scholarly journals Pharmacists’ Knowledge Attitude and Practice Regarding the Dispensing of Antibiotics without Prescription in Tanzania: An Explorative Cross-Sectional Study

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Baraka P. Poyongo ◽  
Raphael Z. Sangeda
Keyword(s):  
Medical Practitioner ◽  
Daily Practice ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Study Data ◽  
P Value ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Rational Use ◽  
Regulatory Authorities ◽  
Attitude And Practice ◽  
Knowledge Attitude And Practice

Background: Inappropriate use of antibiotics has been reported to contribute to the emergence and increase of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in the world. Antibiotics are prescription-only medicines to be dispensed to a person with a legal prescription inscribed by a qualified medical practitioner. Enforcing the dispensing of antibiotics with prescription is a way to promote the rational use of antibiotics and preventing the development and spread of AMR. It is, therefore, the responsibility of a pharmacist to dispense or supervise the dispensing of antibiotics in pharmacies and ensure its rational use. This study aimed to assess pharmacists’ knowledge, attitude and practice regarding the dispensing of antibiotics without prescription in Tanzania. Methods: An online semi-structured questionnaire was designed, tested and shared with licensed pharmacists in Tanzania through an invitation link sent in their official WhatsApp groups. A list of names, contacts and emails of licensed pharmacists obtained from the Pharmacy Council was used to directly contact and request pharmacist to fill the questionnaire, in case the pharmacist contact was not on WhatsApp, a text SMS invitation was sent. Study data were collected and managed using REDCap electronic data capture tools hosted at Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. Data were then downloaded and exported into Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 20 for data analysis; Chi-square test was used to test association for categorical data, where a p-value of less than 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results: More than 75% of pharmacists had excellent knowledge about the legal requirements for dispensing antibiotics and of the AMR challenge. Of the interviewed pharmacists, seventy-four percent admitted to dispensing antibiotics without prescription in their daily practice. The main reasons for administering antibiotics without prescription were the profitability nature of pharmacy business, a failure of the patient to get a prescription and lack of stringent regulatory authorities. Penicillins, macrolides and floroquinolones were the classes of antibiotics mostly dispensed without a prescription. Conclusion: The study shows that the dispensing of antibiotics without prescription is a common practice in Tanzania. The regulatory authorities should make regular inspections in pharmacies to detect this malpractice. The community should be trained on the importance of taking laboratory tests before getting medications for their sickness by a qualified medical practitioner.

scholarly journals Pharmacists’ knowledge attitude and practice regarding the dispensing of antibiotics without prescription in Tanzania: an explorative cross-sectional study

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Baraka P Poyongo ◽  
Raphael Zozimus Sangeda
Keyword(s):  
Medical Practitioner ◽  
Daily Practice ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Study Data ◽  
P Value ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Rational Use ◽  
Regulatory Authorities ◽  
Attitude And Practice ◽  
Knowledge Attitude And Practice

Abstract Background: Inappropriate use of antibiotics has been reported to contribute to the emergence and increase of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in the world. Enforcing the dispensing of antibiotics with prescription is a way to promote the rational use of antibiotics and preventing the development and spread of AMR. The pharmacist has the responsibility to supervise the dispensing of antibiotics in pharmacies and ensure its rational use. This study assessed pharmacists’ knowledge, attitude and practice regarding the dispensing of antibiotics without prescription in Tanzania. Methods: An online semi-structured questionnaire was designed, tested and shared with licensed pharmacists in Tanzania through an invitation link sent in their official WhatsApp groups. An SMS alternative was used contact list from the Pharmacy Council to administer the questionnaire to pharmacists not subscribed to WhatsApp. Study data were collected and managed using REDCap electronic data capture tools hosted at Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. Data were then downloaded and exported into Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 20 for data analysis; Chi-square test was used to test association for categorical data, where a p-value of less than 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results : More than 75% of pharmacists had excellent knowledge about the legal requirements for dispensing antibiotics and of the AMR challenge. Of the interviewed pharmacists, seventy-four percent admitted to dispensing antibiotics without prescription in their daily practice. Notably, 85.7% of pharmacists with high education were more likely to dispense without prescription compared to 69.9% among bachelor holders (p-value = 0.028). The main reasons for administering antibiotics without prescription were the profitability nature of pharmacy business, a failure of the patient to get a prescription and a lack of stringent regulatory authorities. Penicillins, macrolides and fluoroquinolones were the classes of antibiotics mostly dispensed without a prescription. Conclusion : Even though pharmacists seem knowledgeable about AMR, they still dispense antibiotics without prescription in Tanzania. The regulatory authorities should make regular inspections in pharmacies to detect this malpractice. The community should be trained on the importance of taking laboratory tests before getting medications for their sickness by a qualified medical practitioner.

scholarly journals Pharmacists’ knowledge attitude and practice regarding the dispensing of antibiotics without prescription in Tanzania: an explorative cross-sectional study

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Baraka P Poyongo ◽  
Raphael Zozimus Sangeda
Keyword(s):  
Medical Practitioner ◽  
Daily Practice ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Study Data ◽  
P Value ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Rational Use ◽  
Regulatory Authorities ◽  
Attitude And Practice ◽  
Knowledge Attitude And Practice

Abstract Background: Inappropriate use of antibiotics has been reported to contribute to the emergence and increase of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in the world. Enforcing the dispensing of antibiotics with prescription is a way to promote the rational use of antibiotics and preventing the development and spread of AMR. The pharmacist has the responsibility to supervise the dispensing of antibiotics in pharmacies and ensure its rational use. This study assessed pharmacists’ knowledge, attitude and practice regarding the dispensing of antibiotics without prescription in Tanzania. Methods: An online semi-structured questionnaire was designed, tested and shared with licensed pharmacists in Tanzania through an invitation link sent in their official WhatsApp groups. An SMS alternative was used contact list from the Pharmacy Council to administer the questionnaire, to pharmacist not subscribed on WhatsApp. Study data were collected and managed using REDCap electronic data capture tools hosted at Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. Data were then downloaded and exported into Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 20 for data analysis; Chi-square test was used to test association for categorical data, where a p-value of less than 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results: More than 75% of pharmacists had excellent knowledge about the legal requirements for dispensing antibiotics and of the AMR challenge. Of the interviewed pharmacists, seventy-four percent admitted to dispensing antibiotics without prescription in their daily practice. Notably, 85.7% of pharmacists with high education were more likely to dispense without prescription compared to 69.9% among bachelor holders (p-value = 0.028). The main reasons for administering antibiotics without prescription were the profitability nature of pharmacy business, a failure of the patient to get a prescription and lack of stringent regulatory authorities. Penicillins, macrolides and fluoroquinolones were the classes of antibiotics mostly dispensed without a prescription. Conclusion: Even though pharmacists seem knowledgeable about AMR, they still dispense antibiotics without prescription in Tanzania. The regulatory authorities should make regular inspections in pharmacies to detect this malpractice. The community should be trained on the importance of taking laboratory tests before getting medications for their sickness by a qualified medical practitioner.

scholarly journals Pharmacists’ Knowledge, Attitude and Practice Regarding the Dispensing of Antibiotics without Prescription in Tanzania: An Explorative Cross-Sectional Study

Pharmacy ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
pp. 238
Author(s):  
Baraka P. Poyongo ◽  
Raphael Zozimus Sangeda
Keyword(s):  
Medical Practitioner ◽  
Daily Practice ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Study Data ◽  
P Value ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Inappropriate Use ◽  
Medication Prescription ◽  
Regulatory Authorities ◽  
Phd Education

Inappropriate use of antibiotics has been reported to contribute to the emergence and increase of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in the world. The pharmacist has the responsibility to supervise the dispensing of antibiotics with prescriptions to ensure rational use. An online semi-structured questionnaire was shared with approximately 1100 licensed pharmacists in Tanzania. Study data were collected and managed using REDCap electronic data capture tools before use for analysis. Of the 226 (20.5%) received responses, 197 had given consent and provided complete surveys. Notably, 153 (77.7%) of the 197 pharmacists had excellent knowledge about the legal requirements for dispensing antibiotics and the AMR challenge. Of the 197 surveyed pharmacists, 143 (72.6%) admitted to dispensing antibiotics without a prescription in their daily practice. Notably, 84.1% (37/44) of pharmacists with masters or PhD education were more likely to dispense without a prescription compared to 69.3% (106/153) among bachelor holders (p-value = 0.04). The reasons for administering antibiotics without a prescription included the pharmacy business looking for more profit, patient failure to obtain a prescription and the lack of stringent inspection of pharmacies by the regulatory authorities. Penicillins, macrolides and fluoroquinolones were the classes of antibiotics most commonly dispensed without a prescription. Stringent inspections by the regulatory authorities should detect and reduce dispensing antibiotics without a prescription. The community should be educated on the importance of medication prescription from a qualified medical practitioner.

scholarly journals A KAP study on snake bite among the rural population in Tirunelveli district

2018 ◽  
Vol 5 (5) ◽  
pp. 1762
Author(s):  
Krishnaleela G. ◽  
Selva Meena M. ◽  
Praveena Daya A.
Keyword(s):  
Rural Area ◽  
Rural Population ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Traditional Healers ◽  
Study Data ◽  
Snake Bite ◽  
Hospital Treatment ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Attitude And Practice ◽  
Knowledge Attitude And Practice

Background: India has 236 species of snakes of which 13 species are poisonous. Most of the Indian population are in rural area and they are poorly informed about the snake bite. They waste their vital time by reporting to traditional healers and taking inappropriate first aid. So the present study is done to determine the knowledge, attitude and practice on snake bite among the rural population of Tirunelveli district.Methods: A cross–sectional study was done in rural area of Tirunelveli district. 200 adults were included in our study. Data on knowledge, attitude and practice were collected by the trained personnel using a predesigned structured questionnaire for the period of three months from June 2017 to August 2017.Results: 60.5% of the study population can’t identify the snake. 54% of them had knowledge on availability of ASV.62% of study subjects had no knowledge on complications of snake bite. It was also found that most of them had practice of tying tourniquet above the site of bite, sucking blood from the site, washing with soap and water. 62.5% preferred hospital treatment for snake bite only 12% preferred traditional practices and 59.5% believed that ASV is effective.Conclusions: Knowledge on identification of snake and on ASV is low and still some people follow harmful practices like taking to traditional healers and applying native medicine so steps must be taken to improve their knowledge and to prevent harmful practices.

scholarly journals Evaluating Knowledge, Attitude and Practice of General Dentists in Yazd about Fissure Sealant in 1396

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Niloofar Halvani ◽  
Zahra Bahrololoomi ◽  
Ali Sarchami ◽  
Fatemeh Zarebidoki
Keyword(s):  
Work Experience ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Good Knowledge ◽  
P Value ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Fissure Sealant ◽  
Attitude And Practice ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
General Dentists ◽  
Knowledge Attitude And Practice

Introduction: Fissure sealant is one of the most important and effective preventing techniques. Having proper information and guidelines is the most important factors for the success of treatment. Therefore, in this study, the knowledge, attitude and practice of general dentists about fissure sealant in Yazd in 2017 were evaluated. Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted by a questionnaire in which 140 general dentists were investigated in Yazd. The questionnaire consisted of demographic information, 9 questions about awareness of the issue of Fissure sealant, 4 questions about people's attitude and 7 questions about their practice. After gathering the data, they were analyzed by SPSS 20 version 18 software and ANOVA test. Results: The results of the study showed that the majority of General dentists had a good knowledge (85.72%), their attitude level (77.14%) and performance (85%) were moderate. There was a significant difference in knowledge (P-value = 0.004) and practice (P-value = 0.000) levels in age group and work experience, but there was no significant difference in attitude level (P-value = 0.980). Conclusion: According to the results, the knowledge of dentists in Yazd seems to be good in most cases, but their attitudes and practice are moderate and in some cases poor, despite having good knowledge, the results indicate that they are not up to date with new information and resources. This indicates the need to train new resources in retraining courses with emphasis on functional weaknesses and dentists' awareness.

scholarly journals Knowledge, attitude and practice immediately before and following a three-day workshop on ‘Strategies for reducing antimicrobial resistance and promoting rational use of antimicrobials’

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nisha Jha ◽  
Pathiyil Ravi Shankar ◽  
Shital Bhandary
Keyword(s):  
Antimicrobial Resistance ◽  
Work Experience ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Infection Prevention And Control ◽  
Post Intervention ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Rational Use ◽  
Attitude And Practice ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Knowledge Attitude And Practice

Abstract Context: Antimicrobials are commonly used worldwide. Reducing antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is an urgent matter to be addressed. Aims: The study aimed to measure knowledge, attitude and practice (KAP) of participants before and after a three-day workshop on various strategies towards reducing antimicrobial resistance and promoting rational use of antimicrobials.Settings and Design: The cross-sectional study was conducted during the workshop held from 17th to 19th April 2019 at a medical college in Nepal.Methods and Material:There were 33 participants. KAP scores were measured immediately before and after the workshop. A questionnaire containing twelve sections related to various themes of the workshop was developed. Feedback regarding each session was also obtained from all the participants.Statistical analysis used: Mean scores were compared among participants before and after the workshop. The ratings for individual sessions were also calculated. Results: Maximum participants were 26-30 years of age and 22(66.7%) were males. Maximum participants, 19(57.6%) were having less than five years work experience. Post intervention scores improved for six out of twelve sessions - rational use of antimicrobials, infection prevention and control for limiting AMR, monitoring the use of antimicrobials in Nepal, effectiveness of various programs to prevent AMR, familiarizing with microbes to tackle AMR, and role of government, media and other organizations for preventing AMR.Conclusions: Excessive use of antimicrobials can lead to problems like AMR. The three-day workshop was effective in increasing the KAP scores of the participants and may lead to more rational use of antimicrobials.

scholarly journals Knowledge, attitude and practice regarding COVID-19 among healthcare workers in Chitwan, Nepal

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richa Nepal ◽  
Kalyan Sapkota ◽  
Kalidas Adhikari ◽  
Pramod Paudel ◽  
Bhojraj Adhikari ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Work Experience ◽  
Healthcare Workers ◽  
Positive Attitude ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
P Value ◽  
Linear Regression Models ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Attitude And Practice ◽  
Knowledge And Practice ◽  
Knowledge Attitude And Practice

Abstract Background COVID-19 is a viral respiratory disease that was recently recognized in humans. The number of COVID-19 cases has been gradually increasing in Nepal. The objective of this study was to evaluate knowledge, attitude and practice regarding COVID-19 among healthcare workers in Chitwan, one of the districts located in central Nepal. Methods It was a cross-sectional study conducted among healthcare workers from various health institutions located in Chitwan district of Nepal. A self-reported questionnaire was circulated online. Bivariate analyses were done using Spearman’s correlation coefficient, Pearson’s chi square test, and student’s t test as appropriate, whereas multivariate analyses were done using linear regression models. Results A total of 353 responses were analyzed, out of which 47% were nurses, 28.9% were doctors, 11.6% were health assistants, 2% were certified medical assistants, and the remaining 10.5% were categorized as others. The majorities were females (58.9%), were in the age group of 16–29 years (67.1%) and had work experience of less than 5 years (62%). The majority of healthcare workers obtained good to moderate knowledge and practice scores (n = 82.15%, 83.57%, respectively) and had positive attitude scores (n = 90.93%). Mean score values were 21.65 ± 4.71 out of 33 in knowledge section, 8.07 ± 1.49 out of 13 in attitude section and 13.89 ± 5.33 out of 20 in practice section. Mean knowledge and practice scores were significantly associated with job descriptions of healthcare workers (p value – 0.000, 0.007, respectively) with highest mean knowledge scores among doctors (23.70 ± 4.48) and highest mean practice scores among health assistants (15.10 ± 3.61). Higher practice scores (ß = 0.626) and infection prevention training (ß = 1.467) were significantly associated with higher knowledge scores; higher knowledge (ß = 1.366) and higher practice scores (ß = 0.110) were significantly associated with higher attitude scores; and higher knowledge scores (ß = 0.308) and higher attitude scores (ß = 0.265) were significantly associated with higher practice scores. Conclusion The majority of healthcare workers from Chitwan, Nepal, had good to moderate knowledge and practice scores and had a positive attitude toward COVID-19. There was a significant association between knowledge, attitude and practice scores regarding COVID-19 among healthcare workers.

scholarly journals Study of knowledge, attitude, practice of rational use of medicines among interns at Mc Gann teaching district hospital, Shivamogga- a descriptive cross-sectional study

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (5) ◽  
pp. 512
Author(s):  
Vedavathi Hanumaiah ◽  
Shreenivas Revankar ◽  
Abhishek C. P.
Keyword(s):  
Final Analysis ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Essential Medicines ◽  
Fixed Dose ◽  
Sectional Study ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Rational Use ◽  
Rational Use Of Medicines ◽  
Attitude And Practice ◽  
Knowledge Attitude And Practice

Background: Rational use of medicines requires that the patients receive medication appropriate to their clinical needs, in doses that meet their own individual requirements for an adequate period of lime, and at the lowest cost to them and to their community. Objective of the study were like descriptive cross- sectional study was conducted to determine and identify the level of knowledge, attitude and practice regarding rational use of medicines among the interns.Methods: A validated structured questionnaire containing 19 questions regarding rational use of medicines in knowledge, attitude and practice (KAP) format was distributed in hand among 109 interns affiliated to this institution. Descriptive statistics were used to illustrate the results in the form of number and percentage.Results: Out of 109 interns, 102 completed the questionnaire and were included in the final analysis. Majority of interns who participated in study were aware of the concept of rational use of medicine but the knowledge related to EML (essential medicines list), P drugs, schedule H drugs and number of FDCs (fixed dose combination) in EML was limited.Conclusions:  As interns are future prescribers, they need to be aware of all the aspects of rational use of medicine and there is need to emphasise on learning module and training programs to ensure the interns have knowledge of rational use of medicines.

scholarly journals Knowledge, attitude and practice regarding smoking in school going adolescents of Kashmir, India: a cross-sectional study

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 821
Author(s):  
Walied Khawar Balwan ◽  
Uroosa Farooq Allaqband ◽  
Rauf Ur Rashid Kaul
Keyword(s):  
Nuclear Family ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
P Value ◽  
Sectional Study ◽  
School Students ◽  
Global Youth Tobacco Survey ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Attitude And Practice ◽  
Holistic Understanding ◽  
Knowledge Attitude And Practice

Background: Cigarette smoking, in the developed world, has been the major habit among children for both boys and girls. They usually take to the habit while in school before the age of 18. In India, tobacco consumption in multiple forms presents an emerging, significant and growing threat to the health of the adolescents. As per  WHO Global Youth tobacco Survey GYTS (2009) India, 14.6% of students currently use any form of tobacco, 4.4%currently smoke cigarettes, 12.5% currently use some other form of tobacco. Objective was to assess the knowledge, attitude and practice of school going adolescents regarding smoking.Methods: A descriptive cross sectional study was taken in school going adolescents of Kashmir. The study included three districts from Kashmir valley and from each district, 2 government middle schools (1 girls and 1 boys), 2 government high schools (1 girls and 1 boys), 2 government higher secondary schools (1 girls and 1 boys) were selected. Also from the list of private schools one middle school, one high school and one higher secondary school (All  having co-education) were selected. Thus, a total of 27 schools, 9 from each selected district, were included in the study. A total of 1000 students participated in this study.Results: The current study included 464 males (46.4%) and 536 (53.6%) females. Among the study subjects, 523 (52.30%) belonged to the 12-15 year age bracket and 477 (47.70%) were between 16-18 years of age. Maximum of study participants belonged to nuclear family (63.10%) followed by joint family (36.90%). Majority of the study subjects belonged to socio-economic class IV (lower middle) 36.10% followed by class III (middle) 23.90% as per Modified BG Prasad’s classification.Conclusions: 75.9% opined that smoking tobacco is harmful to health in comparison to 89.1% of non-smokers, a difference found to be statistically highly significant (p value <0.001). Prevention of tobacco use in young people and the consumption of tobacco, among school students should be considered as a matter of great concern which requires holistic understanding.

scholarly journals EFFECTS OF INAPPROPRIATE WASTE MANAGEMENT ON HEALTH: KNOWLEDGE, ATTITUDE AND PRACTICE AMONG MALAYSIAN POPULATION

2019 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
pp. 101-109
Author(s):  
Redhwan Ahmed Al-Naggar ◽  
Mahfoudh A.M Abdulghani ◽  
Mahmoud Abdullah Al-Areefi
Keyword(s):  
Waste Management ◽  
Health Knowledge ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
P Value ◽  
Domestic Waste ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Significance Level ◽  
Community Awareness ◽  
Attitude And Practice ◽  
Knowledge Attitude And Practice

Numerous health issues can arise from improper domestic waste management. Uncollected wastes provide food and breeding sites for insect, bird and rodent which can expose the community to vector borne disease. Therefore, this study aims to investigate the community awareness towards domestic waste management. This study is a cross-sectional study conducted at Bandar Baru Sungai Buloh, Selangor, Malaysia. The questionnaire consists of five sections with a total of 57 questions. The questionnaire consists of four parts: Socio-demographic, knowledge, attitude and practice. The data were analysed using SPSS version 22.0. T-test, ANOVA test, Chi-squared test were used according to the type of variables and significance level will be taken at 95% or p-value of less than 0.05. A total of 355 respondents participated in this study. The mean age was 40.52 ±14.94. The majority of them were male (52.1%), Malay (71.0%), married (71.3%), with secondary educational (81%) and employed (41.1%). The majority of respondents mentioned that inappropriate waste management can cause dengue fever and leptospirosis (98.0%, 97.2%; respectively). Property type, education, occupation, ethnicity, religions and household income were significant influenced the knowledge of the participants towards domestic waste management. For attitude, gender, education, ethnicity, religion and income significantly influenced the attitude of the participants towards domestic waste management. For practice, ethnicity, religion and occupation were significantly influenced the practice of the participants towards domestic waste management. In conclusion, the community has moderate awareness of domestic waste management. Awareness of waste management should also be taught in school so that the next generation of people will have a better understanding and eventually have better practice in domestic waste management. It is also hoped that a carefully thought-out strategy can be developed to further improve the community awareness towards domestic waste management which will shed a new light on tackling this issue.

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