpea, leaf water potential (ΨL) values during the dry treatment were similar to values of root water potential (ΨR), indicating an approximate equilibrium within the plants. In millet, measurements were made on plants grown in both large and small pots. With large pots, ΨL and ΨR values in millet were similar, but with small pots, predawn ΨL was lower than ΨR. When the surfaces of these small pots were covered with evaporation barriers, however, no significant differences developed between ΨL and ΨR at predawn during soil drying, indicating an approximate equilibrium within millet. During the early stages of the dry treatment, leaf surface conductances measured at predawn indicated that significant water flux occurred at night from the leaves of both cowpea and millet. Leaf surface conductances declined to negligible levels as the dry treatment progressed, however, and night-time fluxes of water from leaves cannot explain the significant difference in predawn ΨL that developed between cowpea and millet. In order to determine whether the lower predawn ΨL in millet was due to a resistance to water uptake at the root surface, an osmoticum (- 0.5 MPa mannitol solution) was applied to pots of cowpea and millet intercrops after substantial differences in predawn ΨL had developed, and ΨL was measured. Measurements taken 9 h later indicated that predawn ΨL had recovered in millet, and the values of ΨL in millet and cowpea after mannitol treatment were similar to the osmotic potential of the mannitol solution. These results suggest that the lower predawn ΨL in millet than in cowpea under drought is due to the development of a substantial soil resistance to water movement to the root surfaces of millet.

Glasshouse and field studies on the effects of groundcovers on banana and macadamia growth and water relations

2003 ◽  
Vol 43 (10) ◽  
pp. 1245 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. J. Firth ◽  
G. G. Johns ◽  
R. D. B. Whalley
Keyword(s):  
Adverse Effect ◽  
Stomatal Conductance ◽  
Water Potential ◽  
Water Status ◽  
Field Studies ◽  
Bare Soil ◽  
Soil Bulk Density ◽  
Early Morning ◽  
Xylem Water Potential ◽  
Penetrometer Resistance

Groundcovers can be useful for controlling erosion in macadamia orchards but they can have adverse effects on tree growth and crop yield. The effects of groundcovers versus bare soil on banana and macadamia were compared in a glasshouse study and on macadamia in the field. A glasshouse trial compared the effect of 3 water regimes with unmown or mown Arachis pintoi cv. Amarillo groundcover versus bare soil, on stomatal conductance and growth of banana and macadamia. Mean stomatal conductance was higher overall for macadamia (178 mmol/m2.s) compared with banana (90 mmol/m2.s) when data were pooled across groundcover and water treatments. Medium and dry substrate moisture treatments significantly reduced the growth and vigour of banana compared with the wet treatments, as indicated by reduced total dry matter, leaf area, number of live leaves at harvest, and total root length, but had no significant effect on macadamia. Groundcover had a more adverse effect on the growth of banana than macadamia compared with bare soil and, likewise, unmown cover had a greater effect on growth of banana than mown cover, while there was no mowing effect on macadamia.In an unirrigated field trial, mown and unmown groundcover and bare soil treatments were compared for their effect on early morning leaf xylem water potential of young and older macadamia trees at 3 sites where groundcover was established at different tree ages. Water potential was generally <0.2 MPa more negative in the groundcover treatment than bare soil in spring and summer under dry seasonal conditions over 2 years, although there was no apparent effect on tree health. The difference in water potential between groundcover and bare soil was highest in young trees planted in established groundcover. The more adverse effect of groundcover on water status of young trees in established cover correlates with a greater reduction in growth compared with older trees reported separately (Firth et al. 2003 Aust. J. Exp. Agric. 43, 419–423).Soil bulk density under groundcover was slightly reduced (0.028 g/cm3) at 0–10 cm depth, and penetrometer resistance also slightly reduced (<0.3 MPa) at 0–12 cm depth, compared with bare soil. Higher penetrometer readings in the traffic zone (often >4 MPa at 30–40 cm in the initial survey) compared with the tree line indicate the potential long-term benefits to be derived from groundcovers.

MEASUREMENT OF INTERNAL WATER STRESS IN WHEAT PLANTS

1968 ◽  
Vol 48 (1) ◽  
pp. 89-95 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. J. Yang ◽  
E. de Jong
Keyword(s):  
Water Potential ◽  
Soil Water ◽  
Great Promise ◽  
Plant Water ◽  
Thermocouple Psychrometer ◽  
Water Potentials ◽  
Plant Water Potential ◽  
Highly Correlated ◽  
The Many ◽  
Non Destructive

The thermocouple psychrometer technique was used to measure plant water stresses of wheat. The usefulness of this technique is limited due to the many precautions that must be taken. The β-ray absorption and relative turgidity were highly correlated (P = 0.01) with plant water potential, but the correlation changed with age. Relative turgidity gave a slightly better estimate of leaf water potential than β-ray absorption (r2 of 0.88 to 0.99 and 0.81 to 0.96 respectively). The β-ray technique has great promise because of its non-destructive nature.At soil water potentials higher than −10 atm, plant water potentials remained nearly constant, indicating that soil water was equally available. Temporary wilting occurred at soil water potentials of −35 to −40 atm.

scholarly journals Variation in scion water relations mediated by two newly released Geneva series rootstocks

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Erica Casagrande Biasuz ◽  
Lee Kalcsits
Keyword(s):  
Stomatal Conductance ◽  
Gas Exchange ◽  
Water Potential ◽  
Water Relations ◽  
Isotope Composition ◽  
Water Status ◽  
Physiological Traits ◽  
Stem Water Potential ◽  
Carbon And Oxygen Isotope ◽  
Stem Water

Dwarfing rootstocks are used to control tree vigor allowing for increased densities that increase apple production. Although there is considerable variation among rootstocks in dwarfing capacity, the mechanisms by which rootstocks affect vigor in apple scions remains unclear. Here, Honeycrisp apple growth and water relations were compared among three rootstocks; M-9 as the industry standard and two less studied Geneva series rootstocks; G.87 and G. 814 in Washington, USA. Trees were acquired from a commercial nursery and planted in 2017. In 2018 and 2019, scion physiological, isotopic and morphological traits were measured to better understand the link between rootstock-driven vigor and physiological traits. Rootstock affected scion shoot growth (P <0.001), stomatal conductance (P< 0.01) and stem water potential (P <0.001). Rootstocks with low vegetative vigor like M.9 also had lower stomatal conductance and enriched leaf δ13C and δ18O isotope composition. Plant growth was positively correlated with stomatal conductance and stem water potential. Rootstocks also affected plant water status and net gas exchange. Here, we report an association between rootstock-induced vigor and scion physiological traits such as gas exchange, stem water potential, and leaf carbon and oxygen isotope composition. This research has implications for the understanding of the mechanisms of dwarfing by rootstocks in apple.

scholarly journals ORNAMENTAL TREE LEAF PUBESCENCE AND MULCHING TO MAINTAIN FAVORABLE WATER STATUS DURING DROUGHT

HortScience ◽  
1991 ◽  
Vol 26 (5) ◽  
pp. 478c-478
Author(s):  
Ann Marie Smith ◽  
Donald Rakow
Keyword(s):  
Water Status ◽  
Species Comparison ◽  
Leaf Pubescence ◽  
Drought Period ◽  
Ornamental Tree ◽  
Water Potentials ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Plant Water Potential ◽  
Dry Down ◽  
Tree Leaf

This study was undertaken to determine if there was a combination of tree species and mulch type which resulted in a most favorable plant water potential when plants were subjected to induced drought. Fraxinus pennsylvanica, glabrous, and F.p. `Emerald', pubescent, trees were combined with either a four cm application of medium grade gravel, shredded bark, a fused polypropylene geotextile or no mulch treatment. After the first drought period, across all treatments, the pubescent `Emerald' trees maintained less negative water potentials than the Fraxinus pennsylvanlca trees. In the species comparison the particulate mulches, shredded bark and gravel, were associated with less negative water potentials then the other treatments. Between these, the shredded bark was associated with the least negative readings. After the second consecutive dry down there was not a significant difference in predawn water potentials between the species and cultivar. However, within the `Emerald' comparison there was a non-significant difference between the particulate mulches and the shredded bark was associated with the least negative potentials.

scholarly journals Responses of Olive Trees to Low Soil Temperatures

HortScience ◽  
1997 ◽  
Vol 32 (3) ◽  
pp. 545D-545
Author(s):  
E.W. Pavel ◽  
E. Fereres
Keyword(s):  
Stomatal Conductance ◽  
Water Status ◽  
Olive Tree ◽  
Evaporative Demand ◽  
Water Potentials ◽  
Whole Plant ◽  
Soil Temperatures ◽  
Olive Trees ◽  
Night And Day ◽  
The Relationship

Responses to low soil temperatures at winter days of high evaporative demand were studied in 20-year-old (fi eld) and 1-year-old potted (controlled conditions) olive (Olea europaea L. cv. Picual) trees in 1996 and 1997. Low soil temperatures apparently affected tree water status as evidenced by low water potentials and stomatal conductance. Low night (2 and 5°C) but ambient day (above 10°C) temperatures did not affect stomatal conductance (gl), leaf (ψl), and xylem (ψx) water potentials of potted olive trees. Tree ψl and ψx decreased when exposed to low night and day temperatures (8°C), but gl was not affected. Water potential of those trees recovered very rapidly when the soil temperature was raised above 10°C at midday. When the trees were exposed to soil temperatures below 8°C for 3 days, ψl, ψx, and gl immediately decreased. After the first day, gl and ψx started to recover while gl was maintained at low levels, thus allowing for tree rehydration. Root hydraulic resistance (rroot)—a major part of whole plant resistance—increased immediately in response to soil temperatures below 10°C relative to that of control trees. The relationship between ψx and rroot indicated that the root system apparently plays a mayor role in the control of tree water status in response to low soil temperatures. During the winter months, olive tree water uptake seems to be primarily limited by low soil temperatures, even though soil water content is normally adequate due to high seasonal rainfall.

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