scholarly journals Critical Issues in Modelling Lymph Node Physiology

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dmitry Grebennikov ◽  
Raoul van Loon ◽  
Mario Novkovic ◽  
Lucas Onder ◽  
Rostislav Savinkov ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Reticular Cell ◽  
Vascular Networks ◽  
Microvascular Networks ◽  
Multi Scale ◽  
3D Geometry ◽  
Fibroblastic Reticular Cell ◽  
Critical Issues ◽  
And Function ◽  
High Degree ◽  
Flow Study

In this study we discuss critical issues in modelling the structure and function of lymph nodes (LNs), with emphasis on how LN physiology is related to its multi-scale structural organization. In addition to macroscopic domains such as B-cell follicles and the T cell zone, there are vascular networks which play a key role in the delivery of information to the inner parts of the LN, i.e., the conduit and blood microvascular networks. We propose object-oriented computational algorithms to model the 3D geometry of the fibroblastic reticular cell (FRC) network and the microvasculature. Assuming that a conduit cylinder is densely packed with collagen fibers, the computational flow study predicted that the diffusion should be a dominating process in mass transport than convective flow. The geometry models are used to analyze the lymph flow properties through the conduit network in unperturbed- and damaged states of the LN. The analysis predicts that elimination of up to 60–90 % of edges is required to stop the lymph flux. This result suggests a high degree of functional robustness of the network.

Mesenchymal Stem Cell Seeded Nanofibrous Laminates Mimic the Multi-Scale Form and Function of the Annulus Fibrosus

2009 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nandan K. Nerurkar ◽  
Sounok Sen ◽  
Emily E. Wible ◽  
Jeffrey B. Stambough ◽  
Dawn M. Elliott ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Annulus Fibrosus ◽  
Form And Function ◽  
Multi Scale ◽  
Aligned Arrays ◽  
Tensile Response ◽  
Nanofibrous Scaffolds ◽  
Multiple Length Scales ◽  
Spine Function ◽  
And Function ◽  
High Degree

The annulus fibrosus (AF) of the intervertebral disc is a multi-lamellar fibrocartilage that, together with the nucleus pulposus, confers mechanical support and flexibility to the spine. Function of the AF is predicated on a high degree of structural organization over multiple length scales: aligned collagen fibers reside within each lamella, and the direction of alignment alternates between adjacent lamellae from +30° to −30° with respect to the transverse axis of the spine. Electrospinning permits fabrication of scaffolds consisting of aligned arrays of nanofibers, and has proven effective for directing the alignment of both cells and extracellular matrix (ECM) deposition [1–3]. We recently employed electrospinning to engineer the primary functional unit of the AF, a single lamella [4]. However, it remains a challenge to engineer a multi-lamellar tissue that replicates the cross-ply fiber architecture of the native AF. Moreover, relatively few studies have considered functional properties of engineered AF, and, when measured, tensile properties of these constructs have been inferior to native AF [4]. In this study, mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) were seeded onto aligned nanofibrous scaffolds organized into bi-lamellar constructs with opposing or parallel fiber orientations, and their functional maturation was evaluated with time. Additionally, we determined a novel role for inter-lamellar ECM in reinforcing the tensile response of bilayers, and confirmed this mechanism by testing acellular bilayers with controllable interface properties.

scholarly journals Attrition of T Cell Zone Fibroblastic Reticular Cell Number and Function in Aged Spleens

2018 ◽  
Vol 2 (5) ◽  
pp. 155-163 ◽  
Author(s):  
April R. Masters ◽  
Evan R. Jellison ◽  
Lynn Puddington ◽  
Kamal M. Khanna ◽  
Laura Haynes
Keyword(s):  
T Cell ◽  
Cell Number ◽  
Reticular Cell ◽  
Fibroblastic Reticular Cell ◽  
And Function ◽  
Cell Zone

scholarly journals Fibroblastic reticular cell lineage convergence in Peyer’s patches governs intestinal immunity

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (4) ◽  
pp. 510-519
Author(s):  
Alejandro Prados ◽  
Lucas Onder ◽  
Hung-Wei Cheng ◽  
Urs Mörbe ◽  
Mechthild Lütge ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cell Lineage ◽  
Peyer's Patches ◽  
Peyer’S Patches ◽  
Reticular Cell ◽  
Intestinal Immunity ◽  
Fibroblastic Reticular Cell

scholarly journals The enigmatic ribosomal stalk

2018 ◽  
Vol 51 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anders Liljas ◽  
Suparna Sanyal
Keyword(s):  
Early Phase ◽  
Ribosomal Subunit ◽  
Structure And Function ◽  
Large Ribosomal Subunit ◽  
Translation Factors ◽  
Ribosomal Stalk ◽  
And Function ◽  
High Degree

Abstract The large ribosomal subunit has a distinct feature, the stalk, extending outside the ribosome. In bacteria it is called the L12 stalk. The base of the stalk is protein uL10 to which two or three dimers of proteins bL12 bind. In archea and eukarya P1 and P2 proteins constitute the stalk. All these extending proteins, that have a high degree of flexibility due to a hinge between their N- and C-terminal parts, are essential for proper functionalization of some of the translation factors. The role of the stalk proteins has remained enigmatic for decades but is gradually approaching an understanding. In this review we summarise the knowhow about the structure and function of the ribosomal stalk till date starting from the early phase of ribosome research.

scholarly journals Brief communication "An auto-diagnosis tool to highlight interdependencies between urban technical networks"

2012 ◽  
Vol 12 (7) ◽  
pp. 2219-2224 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Toubin ◽  
D. Serre ◽  
Y. Diab ◽  
R. Laganier
Keyword(s):  
Collaborative Research ◽  
Urban System ◽  
Urban Transport ◽  
Urban Resilience ◽  
Urban Networks ◽  
Critical Issues ◽  
Diagnosis Method ◽  
Solution Design ◽  
High Degree ◽  
Operational Tool

Abstract. Natural hazards threaten the urban system and its components that are likely to fail. With their high degree of interdependency, urban networks and services are critical issues for the resilience of a city. And yet, network managers are scarcely aware of their flaws and dependencies and they are reluctant to take them into account. In order to develop an operational tool to improve urban resilience, we propose here an auto-diagnosis method to be completed by network managers. The subsequent confrontation of all diagnoses is the basis of collaborative research for problem identification and solution design. The tool is experimented with the Parisian urban transport society.

Herbaceous monocot plant form and function along a tropical rain-forest light gradient: a reversal of dicot strategy

2009 ◽  
Vol 25 (1) ◽  
pp. 103-106 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nathan G. Swenson
Keyword(s):  
Tropical Forests ◽  
Environmental Gradients ◽  
Plant Performance ◽  
Seed Plants ◽  
Form And Function ◽  
Light Gradient ◽  
Whole Plant ◽  
Plant Form ◽  
And Function ◽  
High Degree

Whole plant form and function vary spectacularly across the seed plants. In recent years, plant evolutionary ecologists have begun to document this diversity on large geographic scales by analysing ‘functional traits’ that are indicative of whole plant performance across environmental gradients (Swenson & Enquist 2007, Wright et al. 2004). Despite the high degree of functional diversity in tropical forests, convergence in function does occur locally along successional or light gradients (Bazzaz & Pickett 1980, Swaine & Whitmore 1988).

scholarly journals Histological and morphometric study of the uterus of the lowland bison

2017 ◽  
Vol 73 (10) ◽  
pp. 661-665
Author(s):  
Katarzyna Olbrych ◽  
Karolina Barszcz ◽  
Bartłomiej Bartyzel ◽  
Tomasz Szara ◽  
Marta Kupczyńska
Keyword(s):  
Morphometric Study ◽  
European Bison ◽  
Histological Structure ◽  
Group I ◽  
Epithelium Thickness ◽  
Polish Law ◽  
And Function ◽  
High Degree ◽  
Sexually Mature ◽  
Degree Of Similarity

Summary The European bison belongs to endangered species. Its restitution requires a complete knowledge of the structure and function of its genital organs. The aim of this study was a histological and morphometric examination of the uterus of immature and adult females. Material for the study came from 55 females living in the Białowieża Forest. According to the Polish law, the post mortem use of tissues does not require an approval from an ethics committee. The animals were divided into 2 groups: group I included 36 prepubertal females aged from 2 months to 1.5 years, while group II consisted of 19 sexually mature females aged 2 to 20 years. The samples were stained with haematoxylin and eosin (H&E). Histological and morphometric examinations included measurements of the height of the epithelium, thickness of the endometrium, thickness of the myometrium, thickness of the inner and outer muscular layers, and thickness of the perimetrium. The results were analyzed using the STATISTICA 12.0™ software. Statistically significant differences were found between the two groups in all morphometric parameters examined. The results revealed a high degree of similarity of the histological structure of the uterus between European bison and domestic cattle.

scholarly journals Geometric control of vascular networks to enhance engineered tissue integration and function

2013 ◽  
Vol 110 (19) ◽  
pp. 7586-7591 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. D. Baranski ◽  
R. R. Chaturvedi ◽  
K. R. Stevens ◽  
J. Eyckmans ◽  
B. Carvalho ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Geometric Control ◽  
Vascular Networks ◽  
Tissue Integration ◽  
Engineered Tissue ◽  
And Function

IL-17–dependent fibroblastic reticular cell training boosts tissue protective mucosal immunity through IL-10–producing B cells

2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (66) ◽  
Author(s):  
Dongwen Wu ◽  
Catherine H. Poholek ◽  
Saikat Majumder ◽  
Qixing Liu ◽  
Shankar K. Revu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
B Cells ◽  
Mucosal Immunity ◽  
Reticular Cell ◽  
Fibroblastic Reticular Cell

Distribution and function of the lethal of scute gene product during early neurogenesis in Drosophila

Development ◽  
1991 ◽  
Vol 113 (2) ◽  
pp. 445-454 ◽  
Author(s):  
M.D. Martin-Bermudo ◽  
C. Martinez ◽  
A. Rodriguez ◽  
F. Jimenez
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Drosophila Embryo ◽  
Fushi Tarazu ◽  
Phenotypic Analysis ◽  
Neuronal Identity ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Early Neurogenesis ◽  
And Function ◽  
High Degree ◽  
Peripheral Sensory

Genes of the achaete-scute complex (ASC) participate in the formation of the central nervous system in the Drosophila embryo. Previous genetic analyses have indicated that lethal of scute (l'sc) is the most important gene of the complex in that process. We have obtained antibodies against the l'sc protein to study the expression of the gene during early neurogenesis. The protein is found in groups of embryonic neuroectodermal cells, analogous to the proneural clusters that precede the appearance of precursors of peripheral sensory organs in imaginal epithelia. The groups appear in different regions of the neuroectoderm, accompanying the three successive waves of neuroblast segregation. Most neuroblasts delaminate from these clusters and express position-specific levels of l'sc protein. No significant differences have been found between the distribution of l'sc RNA and protein. Phenotypic analysis of a l'sc deficiency has shown that the gene is required for neuroblast commitment, although this requirement is less widespread than the domain of l'sc expression, suggesting a high degree of redundancy in the function of genes that participate in the process of neuroblast segregation. The ASC genes have been postulated to play a role in the control of NB identity, revealed by the generation of a defined lineage of identifiable neurons. However, our study in l'sc mutants of the expression of fushi tarazu, engrailed, and even-skipped, used as markers of neuronal identity, has not provided evidence to support this hypothesis.

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