scholarly journals 4G Model of Final Unification - A Very Brief Report

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
U. V. S. Seshavatharam ◽  
S. Lakshminarayana
Keyword(s):  
Gravitational Constant ◽  
Boson Mass ◽  
Coupling Constant ◽  
Mass Ratio ◽  
Rest Energy ◽  
Interaction Range ◽  
Electromagnetic Interactions ◽  
Hadron Masses ◽  
Elementary Charge ◽  
Stellar Masses

With our long experience in the field of unification of gravity and quantum mechanics, we understood that, when mass of any elementary is extremely small/negligible compared to macroscopic bodies, highly curved microscopic space-time can be addressed with large gravitational constants and magnitude of elementary gravitational constant seems to increase with decreasing mass and increasing interaction range. In our earlier publications, we proposed that, 1) There exist three atomic gravitational constants associated with electroweak, strong and electromagnetic interactions; 2) There exists a strong interaction elementary charge in such a way that, it's squared ratio with normal elementary charge is close to inverse of the strong coupling constant; and 3) Considering a fermion-boson mass ratio of 2.27, quarks can be split into quark fermions and quark bosons. Further, we noticed that, electroweak field seems to be operated by a primordial massive fermion of rest energy 584.725 GeV and hadron masses seem to be generated by a new hadronic fermion of rest energy 103.4 GeV. In this context, starting from lepton rest masses to stellar masses, we have developed many interesting and workable relations. With further study, a workable model of final unification can be developed.

scholarly journals 4G Model of Final Unification - A Very Brief Report

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
U. V. S. Seshavatharam ◽  
S. Lakshminarayana
Keyword(s):  
Strong Interaction ◽  
Boson Mass ◽  
Coupling Constant ◽  
Mass Ratio ◽  
Massive Fermion ◽  
Rest Energy ◽  
Electromagnetic Interactions ◽  
Hadron Masses ◽  
Elementary Charge ◽  
Stellar Masses

To understand the mystery of final unification, in our earlier publications, we proposed that, 1) There exist three atomic gravitational constants associated with electroweak, strong and electromagnetic interactions; 2) There exists a strong interaction elementary charge in such a way that, it's squared ratio with normal elementary charge is close to inverse of the strong coupling constant; and 3) Considering a fermion-boson mass ratio of 2.27, quarks can be split into quark fermions and quark bosons. Further, we noticed that, electroweak field seems to be operated by a primordial massive fermion of rest energy 584.725 GeV and hadron masses seem to be generated by a new hadronic fermion of rest energy 103.4 GeV. In this context, starting from lepton rest masses to stellar masses, we have developed many interesting and workable relations. With further study, a workable model of final unification can be developed.

scholarly journals 4G Model of Fractional Charge Strong-Weak Super Symmetry

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
U.V.S. Seshavatharam ◽  
S. Lakshminarayana
Keyword(s):  
Boson Mass ◽  
Coupling Constant ◽  
Mass Ratio ◽  
Rest Energy ◽  
Fractional Charge ◽  
Charge Conservation ◽  
Electromagnetic Interactions ◽  
Super Symmetry ◽  
Elementary Charge ◽  
Stellar Masses

To understand the mystery of final unification, in our earlier publications, we proposed that, 1) There exist three atomic gravitational constants associated with electroweak, strong and electromagnetic interactions; and 2) There exists a strong interaction elementary charge (es) in such a way that, it's squared ratio with normal elementary charge is close to inverse of the strong coupling constant. In this context, starting from lepton rest masses to stellar masses, we have developed many interesting and workable relations. We noticed that, electroweak field seems to be operated by a primordial massive fermion of rest energy 585 GeV. It can be considered as the zygote of all elementary particles and galactic dark matter. Proceeding further, with a characteristic fermion-boson mass ratio of 2.27, quarks can be classified into quark fermions and quark bosons. Considering strong charge conservation and electromagnetic charge conservation, fractional charge quark fermions and quark bosons can be understood. Quark fermions that generate observable massive baryons can be called as Fluons. Quark bosons that generate observable mesons can be called as Bluons. By considering a new hadronic fermion of rest energy 103.4 GeV, rest masses of fluons and bluons can be estimated and there by baryon masses and meson masses can be estimated.

scholarly journals Understanding Nuclear Binding Energy with Nucleon Mass Difference via Strong Coupling Constant and Strong Nuclear Gravity

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Satya Seshavatharam U.V ◽  
S. Lakshminarayana
Keyword(s):  
Binding Energy ◽  
Strong Coupling ◽  
Gravitational Constant ◽  
Strong Coupling Constant ◽  
Nuclear Binding Energy ◽  
Coupling Constant ◽  
Interaction Range ◽  
Nuclear Binding ◽  
Elementary Charge ◽  
Newtonian Gravitational Constant

With reference to electromagnetic interaction and Abdus Salam’s strong (nuclear) gravity, 1) Square root of ‘reciprocal’ of the strong coupling constant can be considered as the strength of nuclear elementary charge. 2) ‘Reciprocal’ of the strong coupling constant can be considered as the maximum strength of nuclear binding energy. 3) In deuteron, strength of nuclear binding energy is around unity and there exists no strong interaction in between neutron and proton. G s ≅ 3.32688 × 10 28   m 3 kg - 1 sec - 2 being the nuclear gravitational constant, nuclear charge radius can be shown to be, R 0 ≅ 2 G s m p c 2 ≅ 1.24   fm . e s ≅ ( G s m p 2 ℏ c ) e ≅ 4.716785 × 10 − 19 C being the nuclear elementary charge, proton magnetic moment can be shown to be, μ p ≅ e s ℏ 2 m p ≅ e G s m p 2 c ≅ 1.48694 × 10 − 26   J . T - 1 . α s ≅ ( ℏ c G s m p 2 ) 2 ≅ 0.1153795 being the strong coupling constant, strong interaction range can be shown to be proportional to exp ( 1 α s 2 ) . Interesting points to be noted are: An increase in the value of α s helps in decreasing the interaction range indicating a more strongly bound nuclear system. A decrease in the value of α s helps in increasing the interaction range indicating a more weakly bound nuclear system. From Z ≅ 30 onwards, close to stable mass numbers, nuclear binding energy can be addressed with, ( B ) A s ≅ Z × { ( 1 α s + 1 ) + 30 × 31 } ( m n − m p ) c 2 ≈ Z × 19.66   MeV . With further study, magnitude of the Newtonian gravitational constant can be estimated with nuclear elementary physical constants. One sample relation is, ( G N G s ) ≅ 1 2 ( m e m p ) 10 [ G F ℏ c / ( ℏ m e c ) ] where G N represents the Newtonian gravitational constant and G F represents the Fermi’s weak coupling constant. Two interesting coincidences are, ( m p / m e ) 10 ≅ exp ( 1 / α s 2 ) and 2 G s m e / c 2 ≅ G F / ℏ c .

scholarly journals Understanding Nuclear Binding Energy with Nucleon Mass Difference via Strong Coupling Constant and Strong Nuclear Gravity

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Satya Seshavatharam U.V ◽  
S. Lakshminarayana
Keyword(s):  
Binding Energy ◽  
Strong Coupling ◽  
Gravitational Constant ◽  
Strong Coupling Constant ◽  
Nuclear Binding Energy ◽  
Coupling Constant ◽  
Interaction Range ◽  
Nuclear Binding ◽  
Elementary Charge ◽  
Newtonian Gravitational Constant

With reference to electromagnetic interaction and Abdus Salam’s strong (nuclear) gravity, 1) Square root of ‘reciprocal’ of the strong coupling constant can be considered as the strength of nuclear elementary charge. 2) ‘Reciprocal’ of the strong coupling constant can be considered as the maximum strength of nuclear binding energy. 3) In deuteron, strength of nuclear binding energy is around unity and there exists no strong interaction in between neutron and proton. G s ≅ 3.32688 × 10 28   m 3 kg - 1 sec - 2 being the nuclear gravitational constant, nuclear charge radius can be shown to be, R 0 ≅ 2 G s m p c 2 ≅ 1.24   fm . e s ≅ ( G s m p 2 ℏ c ) e ≅ 4.716785 × 10 − 19 C being the nuclear elementary charge, proton magnetic moment can be shown to be, μ p ≅ e s ℏ 2 m p ≅ e G s m p 2 c ≅ 1.48694 × 10 − 26   J . T - 1 . α s ≅ ( ℏ c G s m p 2 ) 2 ≅ 0.1153795 being the strong coupling constant, strong interaction range can be shown to be proportional to exp ( 1 α s 2 ) . Interesting points to be noted are: An increase in the value of α s helps in decreasing the interaction range indicating a more strongly bound nuclear system. A decrease in the value of α s helps in increasing the interaction range indicating a more weakly bound nuclear system. From Z ≅ 30 onwards, close to stable mass numbers, nuclear binding energy can be addressed with, ( B ) A s ≅ Z × { ( 1 α s + 1 ) + 30 × 31 } ( m n − m p ) c 2 ≈ Z × 19.66   MeV . With further study, magnitude of the Newtonian gravitational constant can be estimated with nuclear elementary physical constants. One sample relation is, ( G N G s ) ≅ 1 2 ( m e m p ) 10 [ G F ℏ c / ( ℏ m e c ) ] where G N represents the Newtonian gravitational constant and G F represents the Fermi’s weak coupling constant. Two interesting coincidences are, ( m p / m e ) 10 ≅ exp ( 1 / α s 2 ) and 2 G s m e / c 2 ≅ G F / ℏ c .

scholarly journals Final unification with three gravitational constants associated with nuclear, electromagnetic and gravitational interactions

2016 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 105
Author(s):  
Satya Seshavatharam UV ◽  
Lakshminarayana S
Keyword(s):  
Neutron Stars ◽  
Strong Coupling ◽  
Weak Coupling ◽  
Gravitational Constant ◽  
Strong Coupling Constant ◽  
Newtonian Gravity ◽  
Coupling Constant ◽  
Unified Approach ◽  
Electromagnetic Interactions ◽  
Newtonian Gravitational Constant

By introducing two large pseudo gravitational constants assumed to be associated with strong and electromagnetic interactions, we make an attempt to combine the old Abdus Salam’s ‘strong gravity’ concept with ‘Newtonian gravity’ and try to understand the constructional features of nuclei, atoms and neutron stars in a unified approach. From the known elementary atomic and nuclear physical constants, estimated magnitude of the Newtonian gravitational constant is (6.66 to 6.70) x10-11 m3/kg/sec2. Finally, by eliminating the proposed two pseudo gravitational constants, we inter-related the Newtonian gravitational constant, Fermi’s weak coupling constant and Strong coupling constant, in a generalized approach.

scholarly journals To Develop a Virtual Model of Microscopic Quantum Gravity

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
U. V. Satya Seshavatharam ◽  
S. Lakshminarayana
Keyword(s):  
Quantum Gravity ◽  
Weak Coupling ◽  
Gravitational Constant ◽  
Strong Interactions ◽  
Virtual Model ◽  
Coupling Constant ◽  
Strongly Interacting ◽  
Elementary Charge ◽  
Newtonian Gravitational Constant

We would like to suggest that, by considering three virtual gravitational constants assumed to be associated with gravitational, electromagnetic and strong interactions along with a strongly interacting virtual nuclear elementary charge, a workable model of final unification can be developed. In a verifiable approach, Newtonian gravitational constant and Fermi’s weak coupling constant can be interrelated via nuclear and electromagnetic gravitational constants.

scholarly journals A Large Nuclear Gravitational Constant and its Universal Applications

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Satya Seshavatharam U.V ◽  
S. Lakshminarayana
Keyword(s):  
Binding Energy ◽  
Strong Coupling ◽  
Gravitational Constant ◽  
Strong Coupling Constant ◽  
Coupling Constant ◽  
Stability Range ◽  
Nuclear Stability ◽  
Elementary Charge

With reference to our earlier published views on large nuclear gravitational constant , nuclear elementary charge  and strong coupling constant , in this paper, we present simple relations for nuclear stability range, binding energy of isotopes and magic proton numbers.

scholarly journals On the Role of Large Nuclear Gravity in Understanding Strong Coupling Constant, Nuclear Stability Range, Binding Energy of Isotopes and Magic Proton Numbers – a Critical Review

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Satya Seshavatharam U.V ◽  
S. Lakshminarayana
Keyword(s):  
Binding Energy ◽  
Strong Coupling ◽  
Critical Review ◽  
Gravitational Constant ◽  
Strong Coupling Constant ◽  
Coupling Constant ◽  
Stability Range ◽  
Nuclear Stability ◽  
Elementary Charge

With reference to our earlier published views on large nuclear gravitational constant , nuclear elementary charge  and strong coupling constant , in this paper, we present simple relations for nuclear stability range, binding energy of isotopes and magic proton numbers.

scholarly journals Quantum gravitational applications of nuclear, atomic and astrophysical phenomena

2016 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 20
Author(s):  
Satya Seshavatharam UV ◽  
Lakshminarayana S
Keyword(s):  
Strong Coupling ◽  
Gravitational Constant ◽  
Electron Mass ◽  
Coupling Constant ◽  
Mass Ratio ◽  
Mass Unit ◽  
Energy Neutron ◽  
Practical Model ◽  
Semi Empirical ◽  
Newtonian Gravitational Constant

<p>By following the old concept of “gravity is having a strong coupling at nuclear scale” and considering the ‘reduced Planck’s constant’ as a characteristic quantum gravitational constant, in this letter we suggest that: 1) There exists a gravitational constant associated with strong interaction, G<sub>s</sub>~3.328x10<sup>28</sup> m<sup>3</sup>/kg/sec<sup>2</sup>. 2) There also exists a gravitational constant associated with electromagnetic interaction, G<sub>e</sub>~2.376x10<sup>37 </sup>m<sup>3</sup>/kg/sec<sup>2</sup>.Based on these two assumptions, in a quantum gravitational approach, an attempt is made to understand the basics of final unification with various semi empirical applications like melting points of elementary particles, strong coupling constant, proton-electron mass ratio, proton-neutron stability, nuclear binding energy, neutron star’s mass and radius, Newtonian gravitational constant, Avogadro number and molar mass unit. With further research and investigation, a practical model of ‘quantum gravitational string theory’ can be developed.</p>

NUMERICAL ANALYSIS OF GUTs PREDICTIONS IN THE LIGHT OF RECENT RESULTS FROM LEP

1992 ◽  
Vol 07 (35) ◽  
pp. 3319-3330
Author(s):  
DARIUSZ GRECH
Keyword(s):  
Z Boson ◽  
Electromagnetic Coupling ◽  
Boson Mass ◽  
Threshold Effects ◽  
Coupling Constant ◽  
Central Values ◽  
Unified Theories ◽  
Proton Lifetime ◽  
Experimental Values ◽  
Best Fit

We find numerical best fit for sin 2 Θw(MZ), unifying mass MX and the proton lifetime τp as the outcome of analysis where experimental values of Z boson mass MZ, strong coupling constant αs(MZ) and electromagnetic coupling α0(MZ) are taken as the only input parameters. It is found that simple nonsupersymmetric models are unlikely to be realistic ones. On the other hand, we find the best numerical fit: sin 2Θw(MZ = 0.2330 ± 0.0007 (theor.) ± 0.0027 (exp.) , [Formula: see text] yr for supersymmetric unified theories with three generations. The central values require, however, that the supersymmetric mass Λs≲300 GeV . Possibilities of increasing this limit as well as cases with four generations and threshold effects are also discussed. Compact formulas for theoretical and experimental uncertainties involved in the analysis are also produced.

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